The pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by an inflammatory mononuclear infiltration in the white matter. There has been converging evidence of the oxidative stress playing a role in the onset and progression of MS. We postulated that the decreasing oxidative stress might help in the management of MS. We know that the induction of phase 2 enzymes decreases the oxidative stress. The experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in the Lewis rats were used to test this hypothesis. The 24 animals were placed into two groups: 1) those on normal rat chow, 2) those on rat chow containing 7.5 g/kg of tetra-butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), a food preservative. All the animals were administered 100 µg of guinea pig myelin basic protein in their tails to induce EAE and examined daily in a double blinded fashion. On 29th day of the induction, the animals were sacrificed, blood collected for glutathione (GSH) measurements and tissues collected for histology. All the animals, regardless of their diet status, developed symptoms of EAE on different days ranging from tail weakness to hind limb paralysis and all of them reached remission of acute EAE before the 28th day of induction. The non-BHA fed animals developed hind limb weakness in 8 animals and hind limb paralysis in 4 cases, while that of BHA fed group developed tail paralysis in 2, hind limb weakness in 2 and hind limb paralysis in 8 cases. The histology of the non-BHA group correlated well with the clinical symptoms of perivascular mononuclear infiltration. However, the BHA group revealed complete pathological recovery. Animals with BHA in the diet had significantly raised GSH, indicating the induction of phase 2 enzymes. We conclude that dietary phase 2 enzyme inducers show potential therapeutic benefits in EAE and should be examined for this role in MS.

Les cèl·lules de càncer colorectal adquireixen el fenotip tumoral mitjançant l'acumulació de mutacions en gens específics. Les mutacions més prevalents en el càncer de còlon es produeixen en el gen APC i indueixen l'acumulació de beta-catenina nuclear. Però la transcripció depenent de beta-catenina no és l'únic requeriment per la progressió del càncer colorectal ja que la inhibició de l'activitat gamma-secretasa redueix la tumorigènesi en ratolins APCmin/+. En canvi, l'activació de Notch a l'intestí resulta en un bloqueig de la diferenciació de cèl·lules secretores i una expansió dels progenitors immadurs.A més dels factors de transcripció, existeixen complexes multiproteics, que inclouen corepressors nuclears (NCoRs), com N-CoR i SMRT, i deacetilases d'histones (HDAC) responsables dels silenciament específic de grups de gens, mitjançant el qual regulen processos cel·lulars molt important com són la diferenciació cel·lular, el desenvolupament embrionari i l'homeòstasi tissular.La via de transducció de la senyal d'NFkappaB està implicada en la resposta immune i inflamatòria així com en el desenvolupament de tumors de mama, fetge, i intestí. Aquesta via s'activa, en resposta a estímuls, a través del complex IKK, que fosforila el repressor d'NFkappaB, IkappaB, induint la seva degradació pel proteosoma, la translocació a nucli d'NFkappaB i l'activació del programa gènic corresponent.Recentment s'han identificat altres funcions per a les proteïnes IKKs, diferents a les anteriorment descrites. Algunes d'aquestes funcions tenen lloc a nivell de la cromatina i inclouen, entre d'altres, la fosforilació de la H3 y la fosforilació del repressor nuclear SMRT.Treballs previs del nostre laboratori demostren que tant la IKKalpha com la IKKbeta és recluten al promotor de hes1 i herp2 en resposta a l'activació per TNFalpha. Aquest reclutament coincideix amb l'alliberament de complexes repressors formats per IkappaBalpha y HDACs, així com amb l'activació transcripcionals d'aquests gens.L'objectiu principal de la meva tesi ha estat determinar si les IKK juguen algun paper en la regulació dels gens diana de Notch en les cèl·lules de càncer colorectal, i si aquest és el cas, determinar quins són els mecanismes d'activació de les IKK en aquestes cèl·lules i les seves implicacions en el desenvolupament del procés tumoral. Els nostres resultats demostren que les cèl·lules de càncer de còlon presenten una activació anòmala d'IKKalpha a nivell nuclear fosforila al repressor transcripcional SMRT. Hem descrit que en aquestes cèl·lules, la IKK es troba associada de forma específica als promotors de gens de la família de Notch tals com hes1, herp2 i hes5, coincidint amb l'alliberament del repressor SMRT d'aquest promotors i amb la seva activació transcripcional. La inhibició de l'activitat IKK restableix l'associació d'SMRT als promotors reprimint la seva activació. Això és concomitant amb una disminució de la proliferació i un increment de l'apoptosi en les cèl·lules de càncer de còlon. El tractament amb inhibidors de la IKK disminueix el creixement de tumors implantats en ratolins immunodeprimits. A més, també hem demostrat que l'activitat IKKalpha nuclear de les cèl·lules de càncer de còlon també fosforila el repressor N-CoR, un homòleg d'SMRT, induint el seu export al citoplasma cel·lular.Actualment, el projecte està focalitzat en determinar els mecanismes que indueixen l'activació de la IKKalpha en el càncer colorectal. Els resultats més recents indiquen que en les cèl·lules de càncer de còlon podria haver una forma truncada de la proteïna, que no té els dominis necessaris pel seu manteniment a citoplasma però que conserva el domini quinasa intacte. Els nostres esforços es centren en caracteritzar bioquímicament aquesta forma així com en determinar la seva funció pro-tumorogènica. Tenim alguns resultats preliminars que suggereixen que la forma truncada de la IKKalpha podria ser el resultat de la degradació parcial pel proteosoma, dependent d'ubiqüitinació, de la IKKalpha sencera (FL-IKKalpha). Les dades que tenim suggereixen que les característiques bioquímiques d'aquesta forma truncada d'IKKalpha difereixen de les de la FL-IKKalpha, i que això determina que les seves funcions siguin també diferents. En aquest sentit, creiem que mentre FL-IKKalpha és qui forma part del complex de quinases reguladores de la via NFkappaB, la IKKalpha truncada podria ser la responsable de la fosforilació de repressors nuclears. Més important encara, creiem que aquesta forma truncada coopera amb K-Ras més eficientment que la forma sencera en la generació de focus de transformació en cèl·lules NIH-3T3, suggerint que la forma truncada de la IKKalpha té potencial tumorigènic. / Colorectal cancer cells accumulate multiple mutations in specific sets of genes. Mutation of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) that leads to the accumulation of nuclear beta-catenin, is the most prevalent event in these multistep process. However, not only beta-catenindependent transcription is required for colorectal cancer progression, because abrogation of the Notch pathway prevents tumorigenesis in APCmin/+ mice whereas activation of Notch results in the expansion of the progenitor compartment in the intestine.NFkappaB signalling pathway is involved in inflammatory and immune response as well as in tumour development in breast, liver and intestine. The NFkappaB signalling pathway is activated in response to different stimuli that induce the activation of the IKK complex, that phosphoylates the NFkappaB inhibitor, IkappaBalpha permitting the NFkappaB-dependent transcription.Recently, chromatin associated functions for IKK have been described, resulting in the transcriptional activation of NFkappaB dependent and independent genes.We have described that colorectal tumour cells have and aberrant nuclear IKKalpha activity that phosphorylates Nuclear Co-repressors (NCoRs), inducing its cytoplasmic export and the derepression of different genes, among them the Notch target genes: hes1, herp2 and hes5, that are related with the maintenance of the undifferentiated phenotype of intestinal cells.In addition, we have demonstrated that IKK activity restores the normal expression of these Notch target genes and decrease the proliferation of tumour cells "in vitro" and "in vivo". However, the IKK inhibitors can not be used as therapeutically agents due to their toxicity derived from the total inhibition of NFkappaB signalling. For this reason is crucial to define the tumorigenic properties of IKK proteins, in order to specifically inhibit them, without affecting the IKK physiological role.Nowadays, the project is focused in determining how the IKKalpha is activated in colorectal cancer. Our preliminary results suggest that colorectal cancer cells contain a truncated form of IKKalpha that when becomes activated preferentially localizes in the nucleus and differs from the full-length form in several biochemical and functional properties. This truncated IKKalpha does not participate in the activation of NFkappaB but displays specific activities that have been associated with cancer such as phosphorylation of the nuclear co-repressors. Moreover, expression of the truncated IKKalpha, but not the full-length IKKalpha, increases the transformation capacity of k-ras in NIH-3T3, suggesting a tumorigenic potential for this IKKalpha isoform.

The pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by an inflammatory mononuclear infiltration in the white matter. There has been converging evidence of the oxidative stress playing a role in the onset and progression of MS. We postulated that the decreasing oxidative stress might help in the management of MS. We know that the induction of phase 2 enzymes decreases the oxidative stress. The experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in the Lewis rats were used to test this hypothesis. The 24 animals were placed into two groups: 1) those on normal rat chow, 2) those on rat chow containing 7.5 g/kg of tetra-butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), a food preservative. All the animals were administered 100 µg of guinea pig myelin basic protein in their tails to induce EAE and examined daily in a double blinded fashion. On 29th day of the induction, the animals were sacrificed, blood collected for glutathione (GSH) measurements and tissues collected for histology. All the animals, regardless of their diet status, developed symptoms of EAE on different days ranging from tail weakness to hind limb paralysis and all of them reached remission of acute EAE before the 28th day of induction. The non-BHA fed animals developed hind limb weakness in 8 animals and hind limb paralysis in 4 cases, while that of BHA fed group developed tail paralysis in 2, hind limb weakness in 2 and hind limb paralysis in 8 cases. The histology of the non-BHA group correlated well with the clinical symptoms of perivascular mononuclear infiltration. However, the BHA group revealed complete pathological recovery. Animals with BHA in the diet had significantly raised GSH, indicating the induction of phase 2 enzymes. We conclude that dietary phase 2 enzyme inducers show potential therapeutic benefits in EAE and should be examined for this role in MS.

Human immunodeficiency virus still remains the leading cause of death globally including women of child-bearing age. The rate of AIDS-related death has significantly declined since the introduction of antiretroviral treatment and other non-medical interventions such as the distribution and use of condoms. The introduction of antiretroviral treatment has however led to insulin resistance amongst users. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas) has been used to knockout NFκB to understand the pathway at which antiretroviral treatment causes insulin resistance. Heteroduplex mobility assay has shown that CRISPR-Cas9 knock out the gene of interest. These results have played a foundation in understanding how CRISPR-Cas9 can be integrated and utilized in medical research. / Dissertation (MSc (Chemical Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / National Research Foundation (NRF) / Chemical Pathology / MSc (Chemical Pathology) / Restricted

Ovarian cancer is the fifth most lethal cancer in women (1) and the most lethal gynecological malignancy. In 2018, there were approximately 22,240 new diagnosed cases of ovarian cancer and 14,070 deaths in the United States alone (2). The lifetime risk for developing ovarian cancer in the United States is 1.3% or approximately 1 in 78 women. The five-year survival rate for women with ovarian cancer is a grim 47.6% (2) while the average five year survival rate for all cancers is about 68%. This dismal prognosis for ovarian cancer patients indicates the critical need for improved treatment options, efficient early detection methods and effective preventative measures for ovarian cancer (1). The objective of this study was to determine if DHA causes a reduction in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by blocking the activation of NF-κB regulated transcription in the ovary. DHA is a 22 carbon long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid that is biologically derived from Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) found in flaxseed. COX-2 is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a key regulator of inflammation which has been shown to be highly associated with ovarian cancer development and progression. Our laboratory studies ovarian cancer in the laying hen because it is the only known animal model to naturally develop ovarian cancer that both pathologically and histologically matches that of the human form of the disease. Dietary flaxseed is one of the richest vegetable sources of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Our previous studies have shown that in laying hens, a long-term flaxseed supplemented diet reduces the incidence and severity of ovarian cancer and decreases COX-2 and PGE2. It was hypothesized that DHA, derived from ALA found in flaxseed, decreases inflammation in the ovaries by suppressing the activation of COX-2 and the production of PGE2 through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. For this study, an NF-κB reporter plasmid was transfected into HEK293 cells. The reporter plasmid (“met-luc”) produces a secreted luciferase allowing sequential analysis of media from DHA and TNF-α treated cells to assess changes in NF-κB transcriptional activation. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced activation of NF-κB was used as a positive control. NF-κB activation was also assessed by measuring its nuclear translocation and cytoplasmic accumulation through immunocytochemistry (ICC) and western blot analysis. In a parallel study, immortalized ovarian surface epithelial (IOSE) cells were challenged with the same treatments of DHA and TNF-α. In these cells, COX-2 mRNA was assessed through RT-qPCR and COX-2 protein expression was analyzed through ICC and western blot.Our results indicate that DHA acts in a cell specific manner to reduce inflammation associated with cancer. We have found that in HEK293 cells DHA reduces TNFα induced NF-κB reporter activity. In contrast, ALA does not affect NF-κB reporter activity. HEK293 cells treated with TNFα alone indicated a dose-dependent increasing trend in nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit and a decreasing trend in cytoplasmic p65, suggesting potential increased pathway activation. ICC suggests DHA treatment causes increased cytoplasmic sequestration of the NF-κB p65 subunits indicating inhibition of TNFα induced NF-κB activation. Western blot data also indicates a decreasing trend in nuclear NFκB p65 when cells are pretreated with DHA and subsequently challenged with TNF. The IOSE cells, were the only cells out of the cell lines tested (BG1, HEYC2, TOV112D, SKOV3, HEK293) to express COX-2. In these IOSE cells, TNFα alone showed a dose-dependent increasing trend in COX-2 protein (analyzed through ICC and western blot) and mRNA levels (analyzed through RT-qPCR). ICC analysis revealed that DHA reduces TNF induced COX-2 protein expression. However, the western blot did not further support this observation. Only a slight non-significant reduction with DHA treatment was observed. In addition, both DHA and TNFα, while also not significant, seemed to increase mRNA levels of COX-2 compared to control. This slight decreasing trend in COX-2 protein expression and increase in mRNA, could indicate a possible post-transcriptional mechanism of regulation of COX-2 by DHA independent of NF-κB in the IOSE cells. These data suggest that DHA could act via distinct mechanisms in a cell specific manner to potentially reduce COX-2 and subsequently PGE2 levels. DHA can act at the transcriptional level by reducing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and transcriptional activation of NF-κB target genes such as COX-2 in some cell types. DHA also has the potential to work via a post-transcriptional mechanism to inhibit COX-2 and in turn reduce PGE2 levels. Both mechanisms ultimately have the potential to decrease the inflammation associated with ovarian cancer. This study describes the anti-inflammatory action of dietary flaxseed consumption, making flaxseed supplementation a promising preventive measure for reducing the risk of ovarian carcinogenesis.

No description available.

Um dos principais fatores patogênicos do quadro de resistência à insulina é a deficiência na expressão de Slc2a4/GLUT4 que, ao longo prazo, causa perda da homeostasia glicêmica. Além disso, a hiperglicemia constante leva a uma glicotoxicidade que também contribui para a patogênese desse quadro. O aumento da glicose circulante leva à formação de produtos finais de glicação avançada (AGEs) que, ao interagem com seu receptor RAGE, desencadeiam processos inflamatórios e estresse oxidativo e de retículo na célula, culminando na ativação da via do NFKB, fator transcricional conhecido por ser repressor da expressão do gene Slc2a4. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo visou investigar os efeitos dos AGEs na expressão de Slc2a4/GLUT4 e se esse efeito é mediado pela ativação da via do NFKB. Para isso, utilizamos adipócitos da linhagem 3T3-L1 tratados com albumina sérica bovina sem modificações ou conjugada com glicolaldeído e verificamos a expressão dos genes Slc2a4, Nfkb1 e Rela, a abundância das proteínas GLUT4, p65 e p50, o grau de fosforilação das proteínas IKK alfa e IKK beta e a atividade de ligação da subunidade p65 no promotor do gene Slc2a4. Os resultados indicaram que a albumina glicada é capaz de modular a expressão de Slc2a4/GLUT4 de maneira hormética, isto é, em concentração baixa (0,4 mg/mL) e tempo curto (24 horas), houve um aumento na expressão do gene e da proteína, porém, há uma redução da expressão do gene e da proteína quando em concentração alta (5,4 mg/mL) e tempo prolongado (72 horas). Além disso, a albumina glicada induz atividade pró-inflamatória no adipócito e aumento da quantidade de p65 e p50 no núcleo em concentração alta e tempo prolongado. No entanto, a ativação da via do NFKB não se dá pela via canônica, pois não foi observado ativação de IKK. Por fim, apesar de ser um dado preliminar, a albumina glicada induz aumento de ligação do NFKB na região promotora do gene Slc2a4. Em suma, o presente estudo demonstra que os AGEs participam não só da gênese das complicações degenerativas presentes no diabetes mellitus, como também, contribui ativamente para a perda da homeostasia glicêmica. / One of the main pathogenic factors of the insulin resistance is the deficiency in the expression of Slc2a4/GLUT4, which in the long term causes impaired glucose homeostasis. In addition, constant hyperglycemia leads to a glycotoxicity that also contributes to the pathogenesis of this condition. Increased circulating glucose leads to the formation of advanced glycated end products (AGEs) which, when interacting with RAGE receptor, trigger inflammatory processes and oxidative and reticulum stress in the cell, culminating in the activation of the NFKB pathway. This transcriptional factor is a known repressor of the Slc2a4 gene. In this sense, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of AGEs on the expression of Slc2a4/GLUT4 and whether this effect is mediated by the activation of the NFKB pathway. For this, we used 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with bovine serum albumin without modification or conjugated with glycolaldehyde and verified the expression of the genes Slc2a4, Nfkb1 and Rela, abundance of GLUT4, p65 and p50 proteins, the degree of phosphorylation of IKK alpha and IKK beta proteins and p65 subunit binding activity in the Slc2a4 gene promoter. The results indicated that glycated albumin is able to modulate the expression of Slc2a4/GLUT4 in a hormetic manner, i.e. at low concentration (0.4 mg/mL) and short time (24 hours), there was an increase in gene expression and protein. However, there is a reduction of the gene and the protein expression when in high concentration (5.4 mg/mL) and prolonged time (72 hours). In addition, glycated albumin induces proinflammatory activity in the adipocyte and increases the amount of p65 and p50 in the nucleus in high concentration and prolonged time. Nonetheless, the activation of the NFKB pathway does not occur through canonical pathway, since no IKK activation was observed. Finally, despite being a preliminary finding, glycated albumin induces increased NFKB binding in the promoter region of the Slc2a4 gene. In summary, the present study demonstrates that AGEs participate not only in the genesis of the degenerative complications present in diabetes mellitus, but also contributes actively to the loss of glycemic homeostasis.

O carcinoma epidermóide por se tratar de uma doença genética, apresenta dificuldades em relação ao seu tratamento. As vias de sinalização celular por controlarem os mecanismos responsáveis pela proliferação e sobrevivência da célula, são de extrema importância nos estudos da biologia do câncer e oncogênese. Aberrações cromossômicas que afetam a estrutura e a expressão de genes e proteínas que regulam componentes das vias de sinalização são diretamente correlacionadas com o desenvolvimento e progressão tumoral. Vários genes e proteínas vêm sendo avaliados na busca de um alvo terapêutico quimioterápico, algo pouco estudado em carcinomas epidermóides bucais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a influência do quimioterápico 17-AAG e do fator de crescimento epitelial (EGF) nos níveis das proteínas NFkB, Ciclina D1 e Cdk4 nas linhagens de carcinoma epidermóide de cabeça e pescoço (HN6 e HN31) e no queratinócito imortalizado (HaCat). Este trabalho destinou-se também a estudar uma possível inter-relação entre as proteínas Metalotioneína e NFkB e suas interações com as proteínas Ciclina D1 e Cdk4 nas linhagens celulares HN6 , HN31 e (HaCat, para uma maior compreensão de seus efeitos nas vias de sinalização celular e conseqüente progressão do câncer). Para análise a respeito da localização e os níveis das proteínas MT, NFkB, Ciclina D1 e Cdk4 foram utilizados ensaios de imunofluorescência e western blot, respectivamente.Os resultados apontaram um melhor perfil apoptótico da linhagem HN31 frente ao tratamento com 17-AAG, apresentando diminuição significante dos níveis de NFkB e Ciclina D1, além de exibir importante decréscimo nos níveis de Cdk4. A proteína MT parece não sofrer ação do NFkB. A indução de proliferação celular realizada por EGF exerceu um aumento dos níveis das proteínas NFkB e Ciclina D1, sugerindo um papel importante das vias de sinalização estimuladas por EGF (Akt, NFkB e Ciclina D1) na progressão tumoral dessas linhagens.Por fim, a ocorrência de estímulo nos níveis da proteína MT por parte do EGF, sugeriram um importante papel do EGF e da MT na resistência a apoptose nas linhagens estudadas. / Squamous cell carcinomas as a genetic diseases, presents certain difficulties in relation to their treatment. The process of cell signaling for overseeing the mechanisms responsible for cellular proliferation and survival are very important in studies of the biology of cancer and development. Chromosomal alterations affecting the structure and expression of genes and proteins that regulate the process of signaling components are directly correlated with the development and tumor progression. Several genes and proteins are being evaluated in the search for a biological marker that could help in the understanding of cancer as well as in its prognosis, and mainly in search of therapeutic target chemotherapy, something little studied in oral squamous cell carcinoma. This study aimed to examine the influence of chemotherapy 17-AAG and the epithelial growth factor (EGF) in the levels of proteins NFkB, Cyclin D1 and Cdk4 in strains of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HN6 and HN31) and immortalized in keratinocytes(HaCat). This work is also intended to explore a possible inter-relationship between the Metallothionein and NFkB proteins and their interactions with the proteins Cyclin D1 and Cdk4 in cell lines HN6, HN31 and (HaCat, to a greater understanding of its effects on pathways of cellular signaling and consequent progression of cancer. For analysis regarding the location and levels of the protein MT, NFkB, Cyclin D1 and Cdk4 were used tests of immunofluorescence and western blot. Results showed a better apoptotic profile of HN31 treated with 17-AAG, showing decrease levels of NFkB and Cyclin D1, with a important decrease in the levels of Cdk4. The metallothionin protein does not appear to suffer action of NFkB. The induction of cell proliferation conducted by EGF had increased levels of NFkB and Cyclin D1 proteins, suggesting an important role in the process of signaling stimulated by EGF (Akt, NFkB and Ciclina D1) in tumor progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The occurrence to stimulate the levels of metallothionein protein by the EGF, suggest an important role of EGF and MT in resistance to apoptosis in the studied cell lines.

De nombreuses études ont mis en évidence l’importance du contrôle qualité des protéines, c’est à dire des mécanismes de reconformation (chaperons moléculaires) et de dégradation (autophagie, proteasome) des protéines dans différentes pathologies musculaires telles que la dystrophie musculaire d’Ullrich (UCMD), de Duchenne (DMD) ou d’Emery-Dreifuss (EDMD) ; cependant, à l’heure actuelle, aucune n’a été menée sur l’ensemble de ces mécanismes dans un seul et même modèle et sur des cellules musculaires avant leur différenciation en muscles. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés à la fonctionnalité des mécanismes de Contrôle Qualité des Protéines et à leurs interconnexions dans des myoblastes immortalisés de donneurs sains ou de patients atteints de DMD. Nous avons observé une augmentation de l’agrégation protéique dans les cellules DMD. Ce phénomène s’accompagne d’une dérégulation des mécanismes de séquestration par les chaperons moléculaires, conséquence d’une modulation de l’expression des protéines HSPB5 et HSPB8. Les mécanismes de dégradation sont également dérégulés; en effet, nous avons observé d’une part, une diminution de l’activité enzymatique du protéasome ainsi que des molécules d’adressage des protéines multiubiquitinées au protéasome et d’autre part, une augmentation de l’activité du facteur de transcription NF?B, de l’expression de protéines intervenant dans l’autophagie et des complexes BAG3/HspB8 conduisant à une augmentation du flux autophagique. L’ensemble de ces dérégulations reflète l’existence d’un stress d’agrégation protéique dans les myoblastes issus de patients DMD. Dans ce contexte, la modulation pharmacologique du PQC dans ces cellules pourrait représenter une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique pour la Dystrophie Musculaire de Duchenne / Various studies have highlighted the importance of Protein Quality Control (PQC), including protein refolding (molecular chaperones) and degradation (autophagy, proteasome) mechanisms in inherited muscle disorders such as Ullrich Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (UCMD), Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) or Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (EDMD); however, to date, no extensive study has been conducted on these mechanisms in a same model, in muscle cells before muscle differentiation. Thus, we were interested in PQC mechanisms functionality and their interconnection in human immortalized myoblasts from healthy donors or patients suffering from DMD. We observed an increase of protein aggregation in DMD cells. This phenomenon is accompanied by a deregulation of sequestration mechanisms by molecular chaperones, reflected by the modulation of HSPB5 and HSPB8 expression. Degradation mechanisms are also deregulated; indeed, we observed on one hand a decrease of proteasome enzymatic activity and multiubiquitinated proteins UPS-adressing molecules and on the other hand, an increase of NF?B transcription factor’s activity, involved in autophagy, and of BAG3/HSPB8 complexes, leading to an increase of the autophagic flux. These PQC defects reflect the existence of a protein aggregation stress in myoblasts coming from DMD patients. In this context, pharmacological modulation of PQC in these cells could represent a new therapeutic strategy for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

O carcinoma epidermóide por se tratar de uma doença genética, apresenta dificuldades em relação ao seu tratamento. As vias de sinalização celular por controlarem os mecanismos responsáveis pela proliferação e sobrevivência da célula, são de extrema importância nos estudos da biologia do câncer e oncogênese. Aberrações cromossômicas que afetam a estrutura e a expressão de genes e proteínas que regulam componentes das vias de sinalização são diretamente correlacionadas com o desenvolvimento e progressão tumoral. Vários genes e proteínas vêm sendo avaliados na busca de um alvo terapêutico quimioterápico, algo pouco estudado em carcinomas epidermóides bucais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a influência do quimioterápico 17-AAG e do fator de crescimento epitelial (EGF) nos níveis das proteínas NFkB, Ciclina D1 e Cdk4 nas linhagens de carcinoma epidermóide de cabeça e pescoço (HN6 e HN31) e no queratinócito imortalizado (HaCat). Este trabalho destinou-se também a estudar uma possível inter-relação entre as proteínas Metalotioneína e NFkB e suas interações com as proteínas Ciclina D1 e Cdk4 nas linhagens celulares HN6 , HN31 e (HaCat, para uma maior compreensão de seus efeitos nas vias de sinalização celular e conseqüente progressão do câncer). Para análise a respeito da localização e os níveis das proteínas MT, NFkB, Ciclina D1 e Cdk4 foram utilizados ensaios de imunofluorescência e western blot, respectivamente.Os resultados apontaram um melhor perfil apoptótico da linhagem HN31 frente ao tratamento com 17-AAG, apresentando diminuição significante dos níveis de NFkB e Ciclina D1, além de exibir importante decréscimo nos níveis de Cdk4. A proteína MT parece não sofrer ação do NFkB. A indução de proliferação celular realizada por EGF exerceu um aumento dos níveis das proteínas NFkB e Ciclina D1, sugerindo um papel importante das vias de sinalização estimuladas por EGF (Akt, NFkB e Ciclina D1) na progressão tumoral dessas linhagens.Por fim, a ocorrência de estímulo nos níveis da proteína MT por parte do EGF, sugeriram um importante papel do EGF e da MT na resistência a apoptose nas linhagens estudadas. / Squamous cell carcinomas as a genetic diseases, presents certain difficulties in relation to their treatment. The process of cell signaling for overseeing the mechanisms responsible for cellular proliferation and survival are very important in studies of the biology of cancer and development. Chromosomal alterations affecting the structure and expression of genes and proteins that regulate the process of signaling components are directly correlated with the development and tumor progression. Several genes and proteins are being evaluated in the search for a biological marker that could help in the understanding of cancer as well as in its prognosis, and mainly in search of therapeutic target chemotherapy, something little studied in oral squamous cell carcinoma. This study aimed to examine the influence of chemotherapy 17-AAG and the epithelial growth factor (EGF) in the levels of proteins NFkB, Cyclin D1 and Cdk4 in strains of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HN6 and HN31) and immortalized in keratinocytes(HaCat). This work is also intended to explore a possible inter-relationship between the Metallothionein and NFkB proteins and their interactions with the proteins Cyclin D1 and Cdk4 in cell lines HN6, HN31 and (HaCat, to a greater understanding of its effects on pathways of cellular signaling and consequent progression of cancer. For analysis regarding the location and levels of the protein MT, NFkB, Cyclin D1 and Cdk4 were used tests of immunofluorescence and western blot. Results showed a better apoptotic profile of HN31 treated with 17-AAG, showing decrease levels of NFkB and Cyclin D1, with a important decrease in the levels of Cdk4. The metallothionin protein does not appear to suffer action of NFkB. The induction of cell proliferation conducted by EGF had increased levels of NFkB and Cyclin D1 proteins, suggesting an important role in the process of signaling stimulated by EGF (Akt, NFkB and Ciclina D1) in tumor progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The occurrence to stimulate the levels of metallothionein protein by the EGF, suggest an important role of EGF and MT in resistance to apoptosis in the studied cell lines.