Diss.--Fakultät Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft--Bayreuth--Universität, 1993. / Bibliogr. p. 223-237.

Student Number : 0500819P - MSc dissertation - School of Geography, Archaeology and Environment Studies - Faculty of Science / The research assesses the impacts of Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) and tourism upon community livelihoods, local behaviour and wildlife conservation. The research aims to analyze whether CBNRM is working as it is intended as well as to assess the socio-economic status of the community in terms of whether the CBNRM project has influenced their livelihoods for the better, than when the project was non-existent. The research findings indicate that CBNRM projects can deliver in terms of improvement of rural local community’s livelihoods and natural resources management. However, a lack of understanding of the CBNRM concept, lack of entrepreneurships and managerial skills, poor participation by general membership, poor distribution of the income benefits and lack of consultation to the project’s community membership by the project management are some of the constraints and challenges that emerge from the case study of the Nata Bird Sanctuary CBNRM project.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AdalbertoVC.pdf: 8931659 bytes, checksum: d8f5a648a9113a0534d8bca636514636 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-10 / The aim of this research was to analyse genetic markers, anthropometry and basic physical qualities in the differret stages of sexual maturation in swimmers in Para?ba. It is characterised as a descriptive cross sectional study. The sample was composed of 119 swimmers (males) that were divided among the stages of sexual maturation, from 7 to 17,9 years of age. They were associated to a local federation, the Confedera??o Brasileira de Desportes Aqu?ticos. The tests used were: genetic markers dermatoglyphics; Anthropometry body mass, stature, arm span, fat percentage and somatotype; physical qualities speed tests (25 meters crawl), strength (vertical jump) to inferior limbs, verarm throwing arremesso of a 2kg medicineball to superior limbs and abdominal), resistence (12 minutes to swimming), agility (he multistage 20-meter shuttle run test), flexibility (sit and reach test ) and coodination (stroke index); power of swimming (mean velocity in 25 meters mutiplied by body mass) and the self assessment of the sexual maturation supervised by a pediatric specialist. In the analyses we used the test normality of Shapiro-Wilk, then, we used ANOVA- one way followed by Post-Hoc test of Scheff?. The data showed in dermatogliphics a genetic tendence to velocity (L>W) with a predominance of the meso-ectomorphic somatotype profile; in relation to the physical qualities there was an evolution of the results in every stage due to the antropometric variables, except in the coordination tests. There were no significative differences between the stages. We conclude that swimming in Para?ba is composed of a signicative number of velocists with a mesomorph somatotype profile and low fat percentage, and that made it posssible to us to recomend that the trainings must be individual and according to personal characteristics of each athlete, and that the used variables must be specific for every region of the country. This dissertation presents a relation of multidiciplinar interface and its content has an application in Physical Education and Medicine / Objetivou-se com este estudo analisar os marcadores gen?ticos, antropometria e qualidades f?sicas b?sicas nos diferentes est?gios da matura??o sexual em nadadores da Para?ba. Com car?ter descritivo desenvolvimental de corte transversal, a amostra foi composta por 119 nadadores do g?nero masculino subdivididos entre os est?gios da matura??o sexual, com idade variando de 7 a 17,9 anos filiados a Federa??o local e a Confedera??o Brasileira de Desportos Aqu?ticos. Os testes realizados foram os seguintes: marcadores gen?ticos dermatoglifia; antropometria - massa corporal, estatura, envergadura, percentual de gordura e somatotipia; qualidades f?sicas os testes de velocidade (25 metros crawl), for?a (salto vertical para membros inferiores, arremesso de medicinebol de 2kg para membros superiores e abdominal), resist?ncia (12 minutos para nata??o), agilidade (corrida de vai e vem), flexibilidade (sentar e alcan?ar) e coordena??o (o ?ndice de nado); pot?ncia do nado (produto da velocidade m?dia em 25 metros com a massa corporal) e a auto-avalia??o da matura??o sexual acompanhada por pediatras. Utilizou-se para o tratamento estat?stico o teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk, em seguida, para an?lise de compara??es m?ltiplas, optou-se pelo teste de ANOVAone way seguido do teste Post-Hoc de Scheff?. Os dados apresentam na dermatoglifia uma predisposi??o gen?tica para velocidade (L>W) com um perfil somatot?pico predominante meso-ectom?rfico; quanto ?s qualidades f?sicas notou-se uma evolu??o dos resultados a cada est?gio em decorr?ncia das vari?veis antropom?tricas, exceto nos testes de coordena??o, n?o havendo diferen?a significativa entre os est?gios. Concluiu-se que a nata??o paraibana ? composta de um quantitativo significativo de velocistas de perfil somatot?pico mesomorfia e com baixo percentual de gordura, possibilitando-nos recomendar que os treinamentos sejam personalizados conforme as caracter?sticas individuais dos atletas, e que as vari?veis utilizadas sejam avaliadas e classificadas em outras regi?es do pa?s. Esta disserta??o apresenta uma rela??o de interface multidisciplinar, tendo o seu conte?do uma aplica??o nos campos da Educa??o F?sica e da Medicina

A large number of quantitative studies have examined social inequities in the geographic distribution of air pollution. Although previous research has made strides towards understanding the nature and extent of inequities, they have been limited methodologically in three ways. First, the presence of pollutants have been rarely linked to their adverse health effects, with many studies using proximity to sources as a proxy for risk. Second, there has been a tendency to study a single pollution source instead of assessing multiple types of sources. Finally, conventional statistical methods such as multivariate regression have been limited by their inability to discern spatial variations in the relationships between dependent and explanatory variables. This thesis addresses these gaps in environmental justice analysis of air pollution by using data from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 1999 National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment in combination with 2000 U.S. Census data to evaluate inequities in the geography of cancer risks from hazardous air pollutants in Florida. The objective is to determine if there are racial/ethnic inequities in the distribution of estimated cancer risks from outdoor exposure to point and mobile sources of air pollutants, after controlling for well-documented contextual variables. The first phase of the study utilizes traditional correlation and regression techniques to reveal that cancer risk from most air pollution sources are distributed inequitably with respect to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic state. In the second phase, geographically weighted regression is used along with choropleth mapping to explore the spatial nonstationarity of regression model parameters and geographic variations in the statistical association between cancer risks and various explanatory variables. Results indicate that while Black and Hispanic proportions remain consistent indicators of cancer risk from most pollution sources, these relationships vary across space within Florida. This thesis contributes to environmental justice analysis by demonstrating that conventional multivariate regression can hide important local variations in the relationships between environmental risk and explanatory variables such as race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Since this spatial nonstationarity can be significant within an entire region or a single urban area, understanding its nature and extent is imperative to advancing environmental justice goals.

Investigating the extent of local scale heterogeneity in assemblages is necessary to achieve a sound understanding of the processes giving rise to local assemblage patterns and the variation between them. Moreover, a clear understanding of local scale heterogeneity of assemblages is imperative in the development of effective regional conservation strategies. Previous studies examined the local scale heterogeneity in dung beetle assemblages between mixed woodland and sand forest habitats in Tembe Elephant Park, KwaZulu-Natal. Sand forest is an endangered habitat type in southern Africa which, when disturbed, opens up and changes towards mixed woodland. Reversion to the original sand forest structure after disturbance has never been recorded. Dung beetle assemblages were found to be homogenous within, but significantly heterogenous between, habitat types. It was therefore suggested that disturbance of sand forest (elephant foraging inside, and human occupation outside the Park) was likely to affect the assemblage structure of dung beetles in sand forest. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of human- and elephant-induced disturbance on dung beetle assemblages in sand forest. Furthermore, disturbed sand forest dung beetle assemblages were predicted to be more similar to mixed woodland than to undisturbed sand forest assemblages. Disturbance by elephants causes sand forest vegetation structure to change to that of mixed woodland and this resulted in elephant-disturbed sand forest dung beetle assemblages becoming more similar to mixed woodland assemblages. Assemblages in human disturbed sand forest were unique and associated with human-related activities. The reliability and predictability of dung beetle indicator (species specific to a particular habitat type) and detector species (species indicative of the direction of habitat change) identified for Tembe in a previous study were tested. The results of this study largely supported the suite of bioindicator species first identified. Detector species were found to provide information complimentary to the indicator species and vegetation data available for sand forest. In addition, an identification key for the dung beetle species collected in Tembe Elephant Park to date was compiled. This key facilitates the use of dung beetle assemblages in indicator and monitoring systems in this reserve by providing a rapid and effective means of identifying the dung beetle species. The abundance-body size relationships of the dung beetle assemblages in mixed woodland, undisturbed and disturbed sand forests were also determined. Four hypotheses that account for the relationship between body size and abundance or its variants, were tested here, namely the energy equivalence rule, interspecific competition, differential extinction, and the biomass frequency distribution hypothesis. The disturbed sand forest assemblages were used to test whether disturbance alters the relationships between the macroecological variables (i.e. body size, abundance and biomass) and their interrelationships. This study provided some support for the biomass hypothesis. The major relationship between body size and abundance held despite human- and elephant-induced disturbance. Nonetheless, this study indicates that human- and elephant-induced disturbance alter sand forest dung beetle assemblages and may have significant implications for other taxa that occupy this endangered habitat type. Monitoring of the impacts of large herbivores on sand forest in reserves should thus be continued, and dung beetles provide one effective means by which this can be achieved. / Dissertation (MSc (Entomology))--University of Pretoria, 2001. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters (Information Science) in the Department of Library and Information Studies at the University of Zululand, 2017 / This study investigates the different medical records management regimes within public and private hospitals in the Umhlathuze Area, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. The study made a comparison and examined whether the current management practices support service delivery in the context of the Batho Pele principles. In doing this, the study reviewed extensive literature on records management standards and theories, legislative framework of medical records in order to establish the extent of the level of compliance to the set regulatory framework in the management of medical records in South Africa. It also assessed the depth of the integration of ICTs in the management of medical records in South Africa. The targeted study sample in both the public and private hospital was 193. Of these, only 180 responded and this represented a respondent‟s rate of 93.5%. The study was largely a quantitative research. The study adopted a survey research design and used multiple forms of data collection techniques such as structured questionnaires, observations and document review. Quantitative data collected was analysed to obtain some descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analysed using content analysis to derive particular themes pertinent to the study. The two sets of results were compared and contrasted to produce a single interpretation and then conclusions were drawn. The study findings established that the records management practices in both hospitals were not well entrenched thus undermining quality health service delivery. This was evidenced by lack of awareness and existence of the records management policies and procedures manual; lack of adherence records management standard; lack of security measures, with rampant cases of missing files, folios and torn folders; delays in access and use of records; lack of an elaborate electronic records management programme and low levels of skill and training opportunities in records management. The use of paper records is still dominant in the public hospital; while the electronic medical record system was in place in the private hospital with some degree of success even though implementation challenges continue to exist. The integration of ICTs in the management of medical records was more evident in the private hospital while the public hospital continues to be underfunded undermining the current capacity for effective medical records management. The role of accurate, reliable and trustworthy medical records in the ii | P a g e context of quality health service delivery in accordance with Batho Pele principle in both hospitals remains problematic. In order to enhance the role of medical records for quality service delivery, the study recommended that a regulatory framework for records management should be developed and implemented in both hospitals. It is also recommended that more technical and human resource capacity is required in the public hospital to help speed up the services to its user while the private hospitals need to entrench their evolving capabilities in medical records management. The study further recommends that training around records management should be provided to all staff that deal with medical records management in both hospitals.

This qualitative study was conducted at Minenhle High School (pseudonym) in Mgugu, a deep rural area in Umbumbulu, KwaZulu-Natal. It explored the way in which six pregnant young women between ages of 16 and 17 talked about their pregnancies. All the young women emerged from a working class background. The purpose of this study was to investigate why these young women fell pregnant; and the gendered dimensions of pregnancy. Gender-power theory was used to show how male dominance reproduces female submissiveness and influences sexual negotiations and thus increasing vulnerability to unintended pregnancies among young African women. Focus groups and individual interviews were used to produce relevant data for this study. However, the same study finds that some young women see the need to challenge accepted gender norms which often promote and encourage female submissiveness and oppression. Socio-cultural influence emerges whereby these young women have failed to access and use contraceptives due to socially constructed myths regarding the effects of contraceptives and fear of going to the clinic to access contraceptive services since this will reveal to the parents that they (young women) are sexually active; hence viewing sex as secret and clinic as public. The findings of this study also show intergenerational silence on issues of sexuality between these pregnant young women and their parents or caregivers which encourages them to rely on their peers for support, information and advice. This study also found a decline in the value of ukuhlolwa kwezintombi (virginity testing) as a strategy for preserving young women’s virginity, discouraging unintended pregnancies and reducing the rate of HIV infections; due to socio-economic and religious reasons. Findings of this study were used to develop strategies that challenge cultural, gender power imbalances as well as breaking intergenerational silence thus encouraging a healthier and more positive sexuality among young people in Umbumbulu. / M. Ed. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2013.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 LailaDaSilvaAsthFernandes_TESE.pdf: 3019441 bytes, checksum: b9d834e9c1a7ede2d053a98c33bde78e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Introdu??o: Este trabalho investigou os efeitos de dois agonistas parciais pept?dicos, UFP-113 e [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2, e um agonista parcial n?o pept?dico, AT-090, do receptor NOP no comportamento emocional de camundongos, bem como as vias de transdu??o do sinal decorrentes da liga??o destas mol?culas com o receptor NOP. M?todos: Foram utilizados camundongos machos, das linhagens Swiss e CD-1, al?m dos nocautes para o receptor NOP (NOP(-/-)) e seus controles selvagens NOP(+/+). O labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE) foi utilizado para avaliar o efeito dos compostos sobre a ansiedade. O diazepam e os agonistas do receptor NOP, N/OFQ e Ro 65-6570, foram utilizados como controles positivos no LCE. Os camundongos NOP(+/+) e NOP(-/-) foram utilizados na avalia??o da seletividade de a??o dos compostos com efeito do tipo ansiol?tico. O teste da nata??o for?ada (TNF) foi utilizado a fim de se avaliar os efeitos dos compostos sobre o comportamento do tipo depressivo. A nortriptilina e os antagonistas do receptor NOP, UFP-101 e SB-612111, foram utilizados como controles positivos no TNF. As a??es da N/OFQ, UFP-101, SB-612111, UFP-113, [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 e AT-090 foram ainda avaliadas no teste de hiperlocomo??o induzida pelo metilfenidato (HIM), onde o valproato foi utilizado como controle positivo. A influ?ncia do UFP-113 e [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 na atividade locomotora foi testada no campo aberto. As vias de transdu??o do sinal (prote?na G e ?-arrestina 2) dos agonistas (N/OFQ e Ro 65-6570), do antagonista (UFP-101) e dos agonistas parciais (UFP-113, [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 e AT-090) do receptor NOP foram investigadas por meio da avalia??o da transfer?ncia de energia por resson?ncia de bioluminesc?ncia (BRET). Para isso, foram usadas c?lulas co-expressando o receptor NOP acoplado ? luciferase (doador de energia), e a prote?na verde fluorescente (aceptor de energia) acoplada a uma das prote?nas efetoras: prote?na G ou a ?-arrestina 2. Resultados: Diazepam (1 mg/kg), N/OFQ (1 nmol), Ro 65-6570 (0,1 mg/kg) e AT-090 (0,01 mg/kg) apresentaram efeito do tipo ansiol?tico no LCE. Os efeitos do Ro 65-6570 e do AT-090 foram devidos a ativa??o seletiva do receptor NOP, uma vez que ambos foram inativos em camundongos NOP(-/-) expostos ao LCE. Em contraste, UFP-113 e [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 foram inativos no LCE. No TNF, nortriptilina (30 mg/kg), UFP-101 (10 nmol), SB-612111 (10 mg/kg), UFP-113 (0,01 e 0,1 nmol) e [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 (0,3 e 1 nmol) apresentaram efeito do tipo antidepressivo, diferentemente do AT-090, que foi inativo neste teste. Os efeitos do UFP-113 e do [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 foram devidos a ativa??o seletiva do receptor NOP, uma vez que o pr?-tratamento com N/OFQ preveniu o efeito do tipo antidepressivo de ambos. O metilfenidato (MF, 10 mg/kg) induziu hiperlocomo??o nos camundongos expostos ao campo aberto, que foi prevenida pelo valproato (400 mg/kg). A N/OFQ (1 nmol), assim como UFP-113 (0,01-0,1 nmol) e [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 (1 nmol), foram capazes em reduzir a hiperlocomo??o induzida pelo MF, sem alterar a locomo??o per se. O efeito do UFP-113 decorreu da ativa??o seletiva do receptor NOP, uma vez que foi inativo em camundongos NOP(-/-) expostos ao teste da HIM. Em contraste, o UFP-101 (10 nmol), assim como SB-612111 (10 mg/kg) e AT-090 (0,001-0,03 mg/kg) n?o alteraram o aumento na locomo??o induzido pelo MF. Tanto o UFP-113 quanto o [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 induziram hipolocomo??o nas maiores doses testadas (1 e 3 nmol, respectivamente). In vitro, tanto a N/OFQ quanto o Ro 65-6570, promoveram a intera??o do receptor NOP com a prote?na G e com a ?-arrestina 2 de forma concentra??o-dependente, comportando-se como agonistas plenos do receptor NOP em ambas as vias de transdu??o. O AT-090, UFP-113 e [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 promoveram a intera??o do receptor NOP com a prote?na G com efeitos m?ximos significativamente reduzidos em rela??o a N/OFQ. O AT-090 foi capaz de induzir o recrutamento da ?-arrestina 2 novamente com efeitos m?ximos reduzidos em rela??o a N/OFQ, enquanto o UFP-113 e o [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 falharam em induzir o recrutamento da ?-arrestina 2. Portanto, AT-090 se comportou como agonista parcial em ambas as vias de transdu??o, enquanto UFP-113 e [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 se comportaram como agonistas parciais e antagonistas, respectivamente, nas vias de transdu??o da prote?na G e da ?-arrestina 2. O UFP-101 n?o promoveu o recrutamento da prote?na G, nem da ?-arrestina 2, se comportando como antagonista do receptor NOP em ambas as vias de transdu??o. Conclus?o: Ligantes do receptor NOP que produzem o mesmo efeito na intera??o do receptor NOP com a prote?na G (agonismo parcial), s?o capazes de induzir efeitos opostos no recrutamento da ?-arrestina 2 (agonismo parcial vs antagonismo). Essas diferen?as no recrutamento da ?-arrestina 2 podem promover efeitos distintos sobre a ansiedade e o humor, como foi verificado nos testes comportamentais. Este trabalho corrobora o potencial do receptor NOP como uma ferramenta farmacol?gica inovadora no tratamento de transtornos emocionais. / Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effects of the two peptide NOP partial agonists (UFP-113 and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2) and the non peptide NOP partial agonist (AT-090) in the mouse emotional behavior as well as in the intracellular transduction pathways following the receptor binding. Methods: Male Swiss or CD-1 mice were used in this study together with NOP(+/+) and NOP(-/-) mice. The elevated plus maze (EPM) was used to evaluate the effects of compounds on anxiety-like behaviors. Diazepam and the NOP agonists, N/OFQ and Ro 65-6570, were used as positive controls in the EPM. NOP(+/+) and NOP(-/-) mice were used to evaluate the selectivity of those compounds that induced anxiolytic-like behaviors. The forced swim test (FST) was used to evaluate the effects of compounds on depressive-like behaviors. Nortriptyline and the NOP antagonists, UFP-101 and SB-612111, were used as positive controls in the FST. The effects of N/OFQ, UFP-101, SB-612111, UFP-113, [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2, and AT-090 were assessed in the methylphenidate-induced hyperlocomotion (MIH) test; in this assay valproate was used as positive control. The G protein and ?-arrestin 2 transduction pathways of NOP receptor agonists (N/OFQ and Ro 65-6570), antagonist (UFP-101), and partial agonists (UFP-113, [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2, and AT-090) were also evaluated using an innovative assay that measures a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer process. For this, cell lines permanently co-expressing the NOP receptor coupled to luciferase (energy donor), and green fluorescent protein (energy acceptor) coupled to one of the effector proteins (G protein or ?-arrestin 2) were used. Results: Diazepam (1 mg/kg), N/OFQ (1 nmol), Ro 65-6570 (0.1 mg/kg), and AT-090 (0.01 mg/kg) induced anxiolytic-like effect in mice in the EPM. The effects of Ro 65-6570 and AT-090 were selective to NOP receptor. UFP-113 (0.01-1 nmol) and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 (0.1-3 nmol) were inactive in the EPM. In the FST, nortriptyline (30 mg/kg), UFP-101 (10 nmol), SB-612111 (10 mg/kg), UFP-113 (0.01 and 0.1 nmol), and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 (0.3 and 1 nmol) induced antidepressant-like effects, while AT-090 (0.001-0.1 mg/kg) was inactive in this assay. The effects of UFP-113 and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 were selective to NOP receptor. Valproate (400 mg/kg) counteracted methylphenidate (MPH, 10 mg/kg)-induced hyperlocomotion in mice in the open field. N/OFQ (1 nmol), UFP-113 (0.01-0.1 nmol), and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 (1 nmol) were also able to reduce the MPH-induced hyperlocomotion, without changing the locomotor activity per se. The effect of UFP-113 was selective to NOP receptor. The UFP-101 (10 nmol), SB-612111 (10 mg/kg), and AT-090 (0.001-0.03 mg/kg) did not change the hyperlocomotor effect of methylphenidate. In vitro, N/OFQ and Ro 65-6570 behaved as NOP full agonists for G-protein and ?-arrestin 2 pathways. AT-090 behaved as NOP receptor partial agonist for both transduction pathways, while UFP-113 and [F/G]N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 behaved as partial agonists and antagonists of NOP receptor for NOP/G protein and NOP/?-arrestin 2, respectively. UFP-101 behaved as NOP receptor antagonist for both transduction pathways. Conclusion: NOP ligands producing same effects on NOP/G protein interaction (partial agonism), but with opposite effects on ?-arrestin 2 recruitment (partial agonism vs antagonism), can promote different in vivo effects on anxiety and mood as it was observed in the behavioral tests. This work corroborates the potential of NOP receptor as an innovative pharmacological target for the treatment of emotional disorders.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:46:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-02 / Birthright candidate is an institute that provides the right of application to parliamentary election regardless of subsequent approval of his party. It is a constant institution in the political history of Brazil, despite having been subjected to numerous changes. Through observation of the rulings on the matter in the Superior Electoral Court and the Supreme Court, as well as from the Journals of Congress between 1974 and 2010, will observe the trajectory of the birthright candidate institute in the Brazilian legislation, the meaning given in pronouncements of the congress, the grounds on which is discussed, and see the materials with which it is routinely connected. These data demonstrate how the institute is exemplary of the interventions that the higher courts have played in recent years about the definition of electoral rules in Brazil / A candidatura nata, direito do parlamentar de oferecer candidatura ao pleito subsequente independente da aprovação de seu partido, é instituto recorrente na história política do país, apesar de ter sido objeto de inúmeras alterações. Através da observação dos julgamentos sobre a matéria no Tribunal Superior Eleitoral e no Supremo Tribunal Federal, bem como a partir dos Diários do Congresso Nacional entre 1974 e 2010, observar-se-á a trajetória da candidatura nata na legislação brasileira, o significado que recebeu nos pronunciamentos dos congressistas, a fundamentação nos processos judiciais em que é discutida, além d e constatar as matérias com as quais está corriqueiramente conectada. Estes dados possibilitarão demonstrar como o instituto é exemplar das intervenções que os tribunais superiores têm protagonizado nos últimos anos sobre a definição de normas eleitorais no Brasil

A presente Tese de Doutorado possui, como objetivo principal, trabalhar a questão da juventude menorista impedida de dirigir legalmente pelo Estado veículos motorizados de duas rodas, inserida como consumidora na formação da indústria motociclística brasileira. A periodização da presente Tese começa em 1974, que marca da entrada da Yamaha, primeira indústria japonesa do ramo de duas rodas no Brasil, e 2000, último ano do século XX. O ano de 1974 também marca o início da publicação da revista especializada em motocicletas DUAS RODAS, periódico publicado até os presentes dias, o qual se constitui como principal fonte para compreendermos a história do motociclismo nacional no período. O Estado, principalmente após a promulgação do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), em 1990, delimitou os parâmetros que a sociedade brasileira deveria, necessariamente, respeitar em relação aos menores de idade. O conjunto da legislação brasileira foi, no período 1974- 2000, conscientemente desobedecido por membros da chamada \"nata motorizada\", que exerceu o seu poder de consumo, com o apoio tácito da indústria brasileira, para a utilização de veículos motorizados de duas rodas pela juventude menorista no século XX. O presente trabalho documenta a nossa iniciativa em defender a tese de que a juventude menorista foi impedida de dirigir legalmente veículos motorizados de duas rodas no Brasil no período entre 1974-2000, devido, principalmente, à burocracia lotada nos Departamentos de Trânsito, que não desejava a presença de menores de idade motorizados nas ruas. Esta burocracia, que possuía os chamados \"gestores incontestes\", associava esses menores de idade nas ruas à desordem, subversão e desobediência às normas brasileiras de trânsito. A indústria brasileira de veículos de duas rodas, representada por uma entidade de classe, a Abraciclo, tomara a si a iniciativa de constituir-se como um grupo de pressão para conseguir do Estado a aprovação de uma legislação permissiva ao uso de ciclomotores à juventude menorista. Após a não aplicação da Resolução n. 50, de 1998, as indústrias brasileiras congregadas na Abraciclo praticamente abandonaram a luta com o Estado, que cedeu, não sem alívio, às pressões dos \"gestores incontestes\", membros de sua própria burocracia responsável pelo trânsito nacional, que utilizaram de sua posição privilegiada de \"especialistas\" para impor seu posicionamento frente à questão da juventude menorista usuários de veículos motorizados de duas rodas em âmbito urbano. / This Doctoral Thesis has as main objective, to address the issue of youth legally barred from driving state-motorized two-wheel, inserted as a consumer in the formation of Brazilian motorcycling industry. The stages of this thesis begins in 1974, which marks the entrance to the Yamaha, the Japanese industry\'s first two-wheeler industry in Brazil, and 2000, the last year of the twentieth century. The year 1974 also marks the beginning of the publication of the magazine on motorcycles \"DUAS RODAS\", periodical published to the present day, which constitutes the main source for understanding the history of motorcycling in the national period. The state, especially after the enactment of the Statute of the Child and Adolescent (Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente - ECA) in 1990 delineated the parameters that Brazilian society should necessarily comply in relation to minors. The set of Brazilian legislation was, in the period 1974-2000, knowingly disobeyed by members of the \"motorized cream\", which exercised its power consumption, with the tacit support of the Brazilian industry for the use of motorized two-wheelers by youth in the twentieth century. This paper documents our initiative to defend the thesis that youth was legally barred from driving motorized two wheels in Brazil in the period 1974-2000, mainly due to bureaucracy crowded in Traffic Departments, who did not wish the presence of minors motorized street. This bureaucracy, which had called \"managers uncontested\", associating these underage street disorder, subversion and disobedience to traffic rules in Brazil. The Brazilian industry of two wheelers, represented by an entity class, Abraciclo, had taken upon themselves the initiative to establish itself as a pressure group to get state approval for permissive legislation the use of mopeds youth. After the non-implementation of Resolution. 50, 1998, Brazilian industries gathered in Abraciclo virtually abandoned the struggle with the state, which yielded, not without relief, the pressures of \"uncontested managers\", members of his own bureaucracy responsible for national traffic, who used his privileged position of \"experts\" to impose its position relative to the issue of youth users of motorized two wheelers in the urban context.