81 |
AFFECTIVE INSTABILITY ACROSS DIAGNOSTIC MODELSGore, Whitney L. 01 January 2015 (has links)
The National Institute of Mental Health’s (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC; Insel et al., 2010; Sanislow et al., 2010) were established in an effort to explore underlying dimensions that cut across many existing disorders as well as to provide an alternative to the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; APA, 2013). The present dissertation aimed to study one major component of the RDoC model, negative valence, as compared to other models hypothesized to be closely related, as well as its relationship to a key component of psychopathology, affective instability. Participants were adult community residents (N=90) currently in mental health treatment. Participants received self-report measures of RDoC negative valence, five-factor model (FFM) neuroticism, and DSM-5 Section 3 negative affectivity, along with measures of affective instability, borderline personality disorder, and social-occupational impairment. Through this investigation, a better understanding and potential expansion of this new model of diagnosis for clinicians and researchers is provided. In particular, it is suggested that RDoC negative valence is commensurate with FFM neuroticism and DSM-5 negative affectivity, and it would be beneficial if it was expanded to include affective instability.
|
82 |
The relationship between the big five personality dimensions and job satisfaction in a petro-chemical organisation / T.J. SoniSoni, Tejal Jushwantrai January 2003 (has links)
There is relatively little research based on the Big Five personality dimensions and job
satisfaction and the relationship thereof. Job satisfaction of employees is a good indication of
organisational effectiveness and is influenced by organisational and dispositional factors. The
fundamental nature of the dispositional approach is that individuals have stable traits that
significantly influence their affective and behavioural reactions to organisational settings. Job
satisfaction can be considered a general feeling of well-being experienced by any employee
about the work he or she does or as a related collection of attitudes about various aspects of
the job. Employees, who perform at higher levels, will most likely make a greater
contribution in the organisation. These individual's are more likely to achieve greater status;
thus the importance of having satisfied employees in any organisation. The general objective
of this study was to determine the relationship between personality dimensions and job
satisfaction of engineers in a petro-chemical organisation.
A cross-sectional survey design was used in the empirical study. The sample consisted of 89
junior to middle level engineers within a petro-chemical organisation. The Minnesota Job
Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) and the Personality Characteristics Inventory (PCI) were
administered. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Cronbach alpha
coefficients, inter-item correlation coefficients and confirmatory factor analysis were used to
assess the reliability and validity of the measuring instruments. Pearson and Spearman
correlation coefficients were used to specify the relationships between the variables. Multiple
regression analysis was used to determine which personality dimensions were the best
predictors of job satisfaction.
The current research found that employees who are more stable and introverted tend to be
more satisfied with achievement, independence as well as human and technical supervision at
the work place. It was also established that extraverted and sociable individuals in the
organization are less satisfied with human supervision.
The findings of this research showed that some personality dimensions are related to aspects
of job satisfaction However, overall personality dimensions explained relatively small
percentages in the variance of job satisfaction. Because of this, the situational frame of
reference, which is most common at present within the workplace, as well as the frame of
reference that most supports this research, job satisfaction/dissatisfaction, is alleged to result
from the nature of the job or h m the conditions at work. This basically epitomizes the
effects of situational forces on workers' job attitudes. The results showed that subscales
predicted job satisfaction to a greater extent than personality dimensions.
Recommendations for future research were made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
|
83 |
Nuteistųjų asmenybės bruožų, psichoaktyvių medžiagų vartojimo ir polinkio savižudybei sąsajos / Relations among personal features of convicted persons, usage of psychoactive substances and tendency to suicideDūdienė, Žydra 19 June 2009 (has links)
Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti nuteistųjų asmenybės bruožų (ekstraversijos, neurotiškumo, psichotiškumo), psichoaktyvių medžiagų vartojimo ir polinkio savižudybei sąsajas
Tyrime dalyvavo 55 Pravieniškių trečiųjų pataisos namų ir 101 Pravieniškių antrųjų pataisos namų – atvirosios kolonijos nuteistieji. Iš viso 156 tiriamieji. Tiriamųjų amžius 18 – 61 m., amžiaus vidurkis 29.9 m . Tai pilnamečiai vyrai, nuteisti laisvės atėmimu už tyčinius sunkius ir labai sunkius nusikaltimus, kuriems teismas nustatė atlikti bausmę pataisos namuose. Tyrime buvo naudojamas H. ir S. Eysenck asmenybės klausimyno (EPQ) lietuviškas variantas. Nuteistųjų polinkio savižudybei ir psichoaktyvių medžiagų vartojimo rodikliams įvertinti buvo naudojami papildomi klausimai.
Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad: 1) turintiems polinkį savižudybei (mintys apie savižudybę, savižudybės planai, bandymai žudytis) būdingi aukštesni neurotiškumo rodikliai lyginant su neturinčiais polinkio savižudybei; 2) vartojantys psichoaktyvias medžiagas (rūkantys, vartojantys alkoholį bei kitas psichoaktyvias medžiagas) aukštesnio neurotiškumo asmenys neturi didesnio polinkio savižudybei (minčių, planų, bandymų) lyginant su aukštesnio neurotiškumo nevartojančiais psichoaktyvių medžiagų asmenimis; 3) Vartojantys psichoaktyvias medžiagas (rūkantys, vartojantys alkoholį bei kitas psichoaktyvias medžiagas) aukštesnio psichotiškumo asmenys neturi didesnio polinkio savižudybei (minčių, planų, bandymų) lyginant su aukštesnio psichotiškumo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim of the research is to determine relations among personal features of convicted persons (extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism), usage of psychoactive substances and tendency to suicide.
The research included 55 convicts in Pravieniskes penitentiary No. 3 and 101 convicts in Pravieniskes penitentiary No.2 – open colony. Total number of participants was 156. Age of participants was from 18 to 61 years old, average age – 29.9 years old. They are adult men, imprisoned for intentional difficult or very difficult crimes, which according to court's decision must serve a sentence in penitentiary. Lithuanian version of H. and S. Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ) was used. Additional questions were used to evaluate indexes of usage of psychoactive substance and tendency to suicide of convicts.
Results of research showed that:1) Persons susceptible to suicide (suicidal thoughts, plans and attempts) are characterized by higher degree of neuroticism compared to not inclinable ones; 2) Higher neurotics persons, who use psychoactive substances (smokers, alcohol beverage drinkers) don’t have a greater tendency to suicide (thoughts, plans, suicide attempts), when compared with higher neurotics unpractised ones; 3) Higher psychotics persons, who use psychoactive substances (smokers, alcohol beverage drinkers) don’t have greater tendency to suicide (thoughts, plans, suicide attempts), when compared with higher psychotics unpractised ones; 4) Higher introversion persons, who use... [to full text]
|
84 |
RUMINATIVE THOUGHT IN INDIVIDUALS WITH BORDERLINE PERSONALITY FEATURESUpton, Brian Thomas 01 January 2011 (has links)
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by patterns of intense negative affect, interpersonal difficulties, and maladaptive impulsive behaviors, and is associated with impairments in social and occupational functioning. Rumination is a maladaptive form of repetitive thought that maintains and intensifies emotional disturbance and is associated with behavioral dysregulation. This study tested several hypotheses about relationships between rumination and borderline personality features. This study included 117 college student participants, 88 female students and 29 male students, most of whom (84%) identified themselves as Caucasian. Participants completed a series of measures which included a writing sample to sample repetitive thought. Findings consistently suggested that rumination accounts for significant incremental variance in BPD features after controlling for various facets of neuroticism, which suggests that individuals with BPD features are probably engaging in high levels of multiple types of rumination. However, scores derived from the On Your Mind writing sample did not predict severity of borderline features after controlling for the NEO-neuroticism domain. Implications for these findings and limitations to this study are also discussed.
|
85 |
Mood Disorders, Personality and Grief in Women and Men undergoing in vitro Fertilization TreatmentVolgsten, Helena January 2009 (has links)
Psychological problems are common in infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. The aim of this thesis was to determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, such as mood and anxiety disorders, and related risk factors and personality traits in women and men undergoing IVF. Participants were 1090 consecutive women and men, 545 couples, attending a fertility clinic in Sweden during a two-year period. The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD), based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), was used for evaluating mood and anxiety disorders. The participation rate was 862 (79 %) subjects. Any psychiatric disorder was present in 31 % of females and in 10 % of males. Major depression was prevalent in 11 % of females and 5 % of males. Only 21 % of the subjects with a psychiatric disorder had some form of treatment. A negative pregnancy test and obesity (BMI ≥ 30) were risk factors for mood disorders in women and the only risk factor for depression in men was unexplained infertility. Anxiety disorders were less common than in the general population and no IVF-related risk factors were identified. The Swedish universities Scales of Personality (SSP), a self-rating questionnaire, was used for evaluation of personality traits. High scores of personality traits related to neuroticism were associated with mood and/or anxiety disorders among both women and men. Another objective was to explore the experience of childlessness three years after unsuccessful IVF by a qualitative-approach, assessing data by interviews. Failure after IVF was experienced by women in terms of grief, whereas men took upon themselves a supportive role not expressing grief. A need for professional support and counselling in how to handle grief was described. An unstructured end after IVF treatment left unanswered questions. Three years after the end of treatment, men and women were still processing and had not adapted to childlessness, indicating the grieving process was unresolved.
|
86 |
The relationship between the big five personality dimensions and job satisfaction in a petro-chemical organisation / T.J. SoniSoni, Tejal Jushwantrai January 2003 (has links)
There is relatively little research based on the Big Five personality dimensions and job
satisfaction and the relationship thereof. Job satisfaction of employees is a good indication of
organisational effectiveness and is influenced by organisational and dispositional factors. The
fundamental nature of the dispositional approach is that individuals have stable traits that
significantly influence their affective and behavioural reactions to organisational settings. Job
satisfaction can be considered a general feeling of well-being experienced by any employee
about the work he or she does or as a related collection of attitudes about various aspects of
the job. Employees, who perform at higher levels, will most likely make a greater
contribution in the organisation. These individual's are more likely to achieve greater status;
thus the importance of having satisfied employees in any organisation. The general objective
of this study was to determine the relationship between personality dimensions and job
satisfaction of engineers in a petro-chemical organisation.
A cross-sectional survey design was used in the empirical study. The sample consisted of 89
junior to middle level engineers within a petro-chemical organisation. The Minnesota Job
Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) and the Personality Characteristics Inventory (PCI) were
administered. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Cronbach alpha
coefficients, inter-item correlation coefficients and confirmatory factor analysis were used to
assess the reliability and validity of the measuring instruments. Pearson and Spearman
correlation coefficients were used to specify the relationships between the variables. Multiple
regression analysis was used to determine which personality dimensions were the best
predictors of job satisfaction.
The current research found that employees who are more stable and introverted tend to be
more satisfied with achievement, independence as well as human and technical supervision at
the work place. It was also established that extraverted and sociable individuals in the
organization are less satisfied with human supervision.
The findings of this research showed that some personality dimensions are related to aspects
of job satisfaction However, overall personality dimensions explained relatively small
percentages in the variance of job satisfaction. Because of this, the situational frame of
reference, which is most common at present within the workplace, as well as the frame of
reference that most supports this research, job satisfaction/dissatisfaction, is alleged to result
from the nature of the job or h m the conditions at work. This basically epitomizes the
effects of situational forces on workers' job attitudes. The results showed that subscales
predicted job satisfaction to a greater extent than personality dimensions.
Recommendations for future research were made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
|
87 |
Dispositional factors, coping and stress as predictors of expatriates' adjustment, performance and desire to terminate the assignment / Marita van der BankVan der Bank, Marita January 2002 (has links)
The increase in globalisation has led many organisations world-wide and in South African to
send more employees on international assignments than ever before, with every indication
that the use of expatriates will continue to expand into the 21st century. Expatriate
assignments are important to the success of multinational companies because they can help
build the level of global competence within the organisation, and expatriates often fill critical
positions in host countries (e.g. new market development, technology transfer, joint venture
negotiations and subsidiary management).
Given the strategic importance multinational companies attach to global assignments, the
harm an unsuccessful expatriate may cause in the host country can be detrimental to the
multinational company's future global business. Implications of poor expatriate cross-cultural
adjustment include inadequate performance, psychological stress, premature termination of
the assignment, negative effects on the expatriates' families and the long-term career
repercussions upon repatriation after failed expatriate assignments. Thus, in order to remain
competitive in today's global marketplace, multinational companies have recognised that the
attraction, selection, development and retention of employees who can live and work
effectively outside their own national borders are crucial to their success. This study proposed
that personality dispositions, coping, stress and expatriates' motivation for accepting the
assignment can predict three criteria of expatriate success, namely (a) the desire to terminate
the assignment, (b) performance, and (c) the cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates.
The study population consisted of 95 expatriates from eight multi-national organisations. The
research method for each of the three articles consists of a brief literature review and an
empirical study. A cross-sectional survey design was used to achieve the research objectives.
Descriptive statistics ( e g means, standard deviations, skewness and kurtosis) were used to
vii
analyse the data. Cronbach alpha coefficients and exploratory factor analysis were used to
assess the reliability and validity of the measuring instruments, and multiple regression
analyses was conducted to determine the percentage of the variance in the dependent
variables that is predicted by the independent variables. The Neo-Personality Inventory
Revised, Work Locus of Control Scale, Expatriate Stress Inventory, a biographical
questionnaire, which included expatriates' motivation for accepting the assignment
(independent variables) and expatriates' cross-cultural adjustment. their desire to terminate
the assignment and their performance (dependent variables) were administered.
The results showed that external locus of control is related to avoidance. Avoidance coping of
expatriates' was best predicted by an external locus of control and approach coping of
expatriates' was best predicted by an internal locus of control.
The results showed that expatriates' desire to terminate the assignment is related to their
cross-cultural adjustment and that personality dimensions are related to their cross-cultural
adjustment and their desire to terminate the assignment. Personality dimensions explained
12% of the variance in expatriates' cross-cultural adjustment. Assertiveness and cross-cultural
adjustment explained 17% of expatriates' desire to terminate the assignment.
The results showed that cultural stress explained 17% of the variance in expatriates' cross-cultural
adjustment. Assertiveness and cross-cultural adjustment explained 28% of
expatriates' desire to terminate the assignment and extrinsic motivation explained 20% of
expatriates' performance.
Recommendations are made regarding future research and practical implications for
expatriate management. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
|
88 |
Exploring the Pathophysiology of Chronic Depression: The Interplay between Depression, Cortisol Responses, and PersonalityChopra, Kevin 02 August 2013 (has links)
Chronic major depressive disorder (CMDD) is a common and debilitating illness. Its pathophysiology needs further elucidation, before more effective targeted treatments can be developed for this condition. To gain a better understanding of the psychobiology of CMDD, three interconnected studies were conducted that examined the interplay between chronic depression, cortisol responses, and personality.
Study 1 examined cortisol responses to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) in CMDD participants (n=29) as compared to healthy controls (n=28). It was hypothesized that cortisol responses would be greater in the CMDD population. Results indicated that females with CMDD had increased cortisol output compared to female controls, a pattern consistent with the hypothesis. However, males with CMDD had decreased cortisol responses compared to male controls. These results suggest that cortisol responses to social stress are altered in those with CMDD; however, females and males experience fundamentally different changes.
Study 2 examined moderating effects of personality on cortisol responses to the TSST in those with CMDD (n=51) as compared to healthy controls (n=57). It was hypothesized that higher neuroticism and/or lower extraversion would be associated with increased cortisol responses in CMDD participants. As hypothesized, lower extraversion was associated with increased cortisol reactivity in those with CMDD but not in healthy controls. However, no association was found between neuroticism and cortisol responses. These findings could support the notion that lower extraversion is a vulnerability marker for chronic depression and thus a possible target for treatment.
Study 3, evaluated the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in CMDD participants (n=27) compared to healthy controls (n=30). It was hypothesized that such awakening responses would be more pronounced in the depressed population compared to controls. Contrary to expectation, no differences were found between the groups. However, lower extraversion was associated with a lower CAR in both CMDD and healthy controls, a finding that was not anticipated a priori.
These interconnected studies suggest that examining relationships between depression, cortisol responses, and personality, can assist with identifying distinct psychobiological profiles in those with chronic depression. It is proposed that this strategy will improve the likelihood of developing more targeted treatments for this population.
|
89 |
Exploring the Pathophysiology of Chronic Depression: The Interplay between Depression, Cortisol Responses, and PersonalityChopra, Kevin 02 August 2013 (has links)
Chronic major depressive disorder (CMDD) is a common and debilitating illness. Its pathophysiology needs further elucidation, before more effective targeted treatments can be developed for this condition. To gain a better understanding of the psychobiology of CMDD, three interconnected studies were conducted that examined the interplay between chronic depression, cortisol responses, and personality.
Study 1 examined cortisol responses to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) in CMDD participants (n=29) as compared to healthy controls (n=28). It was hypothesized that cortisol responses would be greater in the CMDD population. Results indicated that females with CMDD had increased cortisol output compared to female controls, a pattern consistent with the hypothesis. However, males with CMDD had decreased cortisol responses compared to male controls. These results suggest that cortisol responses to social stress are altered in those with CMDD; however, females and males experience fundamentally different changes.
Study 2 examined moderating effects of personality on cortisol responses to the TSST in those with CMDD (n=51) as compared to healthy controls (n=57). It was hypothesized that higher neuroticism and/or lower extraversion would be associated with increased cortisol responses in CMDD participants. As hypothesized, lower extraversion was associated with increased cortisol reactivity in those with CMDD but not in healthy controls. However, no association was found between neuroticism and cortisol responses. These findings could support the notion that lower extraversion is a vulnerability marker for chronic depression and thus a possible target for treatment.
Study 3, evaluated the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in CMDD participants (n=27) compared to healthy controls (n=30). It was hypothesized that such awakening responses would be more pronounced in the depressed population compared to controls. Contrary to expectation, no differences were found between the groups. However, lower extraversion was associated with a lower CAR in both CMDD and healthy controls, a finding that was not anticipated a priori.
These interconnected studies suggest that examining relationships between depression, cortisol responses, and personality, can assist with identifying distinct psychobiological profiles in those with chronic depression. It is proposed that this strategy will improve the likelihood of developing more targeted treatments for this population.
|
90 |
Exploring the Influence of Survey Item Order and Personality Traits on Perceived-crowding and Recreational-satisfaction in an Urban Park EnvironmentJanuary 2011 (has links)
abstract: Crowding and satisfaction remain widely studied concepts among those seeking to understand quality visitor experiences. One area of interest in this study is how the order of crowding and satisfaction items on a survey affects their measurement levels. An additional area of interest is the influence of personality traits on experience-use-history, crowding, and satisfaction. This study used two versions of a survey: A) crowding measured prior to satisfaction and B) satisfaction measured prior to crowding, to explore the influence of item order on crowding and satisfaction levels. Additionally, the study explored the influence of personality traits (extraversion and neuroticism) and experience use history (EUH) on crowding and satisfaction. EUH was included as a variable of interest given previous empirical evidence of its influence on crowding and satisfaction. Data were obtained from an onsite self-administered questionnaire distributed to day use visitors at a 16,000 acre desert landscape municipal park in Arizona. A total of 619 completed questionnaires (equally distributed between the two survey versions) were obtained. The resulting response rate was 80%. One-way ANOVA's indicated significant differences in crowding and satisfaction levels with both crowding and satisfaction levels being higher for survey version B. Path analysis was used to test the influence of personality traits and EUH on crowding and satisfaction. Two models, one for each version of the survey were developed using AMOS 5. The first model was tested using data in which crowding was measured prior to satisfaction. The second model relied on data in which satisfaction was measured prior to crowding. Results indicated that personality traits influenced crowding and satisfaction. Specifically, in the first model, significant relationships were observed between neuroticism and crowding, neuroticism and EUH, EUH and crowding, and between crowding and satisfaction. In the second model, significant relationships were observed between extraversion and crowding, extraversion and satisfaction, and between EUH and satisfaction. Findings suggest crowding and satisfaction item order have a potential to influence their measurement. Additionally, results indicate that personality traits potentially influence visitor experience evaluation. Implications of these findings are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Recreation and Tourism Studies 2011
|
Page generated in 0.0166 seconds