Orientador: Nilva Kazue Sakomura / Banca: Fernando Guilherme Perazzo Costa / Banca: José Humberto Vilar da Silva / Banca: Luciano Hauschild / Banca: Alex Sandro Campos Maia / Resumo: Cresce o interesse pela elaboração de modelos capazes de estimar exigências de frangas de reposição de diferentes genótipos e idades mantidas sob diferentes condições de criação. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (1) estimar as exigências de lisina digestível para frangas de reposição nas fases inicial (2 a 6 semanas de idade), cria (8 a 12 semanas de idade) e recria (14 a 18 semanas de idade) com base no método dose resposta; (2) estabelecer exigências de lisina para frangas de reposição em função da deposição de proteína, eficiência de utilização de lisina e idade; (3) elaborar modelos de predição para estimar as exigências de lisina digestível para aves de postura em fase de crescimento. Para atender o objetivo (1), foram ajustados modelos matemáticos às respostas de ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e deposição de protéina e gordura corporal em função da ingestão de lisina. Para o objetivo (2), foram realizados três ensaios utilizando 144 frangas Dekalb White. O nitrogênio ingerido, excretado e depositado foram obtidos pelo balanço de nitrogênio. No objetivo (3) foram utilizadas respostas de ingestão e deposições de lisina e informações do crescimento do corpo e penas. Concluiu-se que: (1) recomendam-se 188; 274 e 258 mg de lisina para frangas de reposição nas fases inicial, cria e recria, respectivamente; (2) considerando a porcentagem média da deposição proteica, recomenda-se consumos de lisina, de 225, 312 e 283 mg/dia para os ensaios I, II e III, respectivamente e (3) os modelos de predição alcançaram os objetivos para os quais foram elaborados, proporcionando estimativas compatíveis com as obtidas no manual das linhagens / Abstract: There is a growing interest in developing models capable of predicting requirements of replacement pullets of different ages and genotypes kept under different husbandry conditions. The objectives of this study were: (1) estimate the digestible lysine requirements for replacement pullets in the initial stages starter (2 - 6 weeks), grower (8 - 12 weeks) and developer (14 - 18 weeks) based on dose-response method, (2) establish lysine requirements for replacement pullets on the basis of protein deposition efficiency of lysine utilization and age, (3) develop predictive models to estimate the digestible lysine requirements for laying hens in the growth phase. To meet the objective (1), mathematical models were fitted to the responses of weight gain, feed conversion and deposition of protein and fat as a function of lysine intake. For the purpose of (2), three trials were conducted using 144 Dekalb White pullets. The nitrogen ingested, excreted and deposited were obtained by the nitrogen balance. For objective (3) responses were used for lysine intake and depositions and information growth and body feathers. It was concluded that: (1) recommend to 188; 274 and 258 mg of lysine for replacement pullets in the initial stages, rearing, respectively, (2) considering the average percentage of protein deposition, recommended intakes of lysine, 225, 312 and 283 mg/day for tests I, II and III, respectively, and (3) the prediction models achieved the goals for which they were developed, providing estimates compatible with those obtained in manual of the strains / Doutor

Orientador: Nilva Kazue Sakomura / Banca: Leilane Rocha Barros Dourado / Banca: Flavio Alves Longo / Banca: Luciano Hauschild / Banca: Nelson José Peruzzi / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as exigências de treonina para poedeiras comerciais na fase de crescimento com base nos métodos dose-resposta e fatorial. No fatorial, utilizando dados de desempenho e abate comparativo, diferentes modelos foram utilizados para estimar exigências de treonina (thr). As exigências de THR foram estimadas durante três fases: inicial (4 a 6 semanas), cria (8 a 11 semanas) e recria (13 a 16 semanas) através de três ensaios realizados separadamente. As aves foram distribuídas em um DIC, com 8 tratamentos, 6 repetições e 8 aves por unidade experimental, exceto a fase inicial, onde foram utilizadas 15 pintainhas por unidade experimental. As rações foram formuladas conforme a técnica da diluição. As variáveis mensuradas em cada fase de crescimento foram: GP (g), CR (g), consumo de thr (mg/ave/dia), CA (kg/kg), peso absoluto (g) e relativo (%) das penas, e as deposições de proteína e de gordura (g/ave/dia) no corpo livre de penas e nas penas. A máxima deposição de proteína foi 4,0 ± 0,2; 5,3 ± 0,4 e 3,5 ± 0,5 g/d, nas fases 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Conforme a thr na dieta diminuiu, a deposição de lipídios no corpo aumentou. A eficiência de utilização da thr foi estimada por meio da regressão linear entre o consumo e a deposição do aminoácido, e não houve diferença entre as fases avaliadas (P>0.05) sendo estimada em 85,5%. Estas respostas do crescimento do corpo e penas são importantes na determinação do nível ótimo de thr nas dietas e aves de postura em fase de crescimento. Estes dados foram utilizados em dois modelos fatoriais para estimativa da exigência de thr para o crescimento, onde no primeiro foi considerada a mantença, perda de penas, deposição do aminoácido (corpo e penas) e eficiência de utilização, e no segundo, os mesmos parâmetros, porém adicionando-se a deposição do aminoácido no ovário e oviduto ... / Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine threonine requirements for pullets in the growth period based on the dose-response and factorial methods. In a factorial method, using performance data and comparative slaughter, different models were used to estimate threonine (thr) requirements. These requirements were estimated for three phases: I (4 to 6 weeks), II (8 to 11 weeks) and III (13 to 16 weeks). The birds were distributed in a completely randomized with 8 treatments, 6 replicates of e8 birds each, except the phase I, where we used 15 chicks each. The diets were formulated according to the dilution technique. Variables measured were: BWG (g), FI (g), thr intake (mg/bird/day), FC (kg/kg), absolute (g) and relative weight (%) of feathers, deposition of protein and fat (g/bird/day) in body feather free and feathers. The maximum growth rate for protein was 4.0 ± 0.2, 5.3 ± 0.4 and 3.5 ± 0.5 g/d, for phases I, II and III, respectively. The efficiency of utilization of thr was estimated by linear regression between amino acid intake and deposition, and was the same for all periods, at 0.85 ± 0.1 mg/mg. As dietary thr content decreased the amount of body lipid deposition increased. With this information it is possible to determine the daily requirement for thr for the potential growth of body and feather protein in growing pullets. These data were used in two factorial models to estimate the thr requirement for growth, where in the first model was considered the maintenance, loss of feathers, the amino acid deposition (body and feathers) and efficiency of utilization, and in the second one, the same parameters but by adding the amino acid deposition in the ovary and the oviduct. The potential rates of body and feather protein growth are described by the Gompertz growth curve. The rate of growth of the oviduct appears to be considerably faster than that of the ovary (0.139 vs. 0.084 /d) but the ... / Doutor

Orientador: Giséle Manganelli Fernandes / Banca: Manuel Fernando Medina / Banca: Marli Marques de Azevedo / Banca: Nomra Wimmer / Banca: Nelson Luis Ramos / Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar os romances Balada de Amor ao Vento (2003) e O Alegre canto da Perdiz (2008) da escritora moçambicana Paulina Chiziane, seguindo a cartografia cultural de Moçambique proposta pela autora, com a finalidade de questionar os elementos da cultura ligados à tradição, bem como a de verificar os choques culturais desencadeados pelo colonialismo. Refletindo sobre a função dos mitos e a jornada mítica do herói, identificamos como Paulina Chiziane propõe heroínas capazes de revelar uma nova percepção para o Feminino. Observamos como tradição e contemporaneidade modelam as personagens no intuito de constituir novas identidades femininas em Moçambique / Abstract: This piece of research aims at investigating the novels Balada de Amor ao Vento (2003) and O Alegre canto da Perdiz (2008), by Mozambican writer Paulina Chiziane, following the cultural cartography of Mozambique sketched by the author. It intends to question the cultural elements related to tradition as well as verify the cultural clashes triggered by colonialism. By reflecting about the role played by myths and the hero's mythical quest, we have identified the paths Chiziane proposes to her heroines, able to shed a new light to Feminism. In other words, we have aimed to observe in Chiziane's narratives, particularly through their heroines, how tradition and contemporaneity modeled new female identities in Mozambique / Doutor

Orientador: Iraê Amaral Guerrini / Banca: Cassiano Massakazu Sasaki / Banca: Clarice Backes / Resumo: As espécies florestais apresentam comportamentos distintos, sobretudo, quanto às suas exigências nutricionais. O conhecimento desse comportamento nutricional entre espécies resulta na maior produtividade, economia e menores impactos ambientais nos plantios florestais. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desenvolvimento da teca (Tectona grandis L.f.) para diferentes dosagens de macronutrientes e níveis distintos de saturação por bases em condições controladas, visando curvas de resposta da espécie mediante adubação e correção do solo. O ensaio foi instalado sob condições de estufa plástica situada na área experimental do Departamento de Recursos Naturais - Ciência do Solo, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - Botucatu-SP. O trabalho constou de 4 experimentos, instalados sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado, contendo 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Os experimentos constituíram-se de doses de N (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 mg dm-3), de P (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mg dm-3), de K (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 mg dm-3) e diferentes níveis de V% (natural, 20, 40, 60, 80 %), além da testemunha absoluta. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e posterior análise de regressão, ajustando-se as equações aos dados obtidos em função das doses para cada experimento. Todas as doses de N, P, K, e os diferentes níveis de V% proporcionaram efeitos distintos e significativos aos parâmetros avaliados durante o desenvolvimento das mudas de teca. A dose que apresentou melhor resultado entre os tratamentos com N foi a de 80 mg dm-3. A dose de 200 mg dm-3 de P foi a que proporcionou maior altura, diâmetro e biomassa da parte aérea, destacando-se entre os experimentos. Os tratamentos com 40 mg dm-3 de K e V= 80% foram os que proporcionaram maior efeito em seus respectivos experimentos / Abstract: The forest species have different behaviors, especially in terms of their nutritional requirements. The knowledge about the nutritional behavior of the species results in greater yield and economy and lower environmental impacts on forest plantations. The aim of this work was to evaluate the development of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) due to different macronutrient rates and base saturation levels under controlled conditions, in order to get response curves of fertilization and soil correction for specie. The study was carried out under plastic greenhouse located at the experimental area of Department of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural Science, Botucatu-SP. Were conduced four experiments, in a completely randomized design, with six treatments and four replicate. The experiments consisted of rates of N (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 mg dm-3), P (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mg dm-3) and K (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 mg dm-3) and of levels of base saturation (natural, 20, 40, 60, 80 %), plus a control. The results were submitted to variance analysis and regression analysis. All rates of N, P and K, and the V% levels provided significant effects on parameters measured during development of teak seedlings. The rate that showed the best results among N treatments was 80 mg dm-3. The rate of 200 mg dm-3 P provided larger height, diameter and shoot dry matter. In the experiments with K and V%, best results were obtained with 40 mg dm-3 K and 80% of base saturation / Mestre

Orientador: Rogério Peres Soratto / Coorientador: Marcos José Perdoná / Banca: Rodrigo Domingues Barbosa / Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Resumo: Na fase inicial da cultura do café arábica (Coffea arabica L.), as exigências nutricionais aumentam rapidamente com a entrada em produção (primeira safra), época em que se deve ter cuidado na nutrição das plantas, pois os cafeeiros produzem muito, ainda com pouca folhagem (baixa relação folha/fruto). O nitrogênio (N) é o nutriente mais exigido pelo cafeeiro. O silício (Si) desempenha diversos efeitos benéficos às plantas, e supõe-se que possa melhorar o aproveitamento do N fornecido. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o efeito da aplicação de Si via foliar e doses de N via solo no crescimento, nutrição e produtividade inicial da cultura do café arábica. O experimento foi conduzido em uma área cultivada com cafeeiro arábica, cultivar Catuaí IAC 99, localizado no município de Manduri-SP, em um solo Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico. Foi adotado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro doses de N (0, 75, 150 e 300 kg ha-¹) com presença e ausência de aplicação Si via foliar. A fonte de N utilizada foi o nitrato de amônio. O Si foi aplicado na dose de 2 L ha-¹do produto Silamol®. O experimento foi conduzido durante o período de 39 meses após o plantio dos cafeeiros no campo. A adubação nitrogenada aumentou a altura da planta, o número de nós nos ramos plagiotrópicos e colaborou na manutenção do enfolhamento das plantas, na fase de formação da lavoura. A aplicação... / Abstract: In the initial phase of the Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.), the nutritional requirements increase rapidly with the entry into production phase (first harvest), the time when one should be careful in plant nutrition, because the coffee plants produce a lot, even with little foliage (low leaf/fruit ratio). Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient most required by the coffee plant. Silicon (Si) plays various beneficial effects to plants and it is assumed that can improve the use of N provided. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect the foliar application of Si and N rates applied to soil on growth, nutrition and initial bean yield of Arabica coffee crop. The experiment was conducted in an area cultivated with Arabica coffee, cultivar Catuaí IAC 99, located in the municipality of Manduri-SP, in a dystrophic Red Yellow Latosol. The experimental design was a randomized blocks in a factorial 4 x 2, with four replications. The treatments consisted of four N rates (0, 75, 150, and 300 kg ha-¹) and presence and absence of foliar application of Si. Nitrogen source used was ammonium nitrate. The Si was applied at the rate of 2 L ha-¹ Silamol® product. The experiment was conducted during the period of 39 months after planting of coffee plants in the field. Nitrogen fertilization increased the plant height, number of nodes in plagiotrophycal branches and collaborate in maintenance of leafiness of plants in the crop formation phase. The Application of N rates largest delayed .. / Mestre

This thesis examines the representations of houses as physical structures in the Íslendingasögur with specific emphasis on the material aspect of housing culture in the Viking Age and medieval period, as well as the interactions between material culture and text. The Íslendingasögur were written in Iceland as of the thirteenth century, but look back onto the Viking Age (c. 800-1100 AD). Comparison with the archaeology of domestic space reveals that the house in the Íslendingasögur generally corresponds with medieval housing models, contemporary with the period of saga writing. However, there are also examples of structures which correspond to the models of the Viking Age. Descriptions of antiquated buildings are sometimes framed in statements that make explicit reference to the chronological separation between the Viking Age and the writer’s present time, suggesting a familiarity with the evolution of housing culture. Detailed analysis of buildings in the sagas reveals domestic space in its context of use, and demonstrates how the physical nature of the house and farm framed the productive and social activities that went on within. The materiality of domestic life has particular importance for the dispensing of hospitality. Demonstrations of domestic space in use also allow for a better understanding of the relationship between objects and language, and elucidate some difficulties in translation and academic usage both in archaeology and literary studies. Material culture can itself influence the processes of composition in oral/written narratives such as the sagas, by inspiring the formation of narrative episodes. The built environment can also provide a contextual framing for narratives, acting as a mnemonic device facilitating the preservation and transmission of saga narratives.

Sports stadiums have a considerable impact on the urban, environmental and social context. In particular, where several new stadiums are built within the same city for a single mega-event like the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games or Soccer World Cup the implications are significantly higher. Therefore the requirements for operation of each stadium after the mega-event are of great importance to ensure sustainable integration into the urban, environmental and social context as well as maximized utilization on a long-term basis. In the first part of this thesis a review of the subject is presented. A brief history of the development of stadium design in the Olympic context, evolving requirements for staging Olympic Summer Games, the structure of organizations involved, existing literature research and certification methods are summarized. In the second part the methodology and development of the bespoke research tool based on existing certification systems such as BREEAM, LEED and DGNB is described. Subsequently, case studies for three different stadium types (Olympic Stadium, Indoor Stadium and Football Stadium) used for the Olympic Summer Games in Sydney (2000), Athens (2004) and Beijing (2008) are analysed based on literature research, field surveys and interviews. The comparative assessment of each stadium type is conducted with an evaluation matrix in three denominations: urban category, environmental category and social category. In each category two indicators with two respective parameters are evaluated based on a five-point score system. Subsequently the general applicability of the research tool is verified with an example appraisal of Wembley Stadium which was used for the Olympic Summer Games in London (2012). Conclusions are drawn in the third part of the thesis, separately for each of the three denominations urban category, environmental category and social category. In the urban category sports stadiums built on a site previously used for sports venues or adjacent to other existing venues are rated significantly higher, because existing sites are already integrated into the urban context and located in proximity to the city centre as well as other mixed-use areas resulting in synergy effects with extended catchment areas and good connectivity. In the environmental category sports stadiums are rated higher if specific requirements for operation of the sports stadium after the Olympic Games are already considered in the design to ensure maximised adaptability and flexibility. Dismantle of the overlay (tailor-made structures/installations required for staging the event) after the Olympic Games reduces energy consumption in subsequent operation. Overlay designed for permanent usage or reuse at a different venue further increases the level of sustainability. Usage of energy efficient systems with power generation and water conservation preserves resources. In the social category sports stadiums are rated higher if a balanced proportion of sport usage and other usages is achieved. The long-term utilization of a sports stadium correlates with the level of urban integration, urban context, building type and usage mix. Sports stadiums utilized by more than one home team and integration of other usages (e.g. retail, commercial, recreation, etc.) achieve a significantly higher level of utilization. The last chapter summarizes recommendations for stadium design in the Olympic context. To ensure a long-term utilization of each sports stadium after the Olympic Games it is suggested that applicant/candidate cities carry out comprehensive feasibility studies in collaboration with an operator to develop a bespoke project brief and business plan for operation of each venue at bidding stage. In order to enhance the existing knowledge base it is further recommended to collect and compare operational data (e.g. water, energy consumption etc.) from the different venues of the hosting cities to allow an independent assessment of the level of sustainability during long-term operation. Additional data to verify indicators relating to design efficiency such as average construction area per seat as well as dead loads of spectator stands and roof structures should be compared for establishment of benchmarks to verify the efficiency of the structural elements for an even more sustainable design of sports stadiums.

The research aims to investigate the development of low/ zero carbon design training programmes for the purpose of disseminating the knowledge and skills of low/ zero carbon design to architects in practice in England and Wales. There are three stages: 1) Literature review This research starts with a review on low/ zero carbon design, architectural education, learning styles, and adult learning. The initial models of low/ zero carbon design and architects’ learning preference are developed to reflect the initial understanding of the research topic. 2) Case studies Three low/ zero carbon design training programmes are chosen as case studies with the acknowledgement of the limitations. The revised models are established with the feedback from the discussions and the survey results in the case studies to reflect architects’ current perspectives. 3) Questionnaire survey Based on the revised models, a nationwide questionnaire survey is conducted. Adding the survey results to the revised models, the final models are developed to inform the content and dissemination methods of low/ zero carbon design training programmes. The final model of low/ zero carbon design reflects the iterative process and the holistic approach to achieve low/ zero carbon goal, identifies that the knowledge and skills that architects require are associated with new active technologies, the updated Building Regulations and standard, and tasks in construction, hand over and close out stages, and reveals the importance to raise architects’ awareness of the importance of waste management, the legislation and regulations, and cost and value. The final model of architects’ learning preference points out the importance of workplace follow-up sessions, indicates that architects prefer different learning styles and share the characteristics of adult learning except wanting to be involved in the planning of the future training programmes, and supports that presentational styles influence the knowledge transfer processes for architects.

The motivation for this research is based on the very serious problem – local identity loss of village extensions in the Chinese ordinary villages. During the new development of Chinese ordinary villages, international concrete blocks and multi-storey apartments, which have been mass-produced in urban areas, are simply copied into rural areas replacing the local distinctive built environment. The author of this thesis set out to rethink the design principles of new urbanism in a way which can help create an urban/village extension of a town or a village to respect local identity or local context. Therefore, the research question is that ‘Can the design principles of new urbanism promote local identity or harmony with local context for urban/village extension? By reviewing the primary theories and ideas, the literature review draws upon primary sources of new urbanism including introduction and design principles which underlies a fundamental theoretical framework of design principles of new urbanism, and the overall view of the practice. Once the framework of design principles of new urbanism have been established in this research, it is essential to test it through case studies. The purpose of case studies is to identify if the design principles of new urbanism can promote local identity or harmony with local context in practice. Two UK cases, Poundbury and Upton were selected and analysed. During case studies, the interview plays an important role in modifying the design principles of new urbanism which direct the analysis of the physical environments of Poundbury and Upton. The initial outcomes are expected to confirm that the design principles of new urbanism could promote local identity or harmony with local context based on the case study findings. In order to further investigate these outcomes, factual information was collected through questionnaires administered face-to-face and on-the-spot to the residents of Poundbury and Upton. The findings of the questionnaire provided strong investigated evidence along with the initial outcomes addressed by literature review and the case studies. Finally, it can be concluded that the design principles of new urbanism are appropriate to promote local identity or harmony with local context for creating an urban/village extension. Keywords: urban/village extension, design principles of new urbanism, local identity, harmony with local context.

With increasing concerns about the implications of climate change and urbanisation, there has been an increased public interest in the quality of urban open spaces in many countries because of its importance for daily people’s lives and urban environment. Recent studies in this field have shown that the microclimatic conditions are very important for people’s comfort in urban open spaces and, therefore, for the use of these spaces. Studying microclimate and thermal conditions in urban open spaces has been increased in the past years. The relationship between the microclimate, thermal comfort and the built urban form is still not understood very well. Further research in this aspect is needed. The courtyard is one of the open space types widely used in the countries of North Africa, Middle East and South Europe. The courtyard is often referred to in literature as a microclimate modifier. Because of this, many studies have been conducted in order to investigate its thermal environment. The majority of these studies dealt with the courtyard as a private space as a part of a building that can contribute to improve the indoor thermal conditions of the surrounding covered areas (its main function is to provide daylight and ventilation into the covered spaces). This study focuses on a particular type of courtyard. It deals with public enclosed courtyards which combine the features of the courtyards and public squares. This type of courtyard is not limited to provide only natural ventilation and natural daylight for the surrounding buildings, but it is mainly designed to offer a public place to perform a variety of activities for people such as social interactions, culture events, recreation, playing, business and many other activities. To the best of my knowledge, there have been no studies done on the microclimate and thermal comfort of courtyards with similar designs (function), particularly in hot dry regions. This study is conducted in Libya where the courtyard is the most common architectural pattern in its cities through all periods of the history. It is conducted in Libya where there is no published research on outdoor thermal comfort. This study investigated the microclimate, thermal comfort and the relationship with the built urban form of public enclosed courtyards in Tripoli city. The general purpose of this study was to develop a database of the thermal environment and subjective responses of people in existing public open spaces in a hot dry climate. The methodology used for this purpose was field studies. Two short-term field surveys were conducted in the two extreme seasons in Libya, one in the cool season day-time and the other one in the hot season day-time. A further field survey was performed during the hot season night-time, where no such study has been conducted in courtyards at this time in the past. In these field studies, extensive environmental measurements have been carried out in parallel to questionnaire surveys with the users of the selected case study sites. Six varied public enclosed courtyards representing three different architecture and urban-built forms of Tripoli city (old city, colonial city, and post-colonial city), were selected for the purpose of this study. The results showed that during both seasons, the microclimatic conditions in the studied courtyards were varied depending mainly on the amount of solar radiation received by their surfaces. Spatial characteristics (architectural form, geometry and surface materials and colours) had important roles in shaping the microclimates of the studied sites during both seasons. The results also showed that the distribution of thermal sensation votes, overall comfort votes and thermal preference votes were different for both seasons, as well as for the sites. Air temperature and then wind speed were found to be the most important determinants of people comfort. The findings of the study also revealed that summer night-time is considered to be of concern for urban thermal comfort in outdoor environments in Tripoli. In general, the findings confirmed a strong relationship between the built urban form (spatial characteristics of the sites), the microclimatic conditions and people’s comfort.