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No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRSS.pdf: 1453793 bytes, checksum: 4bc6fe2faa16538af3cfaf827afaddc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / Não recebi financiamento / The chemical method of weed control is the most used in the culture of sugarcane, and studies covering not only the management of plants, but also the effect of these herbicides on crop development, especially in new varieties. Therefore, this study was conducted with the objectives: (1) evaluate the effectiveness of control of ametryne herbicides, clomazone, diuron + hexazinone, metribuzin, saflufenacil, sulfentrazone and tebuthiuron used in isolation and in combination, in controlling Ipomoea nil, Ipomoea triloba and Merremia cissoides, submitted to different periods of drought, with 0, 20, 40 and 60 days without irrigation; (2) evaluate the effect of ametryne herbicides, clomazone, diuron + hexazinone, metribuzin, saflufenacil, sulfentrazone and tebuthiuron in the early development of varieties of sugarcane through pre-sprouted seedlings. The tests were conducted in a greenhouse in the CCA / UFSCar with controlled irrigation sprinkler. 4-liter pots were used, filled with sandy clay loam soil. The experimental design was completely randomized with four repetitions, in both parts of the project. At work on effectiveness of herbicides in weed control, herbicides were applied on the ground and subjected to drought periods of 0, 20, 40 and 60 days before sowing the weed species. After the drought 0, 20 40 and 60 days, the seeds of Ipomoea nil, Ipomoea triloba and Merremia cissoides were sown with minimal soil disturbance and evaluations were made 45 days after sowing (DAS), visually We used a percentage scale. In working with seedlings of sugarcane varieties, herbicides were applied at 3 and 10 days after transplantation of pre-sprouted seedlings and were made visual assessments with 7, 15, 30 and 60 days after treatments (DAT), also using a visual scale ranging from 0 to 100%. In quantitative assessments we evaluated the plant height parameters (m), leaf area (cm2) and shoot dry biomass (g) with 60 DAT. With respect to efficiency in weed control there was a reduction of saflufenacil herbicides control efficiency, clomazone, ametryne and metribuzim when subjected to drought periods. In the case of saflufenacil control efficacy was maintained until 20 days of drought. The varieties of pre-sprouted seedlings (BPMs) were shown to be different in phytotoxicity and biometric parameters in relation to the applied herbicide. The treatment saflufenacil + clomazone is phytotoxic to as sugarcane cuttings, however, depending on the variety, did not affect its dry biomass. The metribuzin, was the most selective herbicide in association with saflufenacil, saflufenacil isolated showed phytotoxicity below 30% in all varieties. / O método químico de controle de plantas daninhas é o mais utilizado na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, sendo necessários estudos que englobem não só o manejo das plantas, mas também o efeito destes herbicidas sobre o desenvolvimento da cultura, principalmente nas novas variedades. Portanto, este trabalho foi desenvolvido com os objetivos: (1) avaliar a eficácia de controle dos herbicidas ametrina, clomazone, diuron+hexazinone, metribuzim, saflufenacil, sulfentrazone e tebuthiuron utilizados de maneira isolada e em associação, no controle de Ipomoea nil, Ipomoea triloba e Merremia cissoides, submetidos a diferentes períodos de seca, sendo 0, 20, 40 e 60 dias sem irrigação; (2) avaliar o efeito dos herbicidas ametrina, clomazone, diuron+hexazinone, metribuzim, saflufenacil, sulfentrazone e tebuthiuron no desenvolvimento inicial de variedades de cana-de-açúcar por meio de mudas prébrotada. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação no CCA/UFSCar com irrigação por aspersão controlada. Foram utilizados vasos de 4 litros, preenchidos com Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 4 repetições, nas duas partes do projeto. No trabalho sobre eficácia dos herbicidas no controle de plantas daninhas, os herbicidas foram aplicados sobre o solo e submetidos a períodos de seca de 0, 20, 40 e 60 dias, antes da semeadura das espécies daninhas. Após os períodos de seca 0, 20 40 e 60 dias, as sementes de Ipomoea nil, Ipomoea triloba e Merremia cissoides foram semeadas com o mínimo revolvimento do solo e as avaliações foram feitas aos 45 dias após a semeadura (DAS), de forma visual utilizou-se uma escala percentual. No trabalho com mudas de variedades de cana, os herbicidas foram aplicados aos 3 e 10 dias após o transplante das mudas pré-brotadas e foram feitas avaliações visuais com 7, 15, 30 e 60 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos (DAT), também se utilizando uma escala visual com notas entre 0 e 100%. Nas avaliações quantitativas avaliou-se os parâmetros altura de planta (m), área foliar (cm2) e biomassa seca de parte aérea (g) com 60 DAT. Com relação a eficácia no controle de plantas daninhas observou-se uma redução da eficiência de controle dos herbicidas saflufenacil, clomazone, ametrina e metribuzim, quando submetidos à períodos de seca. No caso de saflufenacil a eficácia de controle se manteve até os 20 dias de período de seca. As variedades de mudas pré-brotadas (MPBs) mostraram ser diferentes quanto à fitotoxicidade e parâmetros biométricos em relação ao herbicida aplicado. O tratamento de saflufenacil + clomazone foi o mais fitotoxico às mudas de cana-de-açúcar, contudo, dependendo da variedade, não afetou sua biomassa seca. O metribuzim, foi o herbicida mais seletivo, em associação com o saflufenacil, o saflufenacil isolado mostrou fitotoxicidade abaixo de 30% em todas as variedades.

Nous avons développé plusieurs méthodes de synthèse de nanocristaux semi-conducteurs luminescents directement en solution aqueuse. Des nanoparticules de CdTexSy ont été préparées en phase aqueuse et les propriétés optiques ont été étudiées. Suite aux caractérisations chimiques, un modèle a été proposé pour calculer le poids moléculaire et déterminer la formule molaire des nanoparticules de CdTexSy. Nous avons démontré l’existence d’une relation entre le rendement quantique et le nombre de ligand à la surface des nanoparticules. Les propriétés optiques ont été améliorées grâce à la synthèse sous irradiation micro-ondes. Cette méthode de synthèse nous a permis de synthétiser des nanoparticules de CdTexSeySZ avec de bonnes propriétés à 680 nm. Les nanoparticules ont été couplées avec différentes molécules (Rouge du Nil, ligands Bispidines) et protéines (albumine de sérum bovin; BSA et anticorps; PSR 222). Le couplage a été mis en évidence par gel d’électrophorèse. Nous avons également testé les nanoparticules comme donneur ou accepteur dans des systèmes de transfert d’énergie. / We have developed several methods for the synthesis of luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals in aqueous solution. CdTexSy nanoparticles were prepared in the aqueous solution and their optical properties have been studied. Following chemical characterization, a model was proposed to calculate the molecular weight and molecular formula CdTexSy of the nanoparticles. We have demonstrated the existence of a relationship between the quantum yield and the number of ligands at the surface of the nanoparticles. The optical properties have been improved by using microwave irradiation for the synthesis. This method has allowed us to synthesize CdTexSeySz nanoparticles with good optical up to 680 nm. The nanoparticles were then coupled with various molecules (Nil Red, Bispidins ligands) and proteins (bovin sérum albumin; BSA and antibody; PSR 222). The coupling was demonstrated by gel electrophoresis. We also tested the nanoparticles as a donor or acceptor in energy transfer systems.

This work deals with a basic question of modern science and it is its indefectibility. Quality of education is reduce to an evaluation of conformity to a common known knowledge and its quantity representation. Seeds of this long process go back to an ancient academia of Gondisapur established in an Arabic world. Author proclaims that the main goal of philosophy is to show, that this is not the only way of thinking and in the same time that the main goal and power of phenomenology is to apply the transcendental epoche to overcame the truth in its regularization shape. The hardcore of modern science is located in the world of mathematics and a lot of thinkers find the Math as a land of pure sureness - the core of this work in an opposite proofs, that in fact nowadays math is all, but the correct way of thinking. The two examples are explicit: the Pythagorean Theorem and the Sum of the geometric row. This work brings a quite new view on the mathematical problem of "the point" and "the nothing" as a border of things. In the second part uses as a frame of its topic the first 18 §§ of the work "Paradoxes of the infinite" by Czech mathematician of German mother tongue Bernard Bolzano. The important idea of this study is a new ontological view on the set of prime numbers.

Das West-Nil-Virus (WNV) ist eine Zoonose mit weltweit zunehmender Verbreitung. Natürliches Reservoir dieses Flavivirus sind Vögel, aber auch Säugetiere wie z.B. Menschen können infiziert werden. In einigen Fällen führt eine WNV-Infektion zu schweren neurologischen Erkrankungen. Infolgedessen werden effektive und biologisch sichere Impfstrategien gegen dieses Virus benötigt. Eine Alternative zu herkömmlichen Impfmethoden beschreibt die DNA-Immunisierung. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein potentieller DNA-Impfstoff gegen das WNV hergestellt. Die Immunisierung des DNA-Vektors induzierte starke zelluläre und humorale Immunantworten in Mäusen. Zudem waren die Tiere gegen eine WNV-Infektion geschützt. Zusätzliche Impfungen mit rekombinantem WNV-Protein führten zu einer weiteren Steigerung der Immunogenität des DNA-Impfstoffkandidaten. Des Weiteren sollte der nicht-virale Gentransfer im Allgemeinen optimiert werden. Ein neu entwickeltes Transportsystem für Plasmid-DNA, bestehend aus natürlichen Histonextrakten und Polyethylenimin, resultierte in einer verbesserten Proteinexpression in in vitro transfizierten Zellen und wurde von diesen sehr gut toleriert. Daher wäre diese Strategie auch für zukünftige DNA-Impftechniken denkbar. Der Einfluss von WNV auf die Expression zellulärer miRNAs in Wirtszellen wurde bisher noch nicht untersucht. Dennoch könnten auf diese Weise potentielle molekulare Biomarker für eine frühe WNV-Diagnose identifiziert werden. Mittels Microarray-Technik wurde die Expression zellulärer miRNAs analysiert. Verschiedene miRNA-Spezies waren infolge einer WNV-Infektion leicht herunter- bzw. hochreguliert und stellen mögliche diagnostische Biomarker für das Virus dar.

Let F be a field, let G be an undirected graph on n vertices, and let SF(G) be the set of all F-valued symmetric n x n matrices whose nonzero off-diagonal entries occur in exactly the positions corresponding to the edges of G. Let MRF(G) be defined as the set of matrices in SF(G) whose rank achieves the minimum of the ranks of matrices in SF(G). We develop techniques involving Z-hat, a process termed nil forcing, and induced subgraphs, that can determine when diagonal entries corresponding to specific vertices of G must be zero or nonzero for all matrices in MRF(G). We call these vertices nil or nonzero vertices, respectively. If a vertex is not a nil or nonzero vertex, we call it a neutral vertex. In addition, we completely classify the vertices of trees in terms of the classifications: nil, nonzero and neutral. Next we give an example of how nil vertices can help solve the inverse inertia problem. Lastly we give results about the inverse eigenvalue problem and solve a more complex variation of the problem (the λ, µ problem) for the path on 4 vertices. We also obtain a general result for the λ, µ problem concerning the number of λ’s and µ’s that can be equal.

Conducting vertical nanopillar arrays can serve as three-dimensional nanostructured electrodes with improved performance for electrical recording and electrochemical sensing in bio-electronics applications. However, vertical nanopillar-array electrodes made of inorganic conducting materials by conventional nanofabrication approach still faces challenges in high manufacturing costs, poor scalability, and limited choice of carrier substrates. Here, we report a new type of conducting nanopillar arrays composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) doped polymeric nanocomposites, which are manufactured over the wafer-scale on both rigid and flexible substrates by direct nanoimprinting of perfluoropolyether nanowell-array templates into uncured MWCNT/polymer mixtures. By controlling the MWCNT ratios and the annealing temperatures during the fabrication process, MWCNT/polymer nanopillar arrays can possess outstanding electrical properties with high DC conductivity (~4 S/m) and low AC electrochemical impedance (~104 Ω at 1000 Hz). Moreover, by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements and equivalent circuit modeling-analysis, we can decompose the overall impedance of MWCNT/polymer nanopillar arrays in the electrolyte into multiple bulk and interfacial circuit components, and thus can illustrate their different dependence on the MWCNT ratios and the annealing temperatures. In particular, we find that a proper annealing process can significantly reduce the anomalous ion diffusion impedance and improve the impedance properties of MWCNT/polymer nanopillars in the electrolyte. / Master of Science / Conducting vertical nanopillar arrays can serve as three-dimensional nanostructured electrodes with improved performance for electrical recording and electrochemical sensing in nano-bioelectronics applications. However, vertical nanopillar-array electrodes made of inorganic conducting materials by conventional nanofabrication approach still faces challenges in high manufacturing costs, poor scalability, and limited choice of carrier substrates. Compared to conventional nanofabrication approaches, nanoimprint lithography exhibits unique advantages for low-cost scalable manufacturing of nanostructures on both rigid and flexible substrates. Very few studies, however, have been conducted to achieve the scalable nanoimprinting fabrication of conducting nanopillar arrays made of MWCNT/polymer nanocomposites. Here, I'm reporting a new type of conducting nanopillar arrays composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) doped polymeric nanocomposites, which can be manufactured over the wafer-scale on both rigid and flexible substrates by direct nanoimprinting of the perfluoropolyether nanowell-array template into uncured MWCNT/polymer mixtures. We find that the nanoimprinted conducting nanopillar arrays can possess appealing electrical properties with a high DC conductivity (~4 S/m) and a low AC electrochemical impedance (~104 Ω at 1000 Hz) in the physiologically relevant electrolyte solutions (1X PBS). Furthermore, I've conducted a systematic equivalent circuit modeling analysis of measured EIS results to understand the effects of the MWCNT ratios and the annealing temperatures on the impedance of different bulk and interfacial circuit components for MWCNT/polymer nanopillar arrays in the electrolyte.

Le Virus du Nil Occidental (VNO) et le Virus de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift (VFVR) sont deux arbovirus transmis par le moustique Culex pipiens comprenant deux biotypes: pipiens et molestus. Au cours de ce projet, nous avons évalué la circulation du VNO au Liban dans des populations de moustiques, des humains, des chevaux et des poulets. Nous avons aussi évalué la compétence vectorielle des populations locales de Cx. pipiens à transmettre le VNO et le VFVR.Des moustiques ont été récoltés et testés pour la présence d’un gène spécifique du VNO. En plus, des sérums humains, de chevaux et de poulets ont été analysés pour rechercher des anticorps spécifiques par ELISA puis confirmés par neutralisation. En outre, des spécimens de Cx. pipiens ont été infectés avec la lignée 1 du VNO ou la souche de VFVR Clone 13. Ensuite, les taux d’infection, de dissémination et de transmission ont été déterminés à différents jours après infection des moustiques. La compétence vectorielle a été comparée entre les différents biotypes.Les résultats entomologiques ont révélé que Cx. pipiens est dominant (87.2%). Tous les moustiques analysés étaient négatifs pour le VNO. Les taux de séroprévalence étaient de 1.01% et 1.98% parmi les humains et les chevaux respectivement. De plus, Cx. pipiens s’est révélé bien plus compétent pour transmettre le VNO que le VFVR. Le biotype molestus est capable de transmettre le VNO plus tôt que celui de pipiens. Cette étude présente des preuves sur une faible circulation du VNO au Liban. Cx. pipiens s’est révélé compétent pour assurer cette transmission. Ainsi, il est essentiel d'établir des programmes de surveillance pour prévenir les éventuelles épidémies. / West Nile virus (WNV) and Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) are two emerging arboviruses that have never been reported in Lebanon. They can be transmitted by Culex pipiens mosquito species including two biotypes: pipiens and molestus. During this project, we assessed the circulation of WNV among mosquitoes, human, horse and chicken populations in Lebanon. Moreover, we evaluated, under experimental conditions, the capacity of local Cx. pipiens biotypes to transmit both viruses.Adult mosquitoes were collected, identified and tested to detect WNV RNA. Besides, human, horse and chicken blood samples were collected and screened for WNV antibodies using an in-house ELISA and then confirmed by neutralization assay. Moreover, local Cx. pipiens specimens were experimentally infected with WNV lineage 1 or RVFV Clone 13 strain. The viral infection, dissemination and transmission were then estimated at different days post infection.The vector competence was compared between Cx. pipiens biotypes.Entomological results revealed that 87.2% of collected adult mosquitoes were Cx. pipiens. Screened mosquitoes were negative for WNV. Seroprevalence rates were 1.01% and 1.98% among humans and horses respectively. Besides, local Cx. pipiens were highly competent for WNV transmission and to a lesser extent to RVFV. The molestus biotype was able to transmit WNV earlier than pipiens biotype.The present study provides new evidence of a low circulation of WNV among human and horses in Lebanon. Cx. pipiens is the suspected vector and is experimentally competent to ensure transmission. Therefore, there is a need to establish surveillance program to predict and prevent potential outbreaks.

No description available.

The efficiency of an organic photovoltaic cell depends mainly on its morphology where an exciton has to migrate to a p-n junction to create a photocurrent. Therefore the distance from the bulk of the cell to a junction interface should not exceed the diffusion length of the exciton. In this thesis, two novel lithographical methods, to produce specific polymer morphologies, were developed and evaluated. In the first method, called embedded annealing, self-assembled polystyrene colloids were embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film and annealed under an electric field to produce a bi-polymer structure consisting of polymer columns in a thin film of PDMS. Polymer colloids were successfully assembled into two dimensional hexagonally close packed arrays. However, the annealing process was unsuccessful. The second method, imprint annealing, aimed to increase the aspect ratio (height/width) of thermally imprinted micrometer sized polystyrene features by annealing them in uniform electric fields. The results showed that the aspect ratio of imprinted features can be significantly increased, 21-fold, while maintaining the periodicity of the original imprint. This is in contrast to previous results where smooth polymer films annealed in uniform fields where the periodicity of the resulting structures cannot be independently controlled, and are highly sensitive to the electrode spacing. Feature sizes down to 1 µm and aspect ratios up to 4.5 were achieved using imprint annealing. / Verkningsgraden hos en hos en solcell beror, för givna material, framförallt på dess uppbyggnad. För att bidra till fotoströmmen måste en genererad exciton vandra till en pn-övergång. På grund av detta bör det längsta avståndet till närmaste pn-övergång i solcellen inte vara längre än excitonens diffusionslängd. I detta examensarbete testas två olika litografiska metoder för att åstadkomma en specifik filmgeometri lämpad för organiska solceller. Den första metoden, kallad embedded annealing, går ut på att bädda in spontant ordnade sfäriska polystyrenkolloider i en polydimetylsiloxan (PDMS) -film för att sedan vid förhöjd temperatur applicera ett elektiskt fält över filmen. Förhoppningen var att på detta sätt töja ut kolloiderna till pelare genom PDMS-filmen. I det första steget ordnades kolloiderna sponant i tätpackade hexagonala tvådimensionella gitter på kiselsubstrat. Experimenten lyckades inte med hjälp av elektriska fält töja ut kolloiderna. Den andra metoden, imprint annealing, syftar till att öka höjd/bredd -förhållandet och minska diametern hos präglade polystyrenstrukturer. Dessa ursprungliga topografiska stukturer skapas med hjälp av en tryckpressmetod kallad nanoimprinting. Dessa strukturer värmdes upp, och ett uniformt elekrisk fält applicerades över dem. Mina resultat visar att man med elektriska fält avsevärt kan öka höjd-breddförhållandet hos polymerstrukturer och samtidigt bevara periodiciteten hos de ursprungliga strukturerna. Detta står i kontrast mot tidigare resultat på släta filmer, där periodiciteten inte kan kontrolleras oberonde av andra parametrar. Med imprint annealing ökades höjd-breddförhållandet hos enskilda strukturer upp till 21 gånger. Diametrar ner till 1 µm och höjd/breddförhållanden upp till 4,5 uppnåddes.

Following the hierarchical nature of forest resource management, the present work focuses on the natural forest cover at various abstraction levels of details, i.e. categorical land use/land cover (LU/LC) level and a continuous empirical estimation of local operational level. As no single sensor presently covers absolutely all the requirements of the entire levels of forest resource assessment, multisource imagery (i.e. RapidEye, TERRA ASTER and LANDSAT TM), in addition to other data and knowledge have been examined. To deal with this structure, an object-based image analysis (OBIA) approach has been assessed in the destabilized Blue Nile region of Sudan as a potential solution to gather the required information for future forest planning and decision making. Moreover, the spatial heterogeneity as well as the rapid changes observed in the region motivates the inspection for more efficient, flexible and accurate methods to update the desired information. An OBIA approach has been proposed as an alternative analysis framework that can mitigate the deficiency associated with the pixel-based approach. In this sense, the study examines the most popular pixel-based maximum likelihood classifier, as an example of the behavior of spectral classifier toward respective data and regional specifics. In contrast, the OBIA approach analyzes remotely sensed data by incorporating expert analyst knowledge and complimentary ancillary data in a way that somehow simulates human intelligence for image interpretation based on the real-world representation of the features. As the segment is the basic processing unit, various combinations of segmentation criteria were tested to separate similar spectral values into groups of relatively homogeneous pixels. At the categorical subtraction level, rules were developed and optimum features were extracted for each particular class. Two methods were allocated (i.e. Rule Based (RB) and Nearest Neighbour (NN) Classifier) to assign segmented objects to their corresponding classes. Moreover, the study attempts to answer the questions whether OBIA is inherently more precise at fine spatial resolution than at coarser resolution, and how both pixel-based and OBIA approaches can be compared regarding relative accuracy in function of spatial resolution. As anticipated, this work emphasizes that the OBIA approach is can be proposed as an advanced solution particulary for high resolution imagery, since the accuracies were improved at the different scales applied compare with those of pixel-based approach. Meanwhile, the results achieved by the two approaches are consistently high at a finer RapidEye spatial resolution, and much significantly enhanced with OBIA. Since the change in LU/LC is rapid and the region is heterogeneous as well as the data vary regarding the date of acquisition and data source, this motivated the implementation of post-classification change detection rather than radiometric transformation methods. Based on thematic LU/LC maps, series of optimized algorithms have been developed to depict the dynamics in LU/LC entities. Therefore, detailed change “from-to” information classes as well as changes statistics were produced. Furthermore, the produced change maps were assessed, which reveals that the accuracy of the change maps is consistently high. Aggregated to the community-level, social survey of household data provides a comprehensive perspective additionally to EO data. The predetermined hot spots of degraded and successfully recovered areas were investigated. Thus, the study utilized a well-designed questionnaire to address the factors affecting land-cover dynamics and the possible solutions based on local community's perception. At the operational structural forest stand level, the rationale for incorporating these analyses are to offer a semi-automatic OBIA metrics estimates from which forest attribute is acquired through automated segmentation algorithms at the level of delineated tree crowns or clusters of crowns. Correlation and regression analyses were applied to identify the relations between a wide range of spectral and textural metrics and the field derived forest attributes. The acquired results from the OBIA framework reveal strong relationships and precise estimates. Furthermore, the best fitted models were cross-validated with an independent set of field samples, which revealed a high degree of precision. An important question is how the spatial resolution and spectral range used affect the quality of the developed model this was also discussed based on the different sensors examined. To conclude, the study reveals that the OBIA has proven capability as an efficient and accurate approach for gaining knowledge about the land features, whether at the operational forest structural attributes or categorical LU/LC level. Moreover, the methodological framework exhibits a potential solution to attain precise facts and figures about the change dynamics and its driving forces. / Da das Waldressourcenmanagement hierarchisch strukturiert ist, beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit der natürlichen Waldbedeckung auf verschiedenen Abstraktionsebenen, das heißt insbesondere mit der Ebene der kategorischen Landnutzung / Landbedeckung (LU/LC) sowie mit der kontinuierlichen empirischen Abschätzung auf lokaler operativer Ebene. Da zurzeit kein Sensor die Anforderungen aller Ebenen der Bewertung von Waldressourcen und von Multisource-Bildmaterialien (d.h. RapidEye, TERRA ASTER und LANDSAT TM) erfüllen kann, wurden zusätzlich andere Formen von Daten und Wissen untersucht und in die Arbeit mit eingebracht. Es wurde eine objekt-basierte Bildanalyse (OBIA) in einer destabilisierten Region des Blauen Nils im Sudan eingesetzt, um nach möglichen Lösungen zu suchen, erforderliche Informationen für die zukünftigen Waldplanung und die Entscheidungsfindung zu sammeln. Außerdem wurden die räumliche Heterogenität, sowie die sehr schnellen Änderungen in der Region untersucht. Dies motiviert nach effizienteren, flexibleren und genaueren Methoden zu suchen, um die gewünschten aktuellen Informationen zu erhalten. Das Konzept von OBIA wurde als Substitution-Analyse-Rahmen vorgeschlagen, um die Mängel vom früheren pixel-basierten Konzept abzumildern. In diesem Sinne untersucht die Studie die beliebtesten Maximum-Likelihood-Klassifikatoren des pixel-basierten Konzeptes als Beispiel für das Verhalten der spektralen Klassifikatoren in dem jeweiligen Datenbereich und der Region. Im Gegensatz dazu analysiert OBIA Fernerkundungsdaten durch den Einbau von Wissen des Analytikers sowie kostenlose Zusatzdaten in einer Art und Weise, die menschliche Intelligenz für die Bildinterpretation als eine reale Darstellung der Funktion simuliert. Als ein Segment einer Basisverarbeitungseinheit wurden verschiedene Kombinationen von Segmentierungskriterien getestet um ähnliche spektrale Werte in Gruppen von relativ homogenen Pixeln zu trennen. An der kategorische Subtraktionsebene wurden Regeln entwickelt und optimale Eigenschaften für jede besondere Klasse extrahiert. Zwei Verfahren (Rule Based (RB) und Nearest Neighbour (NN) Classifier) wurden zugeteilt um die segmentierten Objekte der entsprechenden Klasse zuzuweisen. Außerdem versucht die Studie die Fragen zu beantworten, ob OBIA in feiner räumlicher Auflösung grundsätzlich genauer ist als eine gröbere Auflösung, und wie beide, das pixel-basierte und das OBIA Konzept sich in einer relativen Genauigkeit als eine Funktion der räumlichen Auflösung vergleichen lassen. Diese Arbeit zeigt insbesondere, dass das OBIA Konzept eine fortschrittliche Lösung für die Bildanalyse ist, da die Genauigkeiten - an den verschiedenen Skalen angewandt - im Vergleich mit denen der Pixel-basierten Konzept verbessert wurden. Unterdessen waren die berichteten Ergebnisse der feineren räumlichen Auflösung nicht nur für die beiden Ansätze konsequent hoch, sondern durch das OBIA Konzept deutlich verbessert. Die schnellen Veränderungen und die Heterogenität der Region sowie die unterschiedliche Datenherkunft haben dazu geführt, dass die Umsetzung von Post-Klassifizierungs- Änderungserkennung besser geeignet ist als radiometrische Transformationsmethoden. Basierend auf thematische LU/LC Karten wurden Serien von optimierten Algorithmen entwickelt, um die Dynamik in LU/LC Einheiten darzustellen. Deshalb wurden für Detailänderung "von-bis"-Informationsklassen sowie Veränderungsstatistiken erstellt. Ferner wurden die erzeugten Änderungskarten bewertet, was zeigte, dass die Genauigkeit der Änderungskarten konstant hoch ist. Aggregiert auf die Gemeinde-Ebene bieten Sozialerhebungen der Haushaltsdaten eine umfassende zusätzliche Sichtweise auf die Fernerkundungsdaten. Die vorher festgelegten degradierten und erfolgreich wiederhergestellten Hot Spots wurden untersucht. Die Studie verwendet einen gut gestalteten Fragebogen um Faktoren die die Dynamik der Änderung der Landbedeckung und mögliche Lösungen, die auf der Wahrnehmung der Gemeinden basieren, anzusprechen. Auf der Ebene des operativen strukturellen Waldbestandes wird die Begründung für die Einbeziehung dieser Analysen angegeben um semi-automatische OBIA Metriken zu schätzen, die aus dem Wald-Attribut durch automatisierte Segmentierungsalgorithmen in den Baumkronen abgegrenzt oder Cluster von Kronen Ebenen erworben wird. Korrelations- und Regressionsanalysen wurden angewandt, um die Beziehungen zwischen einer Vielzahl von spektralen und strukturellen Metriken und den aus den Untersuchungsgebieten abgeleiteten Waldattributen zu identifizieren. Die Ergebnisse des OBIA Rahmens zeigen starke Beziehungen und präzise Schätzungen. Die besten Modelle waren mit einem unabhängigen Satz von kreuz-validierten Feldproben ausgestattet, welche hohe Genauigkeiten ergaben. Eine wichtige Frage ist, wie die räumliche Auflösung und die verwendete Bandbreite die Qualität der entwickelten Modelle auch auf der Grundlage der verschiedenen untersuchten Sensoren beeinflussen. Schließlich zeigt die Studie, dass OBIA in der Lage ist, als ein effizienter und genauer Ansatz Kenntnisse über die Landfunktionen zu erlangen, sei es bei operativen Attributen der Waldstruktur oder auch auf der kategorischen LU/LC Ebene. Außerdem zeigt der methodischen Rahmen eine mögliche Lösung um präzise Fakten und Zahlen über die Veränderungsdynamik und ihre Antriebskräfte zu ermitteln.