Channel estimation is the process of understanding and analyzing the wireless communication channel's properties. It helps optimize data transmission by providing essential information for adjusting encoding and decoding parameters. This thesis explores using a Convolutional Neural Network~(CNN) for channel estimation in the 5G Link Level Simulator, 5G-LLS, developed by Tietoevry. The objectives were to create a Python framework for channel estimation experimentation and to evaluate CNN's performance compared to the conventional algorithms Least Squares~(LS), Minimum Mean Square Error~(MMSE) and Linear Minimum Mean Square Error~(LMMSE). Two distinct channel model scenarios were investigated in this study. The results from the study suggest that CNN outperforms LMMSE, LS, and MMSE regarding Mean Squared Error~(MSE) for both channel models, with LMMSE at second place. It managed to lower to the MSE by 85\% compared to the LMMSE for the correlated channel and 78\% for the flat fading channel. In terms of the overall system-level performance, as measured by Bit-Error Rate (BER), the CNN only managed to outperform LS and MMSE. The CNN and the LMMSE yielded similar results. This was due to that the LMMSE's MSE was still good enough to demodulate the symbols for the QPSK modulation scheme correctly.  The insights in this thesis work enables Tietoevry to implement more machine learning algorithms and further develop channel estimation in 5G telecommunications and wireless communication networks through experiments in 5G-LLS. Given that the CNN did not increase the performance of the communication system, future studies should test a broader range of channel models and consider more complex modulation schemes. Also, studying other and more advanced machine learning techniques than CNN is an avenue for future research. / Kanalestimering är en process i trådlösa kommunikationssystem som handlar om att analysera och förstå det trådlösa mediumets egenskaper. Genom effektiv kanalestimering kan dataöverföringen optimeras genom att anpassa signalen efter den trådlösa kanalen. Detta arbete utforskar användningen av ett konvolutionellt neuralt nätverk (CNN) för kanalestimering i Tietoevrys 5G-datalänkslagersimulator (5G-LLS). Målen är att (1) skapa ett Python-ramverk för kanalestimeringsexperiment samt att (2) utvärdera CNN:s prestanda jämfört med konventionella algoritmerna minsta kvadratmetoden (LS), minimalt medelkvadratsfel (MMSE) och linjärt minimalt medelkvadratsfel (LMMSE). Två olika kanalmodellsituationer undersöks i detta arbete. Resultaten visar att CNN överträffar LMMSE, LS och MMSE i form av medelkvadratisk fel (MSE) för båda kanalmodellerna, med LMMSE på andra plats. CNN:n lyckades minska MSE:n med 85\% jämfört med LMMSE för den korrelerade kanalen och med 78\% för den snabbt dämpande kanalen. Vad gäller systemnivåprestanda, mätt med hjälp av bitfelsfrekvens (BER), lyckades CNN endast överträffa LS och MMSE. CNN och LMMSE gav liknande resultat. Detta beror på att LMMSE:s MSE fortfarande var tillräckligt låg för att korrekt demodulera symbolerna för QPSK-modulationsschemat. Resultatet från detta examensarbete möjliggör för Tietoevry att implementera fler maskininlärningsalgoritmer och vidareutveckla kanalestimering inom 5G-telekommunikation och trådlösa kommunikationsnätverk genom experiment i 5G-LLS. Med tanke på att CNN inte överträffade samtliga kanalestimeringstekniker bör framtida studier testa ett bredare utbud av kanalmodeller och överväga mer komplexa moduleringsscheman. Framtida arbeten bör även utforska fler och mer avancerade maskininlärningsalgoritmer än CNN.

Das Verhältnis von Adel und Militär beruhte lange Zeit auf der bereits für die preußischen Kernprovinzen widerlegten Annahme, dass Besitzarmut die Neigung eines adligen Rittergutbesitzers zum Militär wesentlich bestimmte. Die Analyse der beiden östlichsten bisher noch nicht untersuchten Provinzen Preußens kommt speziell für Ostpreußen zur gleichen Erkenntnis – zu Westpreußen war die Quellenlage nicht aussagekräftig genug. Für das ausgehende 18. Jahrhundert zeigte damit der ostpreußische Adel eine ähnliche militärische Dienstbereitschaft wie die bisher untersuchten Provinzen, einen „Sonderweg“ für einen Eintritt in das preußische Militär hatte es daher nicht gegeben. Das unterschiedliche militärische Engagement eines Adligen war von mehreren Faktoren bestimmt. Sowohl Elemente des adelsständischen Regionalismus wie auch Familientraditionen bzw. Netzwerkbeziehungen und eben nur bedingt sozioökonomische Rahmenbedingungen waren verantwortlich, ob ein Adliger bereit war, in der preußischen Armee zu dienen. / It was long assumed that the relationship between aristocracy and military, and therefore the inclination of a lord of the manor to the latter, was largely governed by possession poverty, a theory that already has been invalidated for the central Prussian provinces. The analysis of the two easternmost Prussian provinces, which have not yet been researched, comes to the same conclusion, especially for East Prussia - the sources for West Prussia were not conclusive enough. Towards the end of the 18th century, the East Prussian noble appeared to have similar military service commitment as the already reasearched provinces, therefore it is believed that no special permission to enter the Prussia military service has been given. Several factors influenced the different aristocratic military engagements such as regional elements of nobility, family traditions or network relationships. Socio-economic conditions only partially influenced the willingness of an aristocrat to serve the Prussia military.

Das Verhältnis von Adel und Militär beruhte lange Zeit auf der bereits für die preußischen Kernprovinzen widerlegten Annahme, dass Besitzarmut die Neigung eines adligen Rittergutbesitzers zum Militär wesentlich bestimmte. Die Analyse der beiden östlichsten bisher noch nicht untersuchten Provinzen Preußens kommt speziell für Ostpreußen zur gleichen Erkenntnis – zu Westpreußen war die Quellenlage nicht aussagekräftig genug. Für das ausgehende 18. Jahrhundert zeigte damit der ostpreußische Adel eine ähnliche militärische Dienstbereitschaft wie die bisher untersuchten Provinzen, einen „Sonderweg“ für einen Eintritt in das preußische Militär hatte es daher nicht gegeben. Das unterschiedliche militärische Engagement eines Adligen war von mehreren Faktoren bestimmt. Sowohl Elemente des adelsständischen Regionalismus wie auch Familientraditionen bzw. Netzwerkbeziehungen und eben nur bedingt sozioökonomische Rahmenbedingungen waren verantwortlich, ob ein Adliger bereit war, in der preußischen Armee zu dienen. / It was long assumed that the relationship between aristocracy and military, and therefore the inclination of a lord of the manor to the latter, was largely governed by possession poverty, a theory that already has been invalidated for the central Prussian provinces. The analysis of the two easternmost Prussian provinces, which have not yet been researched, comes to the same conclusion, especially for East Prussia - the sources for West Prussia were not conclusive enough. Towards the end of the 18th century, the East Prussian noble appeared to have similar military service commitment as the already reasearched provinces, therefore it is believed that no special permission to enter the Prussia military service has been given. Several factors influenced the different aristocratic military engagements such as regional elements of nobility, family traditions or network relationships. Socio-economic conditions only partially influenced the willingness of an aristocrat to serve the Prussia military.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:41:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo7301_1.pdf: 1415604 bytes, checksum: cd0f2245d6b448492a259bbbba4debb3 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Companhia Hidroeletrica do São Francisco / A introdução de novos produtos, novos equipamentos e de novas técnicas de trabalho nos processos industriais, conseqüência do significativo crescimento tecnológico ocorrido nas últimas décadas, acarreta uma série de problemas para as pessoas e para o meio ambiente. As estatísticas mundiais de acidentes no trabalho e principalmente grandes desastres levam as empresas a acreditarem que competitividade e lucro não são suficientes para a sobrevivência de uma organização no mercado. Assim sendo, elas também devem demonstrar atitudes éticas e responsáveis quanto à Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho (SST). Para alcançar níveis de gerenciamento eficiente em SST as empresas devem desenvolver e implementar Sistema de Gestão de Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho (SGSST). Esta dissertação tem como objetivo propor alternativa de gerenciamento de SST para uma empresa do setor elétrico nacional, apresentando informações relevantes que podem ser utilizadas por qualquer organização durante o desenvolvimento e implementação de um SGSST. O resultado deste trabalho é apresentado na forma de um modelo de SGSST para a empresa estudada. A metodologia utilizada contempla várias etapas que vão desde a análise da situação atual do problema, ao projeto de implementação das mudanças. A implementação de SGSST traz melhorias significativas nas condições do ambiente de trabalho das empresas, principalmente quando acompanhada de uma efetiva mudança na cultura organizacional proveniente de uma ação contínua da empresa na busca do equilíbrio entre a gestão da produção e o homem

Volunteers play a critical role to Extension by assisting with program planning, provide input and guidance in what direction local Extension programs should take, and provide assistance with program implementation and evaluation. Extension volunteers have been utilized in Extension for over 50 years, serving on program area committees to develop programs that meet the needs of local clientele. This study evaluated Agriculture and Natural Resource Program Area Committee (Ag/NR PAC) members located in 36 Texas counties. The selection of counties was based upon Texas AgriLife Extension Service county categories. A quantitative, ex post facto, survey instrument was developed that consisted of Likert type statements that focused on the purpose, responsibilities, qualifications, time obligations, County Extension Agent interaction, subject matter specialist interactions and assisting with educational event implementation and evaluation. The survey was mailed with a postage paid return envelope and return surveys were accepted for 45 days. The data was analyzed using SPSS 16.0 for Windows software. The findings of this study showed that Ag/NR PAC members have an overall understanding of the purpose, responsibilities and qualifications of PAC's. Overall, the data shows that County Extension Agents are remaining involved with the program area committees. However, 42 percent of the respondents disagreed or remained neutral to subject matter specialists being utilized in committee meetings. The open ended questions show that program area committee members consider personnel education as a motivational factor for serving on the Ag/NR committees. Committee members feel strongly about assisting with program planning and attending the educational programs but are not remaining actively involved in the evaluation or interpretation phase of the programs. The findings of this study resulted in seven associated recommendations related to working with Ag/NR PAC's. In addition, six areas were identified for areas of research to be considered for the future. The results found that Ag/NR PAC's are still a crucial part of Texas AgriLife Extension Service and they play an important role in identifying issues at the local level. The information found within the study will contribute to working with volunteers to enhance the program planning process.

Wireless technology has become the most interesting field in the area of communications and networking. Video transmission plays a major role in this area. Data transmission via wireless communications is a major task, especially to send the data without loss of packets. The digital video decoder produces dropped or repeated frames from the encoded video due to packet loss. Brief frame drops of one frame duration are referred as dips. This research work investigates how to identify these frame dips and drops and also to measure the quality of the video which contain frame dips and frame drops. A dynamic threshold estimator is implemented to identify these frame dips. The qualitative analysis of a video is performed using a No Reference metric. In this metric the quality assessment can be achieved by identification of frame dips and drops and calculating Modified Fraction of Dropped Frames. Dips and abrupt temporal variation occurring at the end of frame freezing event of a video fluidity impairment caused by frame dropping will be taken into account using this metric. The parameters which are generated from Structural Similarity Index Metric (SSIM) analysis are efficient enough to compare the video quality and estimate the metric performance objectively. Our proposed metric has predicted the SSIM with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.99 in test1, 0.92 in test2 and 0.99 in test3. Therefore in terms of prediction accuracy the proposed metric has a good correlation with the deployed metric and obtained robustness to our approach. / Trådlös teknik har blivit den mest intressanta fältet inom kommunikation och nätverk. Videoöverföring spelar en viktig roll på detta område. Dataöverföring via trådlös kommunikation är en stor uppgift, särskilt för att skicka data utan förlust av paket. Den digitala videoavkodare producerar tappade eller upprepade bildrutor från den kodade videon grund paketförluster. Kort ram droppar en ram varaktighet kallat dips. Denna forskning undersöker hur man identifierar dessa ram dips och droppar och även att mäta kvaliteten på video som innehåller ram dips och droppar ram. En dynamisk tröskel estimatorn genomförs för att identifiera dessa ram dips. Den kvalitativa analysen av ett videoklipp utförs med hjälp av en No Reference metrisk. I denna statistik kvalitetsbedömningen kan uppnås genom identifiering av ram nedgångar och droppar och beräkning modifierad Andel bildrutor. Dips och abrupt temporal variation inträffar i slutet av ramen frysning händelse av en video flytbarhet orsakats av ram släppa kommer att beaktas med denna metrik. De parametrar som genereras från strukturell likhet Index Metric (SSIM) analys är effektiva nog att jämföra videokvalitet och uppskatta det metriska prestanda objektivt. Vår föreslagna värdet har förutspådde SSIM med Pearson korrelationskoefficient av 0,99 i test1, 0,92 i test2 och 0,99 i test3. Därför gäller förutsägelse noggrannhet föreslagna måttet har en god korrelation med utplacerade metriska och fick robusthet till vår strategi. / Vydik Mopidevi, D.No: 5-162, Sri Vijetha Public School, Tallapudi, West Godavari District, Pin Code: 534341 Phone Number: Home: 00813282979 Work: 0046734784445 Email: vydik.mopidevi@gmail.com

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The diploma thesis deals with the EPDM addition influence on ozone resistance of NR/SBR mixtures. The theoretical part summarizes knowledge about rubber processing, additivation and effects of ozone on vulcanized rubber. The experimental part aims on preparation of rubber blends and measurement of its mechanical, physical and rheological properties in dependance on their composition.

This thesis deals with the topic of network slicing technology in 5G networks, mainly on the RAN part. In the theoretical part, basic principles of 5G network slicing in core network part and RAN part are presented. Practical part contains a simulation scenario created in NS3 simulator with LENA 5G module. Results of this simulation are presented and discussed with the emphasis on RAN slicing.

The growing traffic and global bandwidth shortage for broadband cellular communi-cation networks has motivated to explore the underutilized millimeter wave frequencyspectrum for future communications. Fifth generation (5G) is the key to empow-ering new services and use cases for people, businesses, and society at large. Withunprecedented speed and flexibility, 5G carries more data with greater reliability andresponsiveness than ever before. As 5G new radio (NR) begins to take full advantageof the high-band spectrum, i.e, the millimeter wave frequencies, new challenges arecreated. While millimeter waves offer broader bandwidth and high spatial resolution,the drawback is that the millimeter waves experience higher attenuation due to pathloss and are more prone to absorption, interference and weather conditions, thereforelimiting cell coverage.This thesis is an attempt to increase the 5G cell coverage by implementing ananalogue beamforming router in a cell. Beamforming router acts like a relay, whichextends the range of the 5G cell whenever needed, according to the position of theUser Equipment (UE) based on the information received from the gNodeB (gNB,logical 5G radio node). This thesis is investigating the downlink Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR) gain and thus possible increase in the data rate. Simulation and validation ofthe overall performance is done using MATLAB. The outcome of this study may beused to increase the 5G cell coverage if it is implemented in a real.