Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, detectar o vírus da Influenza aviária, Paramyxovirus tipo 1 (doença de Newcastle), Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Mycoplasma synoviae, respectivamente pelas técnicas de RT-PCR e PCR, em aves domésticas e aves em vida livre próximas às granjas avícolas nas cidades de Mogi das Cruzes e Louveira do Estado de São Paulo. As aves silvestres foram capturadas, anilhadas, submetidas à avaliação de estado geral e à coleta de suabes de orofaringe e cloaca. As aves de subsistência ou fundo de quintal seguiram o mesmo protocolo com a exceção do anilhamento, e tiveram amostras de sangue coletadas para a pesquisa de anticorpos contra o vírus da Doença de Newcastle, Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Mycoplasma synoviae pela técnica de ELISA indireto. Foram considerados os aspectos da biodiversidade entre as espécies silvestres capturadas e a biossegurança nas granjas. As aves silvestres apresentaram resultados negativos nesta pesquisa, no entanto, Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Mycoplasma synoviae foram detectados pela técnica da PCR nas aves de subsistência, assim como apresentaram títulos de anticorpos para os agentes acima citados e para o Paramyxovirus tipo I. Duas granjas não possuíam medidas de biosseguridade adequadas permitindo o contato de animais de vida livre com as aves de fundo de quintal e com as aves de produção, o que pode facilitar a disseminação de patógenos de interesse para a saúde pública e para a avicultura comercial. / The aim of this study is to detect avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus (Paramyxovirus I), Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in backyard chicken and wildlife birds around commercial poultry farms using RT-PCR and PCR. The birds were captured with mist nets, identified with alluminium leg rings, subjected to the assessment of clinical conditions and samples were collected by oral and cloacal swabs. The same was done with backyard chicken without the identification with leg rings. Blood samples were collected from backyard chicken and tested for antibodies against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae and Paramyxovirus I by indirect ELISA test. This study was conducted in Mogi das Cruzes and Louveira, São Paulo state, where the commercial poultry is considered an activity of great importance. The results were negative to wild birds, but we could detect Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae by PCR and antibodies titles for Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae and Newcastle disease in backyard chickens.Two farms didn´t have appropriate biosecurity measures, allowing intense contact with free-living birds, backyard chicken and poultry facilitating spread of pathogens with concern to human health and poultry farms.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico Veterinario. / Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) y Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) son patógenos que afectan el sistema respiratorio de las aves de producción y pueden ser transmitidos verticalmente a la progenie. Ambos forman parte de la lista de enfermedades de denuncia obligatoria a la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE). La medida más efectiva para controlar la enfermedad, ha sido por muchos años la erradicación mediante la mantención de abuelas y reproductoras libres de la infección, generando una progenie libre de MG y MS. En Chile, el diagnóstico de la micoplasmosis en planteles avícolas es realizado mediante técnicas serológicas capaces de detectar anticuerpos contra MG y MS, utilizando las técnicas de enzimoinmunoensayo (ELISA) e inhibición de la hemoaglutinación (IHA). Además se utiliza la técnica de cultivo y aislamiento bacteriano. Estas pruebas son utilizadas en el Programa de Control de Mycoplasma sp. dirigido a los distintos estratos de aves, pertenecientes a empresas avícolas productoras de carne de pollo, carne de pavo y de huevos de mesa. Al ser MG y MS patógenos de denuncia obligatoria, se vuelve de suma importancia implementar nuevas técnicas de laboratorio capaces de brindar resultados fidedignos y en tiempos acotados. Con el propósito de que, de existir un brote de la enfermedad, se pueda poner en marcha rápidamente las medidas de control propuestas por el Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG). La técnica de la Reacción de la Polimerasa en Cadena (PCR), desarrollada más recientemente, ha sido introducida en los laboratorios de diagnóstico de Chile y de otros países como una herramienta útil para analizar el estado sanitario de las aves de corral, principalmente, para confirmar los resultados positivos expresados por las pruebas de ELISA e IHA. La PCR es capaz de identificar el DNA específico de MG y MS, de forma rápida y certera. En el siguiente estudio, se buscó implementar un protocolo de PCR en cepas de referencia de MG y MS en un laboratorio de diagnóstico autorizado por el SAG y participante del programa oficial de control de Mycoplasma sp. y posteriormente, puesto a prueba en muestras de campo. Las muestras recolectadas para poner a prueba el protocolo de PCR, fueron tomadas en una población de gallinas de postura comerciales, clínica y productivamente sanas, pertenecientes a un plantel de aves serológicamente positivas a MG y MS mediante la prueba de ELISA. Para cumplir con el propósito del estudio, se realizó un paso de extracción y purificación del DNA genómico. A continuación se realizó la PCR con partidores diseñados para amplificar un fragmento de la secuencia del gen que codifica para el RNA ribosomal 16S de ambos patógenos. Posteriormente, se realizó la electroforesis de los productos de PCR en gel de agarosa al 2%, a 80 Voltios durante 40 minutos. Finalmente, se visualizaron las bandas de amplificación en un transiluminador UV, dejando registro fotográfico de las imágenes. El protocolo de PCR puesto en marcha demostró la capacidad de amplificar el DNA de las cepas de referencia, así como el DNA de MG y de MS presente en las muestras de campo. / Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) are two important pathogens that cause infections of the respiratory system of poultry. Also, they can be transmitted vertically to the progeny. Both are part of the reportable list of diseases to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). For many years, the main and most effective measure to control the disease has been the eradication of infection by maintaining batches of Grandparent lines and Parent Stock free of infection and thus generating a progeny free of MG and MS. The diagnosis of avian mycoplasmosis in poultry in Chile, is performed by serological methods capable of detecting antibodies against MG and MS, using the techniques of Immuno-Assays (ELISA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI). Also, by employing cell culture and bacterial isolation. These tests are used as a part of the Mycoplasma sp. Control Program and are aimed at different types of birds of the Chilean Poultry Industry such as meat chicken, meat turkey and table eggs. Since MG and MS are pathogens notifiable to the OIE, it is very important to implement new laboratory techniques that are capable of providing reliable and fast results. In order to, in the case of an outbreak of the disease, begin as soon as possible with the control measures proposed by the Agriculture and Livestock Service. Developed more recently, the assay of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has been introduced in diagnostic laboratories of Chile and other countries as a useful tool for analyzing the health status of batches of poultry, and mainly, to confirm positive results expressed by the ELISA and HI. PCR test, is able to identify the specific DNA sequences of MG and MS, rapidly and accurately. In this study, we first implemented a PCR protocol with reference strains of MG and MS in a diagnostic laboratory authorized by the SAG and participant of the official program control Mycoplasma sp. and then we tested it with field samples. Tracheal swabs samples were collected, processed and tested with PCR protocol implemented. The samples were taken from a commercial population of laying hens, clinically and productively healthy, from a farm that was serologically positive to MG and MS by ELISA. To fulfill the purpose of this study, a preliminary step to extract and purify the genomic DNA was made. Then PCR was performed with primers designed to a fragment of the gene sequence coding for 16S ribosomal RNA of both pathogens. Subsequently, we performed 2% agarose gel electrophoresis, where the PCR products were subjected to a potential difference of 80 volts, for 40 minutes. We finally visualized the amplification bands on a UV lamp and kept photographic records. The protocol implemented demonstrated the ability to amplify DNA from both reference strains, as well as the DNA present in field samples for PCR of MG and MS.

Mollicutes (mycoplasmas) are pathogenic in a wide range of mammals (including humans), reptiles, fish, arthropods, and plants. Of the medically important mollicutes, Mycoplasma gallisepticum is of particular relevance to avian agriculture and veterinary science, causing chronic respiratory disease in poultry and turkey. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis based quantitative expression proteomics, the current study investigated the molecular mechanisms behind the phenotypic variability between a M. gallisepticum vaccine strain (6/85) and a competitive, virulent field strain (K5234), two strains which were indistinguishable using commonly accepted genetic methods of identification. Twenty-nine proteins showed a significant variation in abundance (fold change > 1.5, p-value < 0.01). Among others, the levels of putative virulence determinants were increased in the virulent K5234, while the levels of several proteins involved with pyruvate metabolism were decreased. It is hoped that the data generated will further the understanding of M. gallisepticum virulence determinants and mechanisms of infection, and that this may contribute to the optimization of diagnostic methodologies and control strategies.

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Poultry Sciences. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

As doenças infecciosas causam importantes perdas econômicas para a produção avícola e para a criação de aves domésticas de subsistência, exóticas e selvagens. No Brasil, há poucos estudos sobre as doenças infecciosas que acometem as aves, que correlacionem às lesões macroscópicas com o exame histopatológico e a identificação do agente presente nos órgãos lesionados. O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar essa tríade de diagnóstico em doenças infecciosas que acometem as aves de produção e ornamentais. O presente estudo resultou em cinco artigos. O primeiro artigo descreve dois surtos de micoplasmose em galinhas de subsistência utilizando a técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) como método de diagnóstico da infecção por Mycoplasma gallisepticum. A técnica de IHQ apresentou boa concordância com os sinais clínicos, as lesões anatomopatológicas e os resultados da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em tempo real. O segundo artigo foi realizado em frangos de corte condenados totalmente por colibacilose em um estabelecimento sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal. Em todas as aves condenados observou-se lesões macroscópicas e os órgãos mais acometidos foram fígado e sacos aéreos. Histologicamente, os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram hepatite necrosante aleatória, bronquite fibrino-heterofílica, pericardite aguda e traqueíte linfoplasmocitária. Desses casos isolou-se E. coli, Enterococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. e Staphylococcus sp. A PCR e a IHQ para Mycoplasma gallisepticum e M. synoviae foram negativas. O terceiro artigo descreve um surto de tifo aviário em codornas japonesas, através do isolamento bacteriano, da caracterização anatomopatológica e da IHQ anti-Salmonella. O quarto artigo descreve, através de um estudo retrospectivo, as características anatomopatológicas de 12 casos de clamidiose em psitacídeos e padroniza a técnica de IHQ anti-Chlamydia como método de diagnóstico dessa enfermidade. O quinto artigo relata um caso sistêmico e fatal de toxoplasmose em uma perdiz-da-Califórnia (Callipepla californica), descrevendo as lesões anatomopatológicas, a IHQ anti-Toxoplasma gondii e a genotipagem através da PCR. Portanto, o desenvolvimento de técnicas de diagnóstico que correlacionem as lesões macro e microscópicas com a identificação do agente infeccioso são fundamentais para que as enfermidades nas aves sejam corretamente estudadas e diagnosticadas. / Infectious diseases cause significant economic losses in poultry production and the breeding of domestic birds for subsistence and of exotic or wild birds. In Brazil, there have been few studies on the infectious diseases of birds in which macroscopic lesions have been correlated with histopathological examination and the identification of the agent present in the organs with lesions. The objective of this study was to apply this diagnostic triad to infectious diseases which affect poultry and ornamental birds. The study is reported in a series of five papers. The first paper describes two outbreaks of mycoplasmosis in subsistence farming chickens using the IHC technique as a diagnostic method for infection by Mycoplasma gallisepticum. The IHC technique showed good agreement with the clinical signs, the anatomopathological lesions and the results of the real-time PCR. The second paper describes a study carried out on broiler chickens which were totally condemned due to colibacillosis at an establishment under the control of the Federal Inspection Service. In all of the condemned birds macroscopic lesions were observed and the organs most affected were the liver and air sacs. Histologically, the most frequent diagnoses were random necrotizing hepatitis, fibrinous-heterophilic bronchitis, acute pericarditis and lymphoplasmocitary tracheitis. From these cases Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. were isolated. The polymerse chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae were negative. The third paper describes an outbreak of fowl typhoid in Japanese quails, investigated by bacterial isolation, anatomopathological characterization and anti- Salmonella IHC. The fourth paper describes, through a retrospective study, the anatomopathological characteristics of 12 cases of chlamydiosis in psittacidae and standardizes the anti-Chlamydia IHC technique as a diagnostic method for this disease. The fifth paper reports a systemic and fatal case of toxoplasmosis in a Californian quail (Callipepla californica), describing the anatomopathological lesions, the anti- Toxoplasma gondii IHC and the genotyping through PCR. Thus, the development of diagnostic techniques which correlate the macro and microscopic lesions with the identification of the infectious agent are fundamental for diseases in birds to be properly studied and diagnosed.

As doenças infecciosas causam importantes perdas econômicas para a produção avícola e para a criação de aves domésticas de subsistência, exóticas e selvagens. No Brasil, há poucos estudos sobre as doenças infecciosas que acometem as aves, que correlacionem às lesões macroscópicas com o exame histopatológico e a identificação do agente presente nos órgãos lesionados. O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar essa tríade de diagnóstico em doenças infecciosas que acometem as aves de produção e ornamentais. O presente estudo resultou em cinco artigos. O primeiro artigo descreve dois surtos de micoplasmose em galinhas de subsistência utilizando a técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) como método de diagnóstico da infecção por Mycoplasma gallisepticum. A técnica de IHQ apresentou boa concordância com os sinais clínicos, as lesões anatomopatológicas e os resultados da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em tempo real. O segundo artigo foi realizado em frangos de corte condenados totalmente por colibacilose em um estabelecimento sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal. Em todas as aves condenados observou-se lesões macroscópicas e os órgãos mais acometidos foram fígado e sacos aéreos. Histologicamente, os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram hepatite necrosante aleatória, bronquite fibrino-heterofílica, pericardite aguda e traqueíte linfoplasmocitária. Desses casos isolou-se E. coli, Enterococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. e Staphylococcus sp. A PCR e a IHQ para Mycoplasma gallisepticum e M. synoviae foram negativas. O terceiro artigo descreve um surto de tifo aviário em codornas japonesas, através do isolamento bacteriano, da caracterização anatomopatológica e da IHQ anti-Salmonella. O quarto artigo descreve, através de um estudo retrospectivo, as características anatomopatológicas de 12 casos de clamidiose em psitacídeos e padroniza a técnica de IHQ anti-Chlamydia como método de diagnóstico dessa enfermidade. O quinto artigo relata um caso sistêmico e fatal de toxoplasmose em uma perdiz-da-Califórnia (Callipepla californica), descrevendo as lesões anatomopatológicas, a IHQ anti-Toxoplasma gondii e a genotipagem através da PCR. Portanto, o desenvolvimento de técnicas de diagnóstico que correlacionem as lesões macro e microscópicas com a identificação do agente infeccioso são fundamentais para que as enfermidades nas aves sejam corretamente estudadas e diagnosticadas. / Infectious diseases cause significant economic losses in poultry production and the breeding of domestic birds for subsistence and of exotic or wild birds. In Brazil, there have been few studies on the infectious diseases of birds in which macroscopic lesions have been correlated with histopathological examination and the identification of the agent present in the organs with lesions. The objective of this study was to apply this diagnostic triad to infectious diseases which affect poultry and ornamental birds. The study is reported in a series of five papers. The first paper describes two outbreaks of mycoplasmosis in subsistence farming chickens using the IHC technique as a diagnostic method for infection by Mycoplasma gallisepticum. The IHC technique showed good agreement with the clinical signs, the anatomopathological lesions and the results of the real-time PCR. The second paper describes a study carried out on broiler chickens which were totally condemned due to colibacillosis at an establishment under the control of the Federal Inspection Service. In all of the condemned birds macroscopic lesions were observed and the organs most affected were the liver and air sacs. Histologically, the most frequent diagnoses were random necrotizing hepatitis, fibrinous-heterophilic bronchitis, acute pericarditis and lymphoplasmocitary tracheitis. From these cases Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. were isolated. The polymerse chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae were negative. The third paper describes an outbreak of fowl typhoid in Japanese quails, investigated by bacterial isolation, anatomopathological characterization and anti- Salmonella IHC. The fourth paper describes, through a retrospective study, the anatomopathological characteristics of 12 cases of chlamydiosis in psittacidae and standardizes the anti-Chlamydia IHC technique as a diagnostic method for this disease. The fifth paper reports a systemic and fatal case of toxoplasmosis in a Californian quail (Callipepla californica), describing the anatomopathological lesions, the anti- Toxoplasma gondii IHC and the genotyping through PCR. Thus, the development of diagnostic techniques which correlate the macro and microscopic lesions with the identification of the infectious agent are fundamental for diseases in birds to be properly studied and diagnosed.

As doenças infecciosas causam importantes perdas econômicas para a produção avícola e para a criação de aves domésticas de subsistência, exóticas e selvagens. No Brasil, há poucos estudos sobre as doenças infecciosas que acometem as aves, que correlacionem às lesões macroscópicas com o exame histopatológico e a identificação do agente presente nos órgãos lesionados. O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar essa tríade de diagnóstico em doenças infecciosas que acometem as aves de produção e ornamentais. O presente estudo resultou em cinco artigos. O primeiro artigo descreve dois surtos de micoplasmose em galinhas de subsistência utilizando a técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) como método de diagnóstico da infecção por Mycoplasma gallisepticum. A técnica de IHQ apresentou boa concordância com os sinais clínicos, as lesões anatomopatológicas e os resultados da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em tempo real. O segundo artigo foi realizado em frangos de corte condenados totalmente por colibacilose em um estabelecimento sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal. Em todas as aves condenados observou-se lesões macroscópicas e os órgãos mais acometidos foram fígado e sacos aéreos. Histologicamente, os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram hepatite necrosante aleatória, bronquite fibrino-heterofílica, pericardite aguda e traqueíte linfoplasmocitária. Desses casos isolou-se E. coli, Enterococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. e Staphylococcus sp. A PCR e a IHQ para Mycoplasma gallisepticum e M. synoviae foram negativas. O terceiro artigo descreve um surto de tifo aviário em codornas japonesas, através do isolamento bacteriano, da caracterização anatomopatológica e da IHQ anti-Salmonella. O quarto artigo descreve, através de um estudo retrospectivo, as características anatomopatológicas de 12 casos de clamidiose em psitacídeos e padroniza a técnica de IHQ anti-Chlamydia como método de diagnóstico dessa enfermidade. O quinto artigo relata um caso sistêmico e fatal de toxoplasmose em uma perdiz-da-Califórnia (Callipepla californica), descrevendo as lesões anatomopatológicas, a IHQ anti-Toxoplasma gondii e a genotipagem através da PCR. Portanto, o desenvolvimento de técnicas de diagnóstico que correlacionem as lesões macro e microscópicas com a identificação do agente infeccioso são fundamentais para que as enfermidades nas aves sejam corretamente estudadas e diagnosticadas. / Infectious diseases cause significant economic losses in poultry production and the breeding of domestic birds for subsistence and of exotic or wild birds. In Brazil, there have been few studies on the infectious diseases of birds in which macroscopic lesions have been correlated with histopathological examination and the identification of the agent present in the organs with lesions. The objective of this study was to apply this diagnostic triad to infectious diseases which affect poultry and ornamental birds. The study is reported in a series of five papers. The first paper describes two outbreaks of mycoplasmosis in subsistence farming chickens using the IHC technique as a diagnostic method for infection by Mycoplasma gallisepticum. The IHC technique showed good agreement with the clinical signs, the anatomopathological lesions and the results of the real-time PCR. The second paper describes a study carried out on broiler chickens which were totally condemned due to colibacillosis at an establishment under the control of the Federal Inspection Service. In all of the condemned birds macroscopic lesions were observed and the organs most affected were the liver and air sacs. Histologically, the most frequent diagnoses were random necrotizing hepatitis, fibrinous-heterophilic bronchitis, acute pericarditis and lymphoplasmocitary tracheitis. From these cases Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. were isolated. The polymerse chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae were negative. The third paper describes an outbreak of fowl typhoid in Japanese quails, investigated by bacterial isolation, anatomopathological characterization and anti- Salmonella IHC. The fourth paper describes, through a retrospective study, the anatomopathological characteristics of 12 cases of chlamydiosis in psittacidae and standardizes the anti-Chlamydia IHC technique as a diagnostic method for this disease. The fifth paper reports a systemic and fatal case of toxoplasmosis in a Californian quail (Callipepla californica), describing the anatomopathological lesions, the anti- Toxoplasma gondii IHC and the genotyping through PCR. Thus, the development of diagnostic techniques which correlate the macro and microscopic lesions with the identification of the infectious agent are fundamental for diseases in birds to be properly studied and diagnosed.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) can cause chronic respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. Impacts of MG infections can include increased morbidity and mortality, decreased egg production, hatchability and feed efficiency. Biosecurity and bio-surveillance remain the primary means of deterrence as the current means of control are not wholly effective. Further applications towards the characterization of MG-related disease control requires proper understanding of the characteristics of MG infections with accurate and efficient quantification of in vivo MG populations. To this end, study was conducted to determine the in vivo MG populations in infected pullets and to determine impact of sampling schedule. The role of sampling in 3 distinct anatomical sites, and their associated MG populations were also compared. Results confirmed that sampling events did not affect MG populations and as a possible confounding factor, sampling frequency could be avoided for the future development of novel means of MG control.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is the organism that causes avian respiratory mycoplasmosis, leading to chronic respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys (Stipkovits and Kempf, 1996; Levisohn and Kleven, 2000). It is also responsible for reductions in egg production and other economic losses in the poultry industry (Stipkovits and Kempf, 1996; Levisohn and Kleven, 2000). Commercially, layer chickens are vaccinated against MG in the pullet phase before lay. In this dissertation, the potential application of in ovo vaccination in layer embryos for the subsequent early protection of pullets against field-strain MG infections was investigated. The use of different sites of injection [air cell (AC) or amnion (AM)] and various dosages of live attenuated 6/85 (6/85MG) and ts-11 (ts-11MG) vaccine strains of MG delivered in ovo at 18 days of incubation were evaluated. Vaccine dosages of ts-11MG up to 7.25 x 105 CFU did not have negative effects on the hatch and posthatch results. However, only the 7.25 x 105 CFU dosage had a negative effect on overall BWG. The ts-11MG was not transmitted from vaccinated to sentinel birds at both the hatch and posthatch periods, and no subsequent MG DNA or serology responses were detected in response to the vaccine. Administration of the 6/85MG vaccine at dosages up to 1.73 x 103 CFU did not negatively affect hatchability or other posthatch variables. Antibody production against 6/85MG through d 42 posthatch with no associated hatch or posthatch mortalities were likewise observed. The high dose of 6/85MG (1.73 x 104 CFU) resulted in a greater than 15 % mortality at hatch and a greater than 40 % mortality during the first 2 wk posthatch. Trachea and bronchi lesion scores in the pullets were significantly increased when they were challenged at d 28 of age with RMG. However, birds that were in ovo-vaccinated with 6/85MGV exhibited no significant microscopic lesions due to the RMG challenge. The 1.66 x 103 CFU dosage of 6/85MGV is proposed to offer the best protection in layer pullets against field-strain MG infections.