O discurso musical, entre o final do século XVI e início do XIX, era constituído por elementos retóricos, aliados à organização e a disposição fundamentados na eloquência e persuasão, consequentes de uma transmissão escolástica decorrida desde a Idade Média e no Renascimento, conferindo certo grau de excelência às músicas produzidas tanto na Europa como no Brasil. Tal processo é fruto de contextos histórico-sociais ocorridos desde a Antiguidade, relacionados às obras de tratadistas, pensadores e compositores formando, dessa forma, a base necessária para a concepção estrutural de uma música. Com o propósito de compreender em quais caminhos percorreram esses ensinamentos, a musicologia em meados da década de 1960, iniciou inúmeras pesquisas as quais contribuíram para o desenvolvimento de novos meios analíticos, com o objetivo de clarificar a relação entre música e afeto. Apesar desse crescente interesse, no ambiente luso-brasileiro, os estudos sobre a retórica musical ainda estão em fase inicial, entretanto, procurando desenvolver metodologias mais apropriadas para o entendimento de sua adequação e concepção sistemática, constituídas estruturalmente na música vigente do período investigado. Por esse motivo, essa tese tem por objetivo examinar o uso da retórica na música colonial brasileira, bem como verificar os estudos de caso acerca dessa utilização. Em outras palavras, averiguar o emprego de elementos retóricos em Manoel Dias de Oliveira, José Joaquim Emerico Lobo de Mesquita, André da Silva Gomes e José Maurício Nunes Garcia, utilizando-se de ferramentas analíticas relacionadas ao texto sacro e harmonia, as quais se mostram necessárias à compreensão da linguagem retórica nas obras desses mestres da composição. / The Musical discourse, between the late sixteenth and early nineteenth centuries, consisted of rhetorical elements, coupled with organization and layout based on eloquence and persuasion, consequent of a scholastic transmission elapsed since the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, conferring a certain degree of excellence to songs produced both in Europe and in Brazil. This process is the result of historical and social contexts which have occurred since Antiquity, it is related to the work of scholars, thinkers and writers, thus forming the basis for the structural design of a music. The musicology in the mid -1960s, with the purpose to understand the ways these teachings unfold, initiated many studies that contributed to the development of new analytical means, intended to clarify the relationship between music and affect. Despite this growing interest in the Luso-Brazilian environment, the studies on musical rhetoric are still in the initiate stage, however, they are seeking to develop the most appropriate methodologies for understanding their suitability and systematic design, which are structurally composed on the music of the current period investigated. Due to that fact, this thesis aims to examine the use of rhetoric in Brazilian Colonial Music and verify the case studies about such use as well. In other words, its objective is to ascertain the use of rhetorical elements in Manoel Dias de Oliveira, José Joaquim Emerico Lobo de Mesquita, André da Silva Gomes and José Maurício Nunes Garcia, using analytical tools related to the sacred text and harmony, which are necessary for the understanding of rhetorical language in the works of these masters of composition.

A pesquisa trata de um estudo de três compositores da música popular do Brasil: Pixinguinha, Garoto e Tom Jobim. Através da análise de 5 obras representativas de cada compositor, pretende-se chegar a um perfil comparativo desses compositores, bem como dos períodos que eles representam no contexto da música popular: do choro à bossa nova, / The research is a study about three composers of Brazil\'s popular music: Pixinguinha, Garoto and Tom Jobim. Through the analysis of five representative pieces of each composer, the intention is to reach a comparative profile of these composers, as well as the period of time they represent in the context of popular music: from choro to bossa nova.

Cette thèse se propose de transcrire et analyser dans le but de créer une typologie de l’hymnodie syriaque de l’Église Maronite selon la tradition de l’illustre chantre de l’Ordre Antonin Maronite Père Maroun Mrad. L’Église Maronite, étant une église catholique orientale, elle a conservé et l’union avec l’Église Universelle et son identité et tradition musicale et liturgique. L’objet de mes analyses est l’ensemble des hymnes enregistrées par la voix du Père Maroun Mrad, un des porteurs de la tradition orale au sein de l’Ordre Antonin Maronite. Cet enregistrement est produit par le Père Ivar Schmutz-Schwaller, de l’Université de Cologne, lors de son séjour au Liban en 1972. La méthodologie consiste à produire un diagramme musical de chaque pièce, qui contient toutes les informations utiles à l’analyse. En fait dans ce diagramme on voit l’ensemble de l’échelle utilisée et par conséquent le genre (Zalzalien, Hijaz ou Diatonique). Avec des signes adéquats, on met en relief les degrés d’appui de la pièce (note initiale, teneur, finale temporaire et finale) ainsi que le nombre demouvement (conjoint ou non, ascendant ou descendant) qui les lie. D’après l’ensemble des diagrammes, j’ai choisi la relation finale-teneur comme critère pour la typologie que l’on s’est promis d’établir. En effet, les pièces sont classés en type 1 si leur teneur correspond à leur finale, en type 2 si l’intervalle finale-teneur est une seconde, en type 3 si l’intervallefinale-teneur est une tierce, en type 4 si l’intervalle finale-teneur est une quarte ou en type 5 si cet intervalle est une quinte. Cette typologie sert à classifier ces hymnes pour mieux les repérer et analyser d’autres aspects. / This research wants to transcribe and analyze the Syriac Hymnody of the Maronite Church in order to create a typology. The Maronite Church has conserved its musical and liturgical identity along with its communion with the Universal Church. I based my work on some recording done by Father Ivar Schmutz-Schwaller, from the University of Cologne. In his field trip to Lebanon in 1972, he recorded Father Maroun Mrad, a cantor from the Antonine Maronite Order, while he was singing capella the whole repertoire of the Syriac hymns. The methodology applied here consists in creating a diagram of musical analysis that can summarize the whole piece and simplify the analysis. In fact, each diagram contains all the degrees of the scale and determines its genre (Zalzalian, Hijaz or Diatonic). With the help of some signs, we indicate the basic notes (initial, tenor, temporary ending note and the ending note of the piece) and the number of their movements. With the help of these diagrams, we chose to consider the relation between the “tenor” of the piece and its ending note as criteria for this classification. In fact the pieces that has their tenor equal to their ending note belong to type 1. In the type 2, the interval between the tenor and the ending note is a second, in type 3 a third, in type 4 a fourth and in type 5 a fifth. This typology would help us to better classify these hymns and, furthermore, to analyze other aspects of them.

As a little boy, Dmitriĭ Dmitrievich Shostakovich pressed his ear against the wall to hear his neighbors play chamber music. He matured into one of the most prominent Soviet era composers. While the majority of academic interest Shostakovich centers on his symphonic works, his string quartets provide a window into a more intimate facet of Shostakovich’s life. This thesis explores first, why Shostakovich turned to the string quartet after some of the most fearful years of his life: his demise and rise after the scathing Pravda letter that all but threatened his life. Second, this thesis analyzes three of Shostakovich’s String Quartets: No. 1, No. 8, and No. 15. String Quartet No. 1, despite its simplicity, illuminates tender expressivity. Following years of intense artistic and personal scrutiny, Shostakovich sought an escape into an aural world of innocence. However, the quartet proves more complex than its surface suggests. Obscured harmonic complexities, intimate dialogue between instruments, and subtle recollection of prior movements lend the quartet a deeper meaning than its aural simplicity suggests. Decades later, amidst personal crisis, Shostakovich turned to the quartet, again. Composed in 1960, the year of his invocation into the communist party, String Quartet No. 8 demonstrates how Shostakovich utilized the string quartet as an avenue for personal self-expression. The intertwining of his musical signature with constant self-quotations and allusions confirms the deep, personal reflection the quartet provided Shostakovich. This study recounts the quotations previously uncovered by David Fanning, but goes beyond identification and relates the content of the quotations to Shostakovich’s emotional turmoil at the time of his party invocation. Finally, enduring anguishing physical pain and facing death, Shostakovich turned to the string quartet at the end of his life. String Quartet No. 15 provided Shostakovich an external outlet for his internal dialogue on death. Sentiments of meditation, fury, resistance, anguish, and resignation musically intertwine during Shostakovich’s longest and most painful string quartet. This study demonstrates how Shostakovich used the string quartet as a medium for deeper self-expression.

Nous avons appréhendé Köln Concert comme une sorte de symptôme. Il présente à l’analyse un ensemble de caractéristiques rarement coprésentes. C’est en ce sens une œuvre utile, prétexte à évaluer des phénomènes parfois contradictoires, du moins qu’on a l’habitude d’opposer (composé/improvisé, écrit/oral, savante/populaire). Enregistré à l’opéra de Cologne en 1975, par Keith Jarrett, il représente une vente record dans l’histoire du jazz, à cheval entre deux époques, comme le basculement dans l’ère post-moderne, qui traduit l’existence d’un flou esthétique, d’un état intermédiaire où la notion d’œuvre même paraît peu pertinente. Cette musique, improvisée du début à la fin, ne semble pourtant pas appartenir au « free jazz », ni même vraiment au jazz et évoque à l’écoute un récital « néo-romantique ». Nous nous sommes attachée à en suivre le cheminement, associant l’écoute et l’analyse critique de sa transcription (publiée en 1981). Elle ne relève pas d’une forme dominante : de formes nous ne trouvons qu’ébauches, segments; c’est une œuvre « ouverte », au sens d’une action en relation directe avec son public. Dans cette dramaturgie musicale, on reconnaît les effets d’une rhétorique – au sens de la Grèce antique – et un travail de la mémoire, évoquant l’ars memoria. Par sa grande culture musicale « classique », ses longues années d’étude précédant sa carrière de jazzman, Keith Jarrett occupe une position à part, marquée par la relation inédite entre une maison de disques européenne (ECM) et un musicien, achevant de brouiller les frontières entre les genres et les localisations esthétiques. Köln Concert acquiert ainsi une dimension anthropologique riche en enseignements. / Köln Concert is a useful instrument to compare and articulate contradictory or opposite elements on conceptual sides (composed/improvised, written/oral, savant/popular). Recorded in 1975, this solo performance is the biggest record sale in jazz music. It was published at the very beginning of the post-modernism era in music and belongs to a new aesthetical field, not defined by such notions as « opus » or « work ». This music, totally improvised, can’t be defined as jazz or « free jazz » or « contemporay music », for example, nor « neo-classical music », even if it could sound like some neo-romantic recital. Through a critical analysis of the transcription (published in 1991), we tried to describe the music as an action. Köln Concert has no overall shape, no total structure, just fragmentary forms. It’s an opened work directly connected to an audience. His musical dramaturgy has a rhetorical dimension, as it can be perceived through ancient Greek culture and ars memoria in general. Thanks to his great musical culture, including jazz and classical music, Jarrett is out of categories. American artist. associated with an European record company (ECM) and to his new aesthetical conceptions of the sound, he belongs to a new world of aesthetics. We consider Köln Concert as a kind of musical symptom, not because of the quality of the music (which can always be discussed) but because this type of musical action can be analysed as a concrete utopia, made to explore cognitive processes and develop a new vision of anthropology.

This diploma thesis turns attention to the important figures of the first half of the 20th century such as Ralph Vaughan Williams, Gerald Finzi and Benjamin Britten. It deals with an art song on the territory of the then England, and compares the contribution of the chosen authors. Partly, this thesis focuses on the aspect of interpretation and singing.

The purpose of this study is to examine Sonata No. 2 in detail from many analytical perspectives including melodies, rhythms, harmonic progressions, tonal plans, voice leading, and cadential patterns on macro- and micro-levels. It is believed that a more in-depth discussion of the composition from the perspective of harmony and voice leading may provide answer for the questions raised, and correct some misinterpretations in the works of certain writers. Furthermore, through analysis of Sonata No. 2. this study will show the relationship of the use of formal, stylistic, harmonic features between Mendelssohn and other composers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Of all the composers of German Lied, Franz Schubert and Hugo Wolf can be considered the true giants of this musical form. Schubert's position is secure as the greatest composer of the Lied. Wolf, though challenging Schubert in this particular idiom only, brought the Lied to its culmination. This study will show, by comparative analysis, the respective treatment by Fr anz Schubert and Hugo Wolf of selected poems by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Though Schubert composed some seventy songs (not including multiple settings of the same text), and Wolf fifty-one, based on the poetry of Goethe, they shared only thirteen of these poems in common. Four songs by each composer have been selected for detailed analysis.

This study outlines the history of and development of Russian music, leading into the song cycles of Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky.

The idea for this investigation was inspired by the writer's attempt to acquire a more complete knowledge of piano teaching techniques. It is hoped that this report will challenge musicians of all ranks to delve further into the subject and investigate other methods of technique not included in this report.