Reforma catalítica de nafta é um dos processos mais importantes para a produção de gasolina de alta octanagem, hidrocarbonetos aromáticos e hidrogênio na indústria de petróleo e petroquímica. Para predizer os rendimentos e as propriedades dos produtos ou mesmo melhorar as condições de processo é recomendado descrever o processo matematicamente em termos de modelos cinéticos. A nafta tem um grande número de compostos com número de carbonos variando de cinco a doze, assim, um modelo considerando todos os componentes e reações, é complexo. Modelos baseados em lumps costumam agrupar os compostos em isômeros de mesma natureza. Neste trabalho, é proposto um modelo cinético de uma unidade comercial de reforma catalítica com regeneração contínua de catalisador (CCR Continuous Catalyst Regeneration) capaz de predizer o perfil de temperatura e a de composição dos produtos ao longo do reator. O modelo é baseado na análise de hidrocarbonetos parafínicos, naftênicos e aromáticos e na temperatura de carga. A cinética envolve 24 reações modeladas como de pseudo-primeira ordem e 19 componentes. Os parâmetros cinéticos foram estimados usando dados de uma unidade da Petrobras, localizada em Cubatão-SP. O modelo proposto descreve a operação de quatro reatores com fluxo radial representando-os como um reator de fluxo pistonado (PFR Plug Flow Reactor), pois nas condições de operação os efeitos de dispersão radial e axial são assumidos desprezíveis. Os resultados mostram que o modelo pode ser usado para prever os rendimentos de benzeno, tolueno, xileno e hidrogênio. Para os demais compostos os resultados demonstram a necessidade de sofisticação da abordagem. O modelo representa de forma adequada a variação da concentração dos compostos e da temperatura ao longo do inventário de catalisador. / Naphtha catalytic reforming is one of the most important processes for producing high octane gasoline, aromatic products and hydrogen in petroleum and petrochemical industries. To predict yield and properties of the products or even improve the process conditions it is recommended to mathematically describe the process in terms of kinetic models. The naphtha feedstock has a large number of compounds with carbon number ranging from five to twelve. Thus, a detailed kinetic model considering all the components and reactions is complex. Lumping models are used to group the compounds in terms of isomers of the same nature. A kinetic and reactor model of a commercial naphtha continuous catalytic reforming process is proposed to predict temperature profile and products composition. The model is based on paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics analysis and reformer inlet temperature. Kinetics involves 24 pseudo-first-order rate reactions with 19 compounds. All parameters were estimated from industrial data of a Petrobras Refinery at Cubatão-SP. The reactor model describes four radial flow reactors represented by a PFR, due to the fact that under typical reformer operating conditions, radial and axial dispersion effects were found to be negligible. Simulation results demonstrate good agreements between model predictions and actual plant data for benzene, toluene, xylenes and hydrogen. For the remaining compounds, the model output suggests the need for approach sophistication. Nevertheless, the model adequately represents

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo / A partir del término de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la comunidad internacional ha buscado dotar a la economía mundial de una estructura institucional que permita alcanzar, en la medida de lo posible, el mayor grado de desarrollo de los países del orbe. Esta cruzada descansa, principalmente, en la idea de que el libre comercio es la mejor alternativa posible para un mayor y mejor crecimiento económico. Es por esta razón que la finalidad perseguida por dicha institucionalidad es propender el libre comercio, estimulando el libre flujo de mercancías entre los distintos países y minimizando las trabas a los intercambios internacionales. Cuando se planteó el sistema internacional que debía regir tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, se diseñaron tres ámbitos básicos de acción, cada uno de los cuales debía generar una institución destinada a llevarla a cabo: en el ámbito financiero, el Fondo Monetario Internacional; en el ámbito del desarrollo, el Banco Mundial y en el ámbito de comercio la Organización de Comercio Internacional, la cual, a diferencia de las dos primeras, nunca llegó a ser ratificada. Sin embargo, para cubrir el vacío dejado por la no ratificación de la Organización de Comercio Internacional, el año 1947, en la ciudad de Ginebra, 23 países se reunieron en una ronda de negociaciones para reducir los aranceles. De estas negociaciones nació el Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio, GATT por su sigla en inglés, el cual sentó principios de comercio internacional a los que posteriormente adhirieron otros países, los cuales fueron dotando de una cierta estructura organizativa a dicho acuerdo.

This thesis focuses on description and analysis of Mexico in regional integrations. We assess agreements NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), MEUFTA (Mexico-European Union Free Trade Area) and Japan-Mexico EPA (Economic Partnership Agreement). These agreements are crucial for Mexico in terms of trade volumes of goods, services and capital. In the second part of the thesis we describe company 2N Telekomunikace a.s. and its expansion on the mexican telecommunications market with respect of MEUFTA effects. Trade effects analysis and future implications for individual countries are the outputs of the thesis.

Charakteristika uskupení NAFTA. Popis vztahů a jednotlivých sporů mezi členskými zeměmi. Rozbor veřejného mínění. Dopad na Kanadu a přístup Kanady ke uskupení NAFTA

This thesis analyze the economic development and FDI prospects in the context of the Free Trade Agreements that Mexico has signed in the context of NAFTA with the United States and Canada, as well as EU-MEXICO FTA with the European Union. The analysis will be focused around the regional allocation of FDI, the analysis of the main industrial sectors where FDI lands and on the most active foreign investors in the country. However, a new series of reforms and measures to advance liberalization have triggered the interest of other countries to invest in Mexico; Most notably, from Europe. These new FDI inflows are being allocated in different regions and shifting away from manufacturing industries into the service sectors and on to new investment opportunities in strategic industries.

The thesis deals with the topic of Carbon dioxide emissions that are created by Petrol, Diesel and CNG vehicles. In the first part of the thesis, the results of theoretical calculations are compared with the values of the manufacturer of the specific vehicle. In the second part, a specific method has been selected for calculations with real data from transport. The savings of CO2 produced by the specific vehicle are expressed in percentage – depending on the fuel used. The operating expenses from the real data are calculated and compared with hybrid and electric vehicles. In the final part of the thesis, the ratio of fleet type vehicles to the financial/ecological aspect was proposed.

The diploma thesis "Analysis of technical parameters of compression ignition engines" deals with the current concept of diesel engine construction. The introduction introduces the development of a diesel engine to the present. Furthermore, it discusses the current state of the engine design and its problems, there are presented the technical parameters of the selected set of diesel engines. The technical parameters are tabular, there is a graphical and computational analysis. The final stage of the work is to discuss and conclude on the topic of diesel combustion engines.

The work briefly summarizes, the analysis emerged by studying two particular moments in Mexican history with regards to its energy policies: with principal focus on the years of oil expropriation in 1938 and the promulgation of the Energy Reform of December of 2013 with the addition of exploring how the seek for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), appears as a factor of international economics that has influenced these processes. Since Enrique Peña Nieto arrived to power, the energy model of the Mexican Republic have experimented its biggest transformations after seventy-five years of protectionism. This last reform took to an end the monopoly in industry of the national oil company Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX). México belongs now to the North American Free Trade Agreement, previously non-existent when in the 30s president Lázaro Cardenas Del Rio elicited support of the population to expropriate the oil and gas industry. The purpose of this study is to analyze how historical driving forces on a geopolitical perspective, can influence the process of policy-making on the Mexican energy sector. Oil has been known as the blood of the political and economic system of Mexico. To this end, the thesis relies on Classical Geopolitics that combines the Realist Theory of International relations to explore the historical driving forces affecting the outcome of energy policies. With the classification of the geopolitical drivers, identified adopting the model of analysis of the international system proposed by Mark E. Williams, it is possible to reveal implications on the undergone changes in policymaking, especially on energy and foreign affairs. This work is the product of the insights on the impacts of the oil industry in energy policy making, and the repercussions this activity has on foreign policy.

No description available.

Mexico's Trade Policy During The Pe Kryštof Kozák, Ph.D. Despite the efforts of trading with other countries, there is still a dominant economic dependence on the United States due to the NAFTA agreement. The master thesis studies Mexico's trade policy and its effects on trade during the Peña Nieto administration with particular attention paid to how the government has tried to diversify trade. A descriptive analysis is used with research in exports, imports and foreign direct investment.