In this thesis, I analyse the recent trends in the evolution of political journalism in four different countries (England, France, Portugal, and the United States of America) during the past 25 years (1970-1995). For this purpose, I have studied the modifications occurring in the political sections of four daily `quality' newspapersD: iärio de Noticias (Lisbon), Le Monde (Paris), The New York Times (New York City), and The Times (London). The initial hypothesisis that political journalism, in its expressionin thesef our newspaperse,n tereda new paradigm in the early 1970s. This paradigm, which was defined by a strong emphasis on interpretative reporting, replaced a model of news production based on descriptive patterns of writing with long direct quotationso f sources.I argue that there are four main reasonsf or the paradigms hift: the deregulationa nd the globalisation of the media system;t he emergenceo f television as a major information provider; the specialisationo f the political reporter,a nd the developmenot f political marketing. Indeed since the 1970s, political journalism has been evolving inside a complex web of transformations which affect the nucleus of both the media system and the political system. This comparative analysis evaluatesth e trends of political journalism in different social, political, and cultural environments.T he objective is to detectp atternso f evolution and structural similarities among the four newspapersu nder study. I assessth e effect of this evolutiono n the idea of news during the past decadesa nd try to understandth e reasonsb ehindt he decline of the idea of objectiver eporting. The researchin cludesa contenta nalysiso f the structureo f political newss torieso f the four newspapersT. he aim is to detectt he mechanismso f changei n this area and to test the validity of explanations found in the bibliographical review. I also analyse the profile of the political reporter,t he recenth istory of the four newspapersa, nd the most important elements of the medias ystemin the four countries. This thesis revealst he following conclusionsp: olitical journalism is becomingm ore interpretative;t here is both a relation of conflict and of complicity between political journalists and politicians; there is a decline in the use of identified sources of information, and more diverse sources are used in news stories; political marketing is affecting the norms of journalistic proceduresp; restigen ewspapersi,n four different societies, are becoming much more alike among themselves.

This dissertation examines media content. Specifically, I ask why the media reports the issues that it does. Many explanations have been provided in the past, including theories of journalistic integrity, media bias, and event-driven coverage. This dissertation further develops and tests the profit-seeking theory of news coverage. In this framework, news firms report stories that attract and hold the attention of the audience so as to increase market share of the audience.Chapter 2 reexamines the agenda setting hypothesis, asserting that much of the research that supported it relied upon inappropriate methodology and design to explain a temporal and cyclical phenomenon. To address these problems, I propose and test the profit-seeking theory of media content. In this, and contrary to the agenda-setting hypothesis, public issue salience drives issue content in the news, rather than issue content in the news driving public issue salience. Chapter 3 examines the affect of public opinion, specifically macropartisanship upon issue coverage in the news. As such, I ask if reporters follow the ebb and flow of mass opinion in deciding which issues are newsworthy and which are not. Chapter 4 asks if the public opinion affects the ability of institutional actors, specifically the president, to influence the media agenda.Findings indicate that public opinion does affect subsequent news coverage. The public's perception of the importance of some issues affects the amount of subsequent coverage of those issues. Changes in macropartisanship affect subsequent issue coverage in the news and public issue salience and presidential popularity affect the ability of the president to assert his agenda into the media.

This paper presents why and how teachers use newspaper articles in the classroom when they educate their pupils in chemistry, biology and nature science. All the teachers have worked over 20 years and are, when interviewed, at a Swedish gymnasium in Dalarna. I also have, in a small study, interviewed some of their pupils to get their view about teachers using news paper articles during lessons. The teacher’s use of newspaper articles in the classroom can be divided in different ways. They can use the articles to illustrate up to date links to everyday life. Some teachers’ uses articles by letting the pupils read the articles and answer questions about them. Or the newspaper articles can function as background material when the pupils do a project work covering a number of lessons. The major part of the teachers thinks that the main reason why they use articles from newspapers is to get up to date information concerning the course that are covered. The results show that the teachers in Dalarna use their newspaper articles in the same way as shown in international studies. For example they used the newspaper articles to start a lesson or a new topic. Or they used the article to have an example on the subject they teach. But a number of differences can also be observed between this study and other international ones, for example the main reason why the articles are presented to the pupils and how the articles are used over time.

Authors: Siri Amram and Cecilia Hedquist Title: Big equality between the sexes in a small form- a quantitative and qualitative thesis of Lilla Aktuellt from a gender perspective. Language: Swedish Level: BA thesis in journalism Location: University of Kalmar Number of pages: 43 (with appendices 64) Abstract In this study we have analyzed a television news show in Sweden for children – Lilla Aktuellt – from a gender perspective. We have analyzed the program both from quantitative and qualitative aspects. In the quantitative analysis of twelve episodes we compared females and males in the following respects: number of participants and for how long the participants were allowed to speak. In the qualitative analysis of three episodes we aimed to discover what different roles and stereotypes the participants displayed. We have in our study applied the theory about gender and the theory of representation, stereotypes and identity with the aim to find out if the girls/women and the boys/men appearing in the programs were ascribed different characteristics and attributes and if they were divided in different spheres. Our study shows that the allotment between the genders in Lilla Aktuellt is very even. In our quantitative analysis the participants were approximately 51 percent girls and women and 49 percent boys and men. The same allocation between females and males applied when it came to for how long the participants were allowed to speak. In our qualitative analysis we found that the children and the adults did represent different stereotypes and played different roles but that there were hardly any differences in this respect between the genders.

The aim of this study was to examine the readability of news articles published in the Swedish national newspaper Dagens Nyheter during the years 1999 - 2013. Our hypothesis was that the written language in newspapers is simpler today than it was 15 years ago. To measure the possible change of the written language in a quantitative study we chose to use a method to calculate the readability of 30 news articles, two from each year. We could not see any development of the language level so we chose to do a complementary qualitative study of the layout and presentation of the news articles. This secondary study showed a significant change in how news is presented throughout the years. The articles from 2003 and forth were presented with more space and more pictures and photos than the articles in our sample published before 2003. We used different theories to support the cause of our study and to analyse and make conclusions from the results. We used the social responsibility theory to support our hypothesis and prove why this problem is relevant and worth studying. The other theories we used to analyse the articles and make conclusions to answer our questions were the framing theory and theories about informational texts, like news articles, and news values.

Less diversity and more homogenization in the media`s news range is the subject for our bachelor thesis. By analyzing and comparing three separate weeks in two of Sweden's largest evening newspapers Aftonbladet and Expressen we wanted to discoverhow the diversity between the two newspapers had changed over the years, more precisely from 1993 until now. Had there been a homogenization or not? We wanted to study this because it is a long going debate about the news stories becoming more and more the same. An important debate because less diversity in news events and news presentation may lead to less diversity in public opinions and knowledge. When it comes to our result we found out that the diversity in the week of 2013 in comparison tothe week of 1993 was better for Expressen, but not for Aftonbladet. At the same time, our second analyzing week took place in 2003 and in comparison to that week both newspapers had greater diversity in 2013. So when we make a conclusion after looking at these three weeks we could say that homogenization was a problem in 2003, but is not anymore. Except for when it comes to public affairs. When we divided the news intodomestic, foreign, public and non-public affairs we discovered that the foreign news for every week had less diversity than domestic news, we found the same result in public affairs in comparison to non-public affairs. But unlike foreign news where the diversity increased in 2013, the diversity of public affairs kept decreasing. If the weeks we selected reflects the two newspapers news range on a greater scale this could be a democratic problem, because if there are some news that can contribute to more public opinions and wider knowledge it is public affairs.

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Det finns en hel del forskning om högerpopulistiska partiers relation till massmedier, och hur den högerextrema rörelsen använder sociala medier. Hur högerpopulistiska partier använder material från medierna för att rama in sina politiska budskap är däremot mindre utforskat. Frågeställningarna för undersökningen var hur Sverigedemokraterna agerar som news aggregator på sin Facebook-sida i samband med riksdagsvalet 2014, och hur partiet ramar in det redaktionella material de länkar till. En kvalitativ undersökning med utgångspunkt i teorin om framing gjordes av samtliga officiella inlägg på Sverigedemokraternas Facebook-sida under perioden 140801 – 141031. Inläggen grupperades utifrån sex teman (mobilisering, Sverigedemokraterna mot etablissemanget, välfärd, ekonomi, invandring och hotet mot Sverige). De inläggen som innehöll länkar till redaktionellt material analyserades vad gäller syftet med nyhetsförmedlingen och inramningen av det länkande materialet. Analysen visar hur Sverigedemokraterna använder Facebook-sidan för att förmedla sin egen tolkning av händelser under valrörelsen. Det redaktionella materialet används för att ge SD legitimitet, hämta hem segrar och förstärka bilden av stödet för partiet. Två gestaltningar dominerar inramningen av de länkade artiklarna. Den ena är att SD som enda parti vågar tala klarspråk om den negativa utvecklingen i Sverige och därmed ger röst åt ”vanligt folk”. Den andra är att Sverige är hotat och att detta på olika sätt kan kopplas till invandringen. Detta ligger i linje med resultat från tidigare forskning.

This comparative study examines trends in the representation of the environment in Malaysian and New Zealand newspapers over an eight year period. By comparing the two media contexts, it explored the role of journalism’s occupational norms, of the relationship between journalists and sources and of media ownership in determining the quality of news coverage of the environment. The sample was made up of eight mainstream newspapers which were selected based on biggest circulation figures, sampled in 1996, 2000 and 2004. The four Malaysian newspapers, all nationally distributed, were the English-language papers The New Straits Times and The Star, and the Malay-language papers Berita Harian and Utusan Malaysia. The four New Zealand newspapers, all regionally distributed, were The Press, The Dominion Post, The New Zealand Herald and The Otago Daily Times. The study employed content analysis as the prime method to observe trends in environmental news; while in-depth interviews with 40 respondents were used to verify from subjects’ experiences the various forces that might cause the trends. Major content analysis findings were that environmental news is underrepresented in both countries and that the news patterns in the two countries are quite similar. The study raised questions about the quality of the news, with much of the coverage being conflict-framed, one-source event stories, with high dependency on government officials. These problems were less acute in New Zealand. Trends were largely stable across the three years. The most significant change in Malaysian coverage was an increase in the use of the public and scientists as sources over time. Interviews revealed some differences between New Zealand and Malaysia in journalists’ awareness of organizational determinants of news, editorial policies towards the environment, sources criticisms of journalists’ laziness, but also many common problems, including journalists’ lack of knowledge about environmental issues and science. In Malaysia, government control of the news and editors’ self-censorship of sensitive news was identified as a problem. The study concludes that newspapers in both countries do not operate as information providers or educators, but most of the time are reactive towards environmental issues.