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Stress-induced suppression of natural killer cell activity during influenza viral infection: The role of glucocorticoids and opioidsTseng, Raymond J. 07 August 2006 (has links)
No description available.
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Analytical fusion of multimodal magnetic resonance imaging to identify pathological states in genetically selected Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) ratsCosa Liñán, Alejandro 06 November 2017 (has links)
[EN] Alcohol abuse is one of the most alarming issues for the health authorities. It is estimated that at least 23 million of European citizens are affected by alcoholism causing a cost around 270 million euros. Excessive alcohol consumption is related with physical harm and, although it damages the most of body organs, liver, pancreas, and brain are more severally affected. Not only physical harm is associated to alcohol-related disorders, but also other psychiatric disorders such as depression are often comorbiding. As well, alcohol is present in many of violent behaviors and traffic injures. Altogether reflects the high complexity of alcohol-related disorders suggesting the involvement of multiple brain systems.
With the emergence of non-invasive diagnosis techniques such as neuroimaging or EEG, many neurobiological factors have been evidenced to be fundamental in the acquisition and maintenance of addictive behaviors, relapsing risk, and validity of available treatment alternatives. Alterations in brain structure and function reflected in non-invasive imaging studies have been repeatedly investigated. However, the extent to which imaging measures may precisely characterize and differentiate pathological stages of the disease often accompanied by other pathologies is not clear. The use of animal models has elucidated the role of neurobiological mechanisms paralleling alcohol misuses. Thus, combining animal research with non-invasive neuroimaging studies is a key tool in the advance of the disorder understanding.
As the volume of data from very diverse nature available in clinical and research settings increases, an integration of data sets and methodologies is required to explore multidimensional aspects of psychiatric disorders. Complementing conventional mass-variate statistics, interests in predictive power of statistical machine learning to neuroimaging data is currently growing among scientific community.
This doctoral thesis has covered most of the aspects mentioned above. Starting from a well-established animal model in alcohol research, Marchigian Sardinian rats, we have performed multimodal neuroimaging studies at several stages of alcohol-experimental design including the etiological mechanisms modulating high alcohol consumption (in comparison to Wistar control rats), alcohol consumption, and treatment with the opioid antagonist Naltrexone, a well-established drug in clinics but with heterogeneous response. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging acquisition included Diffusion Tensor Imaging, structural imaging, and the calculation of magnetic-derived relaxometry maps. We have designed an analytical framework based on widely used algorithms in neuroimaging field, Random Forest and Support Vector Machine, combined in a wrapping fashion. Designed approach was applied on the same dataset with two different aims: exploring the validity of the approach to discriminate experimental stages running at subject-level and establishing predictive models at voxel-level to identify key anatomical regions modified during the experiment course.
As expected, combination of multiple magnetic resonance imaging modalities resulted in an enhanced predictive power (between 3 and 16%) with heterogeneous modality contribution. Surprisingly, we have identified some inborn alterations correlating high alcohol preference and thalamic neuroadaptations related to Naltrexone efficacy. As well, reproducible contribution of DTI and relaxometry -related biomarkers has been repeatedly identified guiding further studies in alcohol research.
In summary, along this research we demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating multimodal neuroimaging, machine learning algorithms, and animal research in the advance of the understanding alcohol-related disorders. / [ES] El abuso de alcohol es una de las mayores preocupaciones de las autoridades sanitarias en la Unión Europea. El consumo de alcohol en exceso afecta en mayor o menor medida la totalidad del organismo siendo el páncreas e hígado los más severamente afectados. Además de estos, el sistema nervioso central sufre deterioros relacionados con el alcohol y con frecuencia se presenta en paralelo con otras patologías psiquiátricas como la depresión u otras adicciones como la ludopatía. La presencia de estas comorbidades demuestra la complejidad de la patología en la que multitud de sistemas neuronales interaccionan entre sí.
El uso imágenes de resonancia magnética (RM) han ayudado en el estudio de enfermedades psiquiátricas facilitando el descubrimiento de mecanismos neurológicos fundamentales en el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la adicción al alcohol, recaídas y el efecto de los tratamientos disponibles. A pesar de los avances, todavía se necesita investigar más para identificar las bases biológicas que contribuyen a la enfermedad. En este sentido, los modelos animales sirven, por lo tanto, a discriminar aquellos factores únicamente relacionados con el alcohol controlando otros factores que facilitan el desarrollo del alcoholismo. Estudios de resonancia magnética en animales de laboratorio y su posterior evaluación en humanos juegan un papel fundamental en el entendimiento de las patologías psiquatricas como la addicción al alcohol.
La imagen por resonancia magnética se ha integrado en entornos clínicos como prueba diagnósticas no invasivas. A medida que el volumen de datos se va incrementando, se necesitan herramientas y metodologías capaces de fusionar información de muy distinta naturaleza y así establecer criterios diagnósticos cada vez más exactos. El poder predictivo de herramientas derivadas de la inteligencia artificial como el aprendizaje automático sirven de complemento a tradicionales métodos estadísticos.
En este trabajo se han abordado la mayoría de estos aspectos. Se han obtenido datos multimodales de resonancia magnética de un modelo validado en la investigación de patologías derivadas del consumo del alcohol, las ratas Marchigian-Sardinian desarrolladas en la Universidad de Camerino (Italia) y con consumos de alcohol comparables a los humanos. Para cada animal se han adquirido datos antes y después del consumo de alcohol y bajo dos condiciones de abstinencia (con y sin tratamiento de Naltrexona, una medicaciones anti-recaídas usada como farmacoterapia en el alcoholismo). Los datos de resonancia magnética multimodal consistentes en imágenes de difusión, de relaxometría y estructurales se han fusionado en un esquema analítico multivariable incorporando dos herramientas generalmente usadas en datos derivados de neuroimagen, Random Forest y Support Vector Machine. Nuestro esquema fue aplicado con dos objetivos diferenciados. Por un lado, determinar en qué fase experimental se encuentra el sujeto a partir de biomarcadores y por el otro, identificar sistemas cerebrales susceptibles de alterarse debido a una importante ingesta de alcohol y su evolución durante la abstinencia.
Nuestros resultados demostraron que cuando biomarcadores derivados de múltiples modalidades de neuroimagen se fusionan en un único análisis producen diagnósticos más exactos que los derivados de una única modalidad (hasta un 16% de mejora). Biomarcadores derivados de imágenes de difusión y relaxometría discriminan estados experimentales. También se han identificado algunos aspectos innatos que están relacionados con posteriores comportamientos con el consumo de alcohol o la relación entre la respuesta al tratamiento y los datos de resonancia magnética.
Resumiendo, a lo largo de esta tesis, se demuestra que el uso de datos de resonancia magnética multimodales en modelos animales combinados en esquemas analíticos multivariados es una herramienta válida en el entendimiento de patologías / [CAT] L'abús de alcohol es una de les majors preocupacions per part de les autoritats sanitàries de la Unió Europea. Malgrat la dificultat de establir xifres exactes, se estima que uns 23 milions de europeus actualment sofreixen de malalties derivades del alcoholisme amb un cost que supera els 150.000 milions de euros per a la societat. Un consum de alcohol en excés afecta en major o menor mesura el cos humà sent el pàncreas i el fetge el més afectats. A més, el cervell sofreix de deterioraments produïts per l'alcohol i amb freqüència coexisteixen amb altres patologies com depressió o altres addiccions com la ludopatia. Tot aquest demostra la complexitat de la malaltia en la que múltiple sistemes neuronals interactuen entre si.
Tècniques no invasives com el encefalograma (EEG) o imatges de ressonància magnètica (RM) han ajudat en l'estudi de malalties psiquiàtriques facilitant el descobriment de mecanismes neurològics fonamentals en el desenvolupament i manteniment de la addició, recaiguda i la efectivitat dels tractaments disponibles. Tot i els avanços, encara es necessiten més investigacions per identificar les bases biològiques que contribueixen a la malaltia. En aquesta direcció, el models animals serveixen per a identificar únicament dependents del abús del alcohol. Estudis de ressonància magnètica en animals de laboratori i posterior avaluació en humans jugarien un paper fonamental en l' enteniment de l'ús del alcohol.
L'ús de probes diagnostiques no invasives en entorns clínics has sigut integrades. A mesura que el volum de dades es incrementa, eines i metodologies per a la fusió d' informació de molt distinta natura i per tant, establir criteris diagnòstics cada vegada més exactes. La predictibilitat de eines desenvolupades en el camp de la intel·ligència artificial com la aprenentatge automàtic serveixen de complement a mètodes estadístics tradicionals.
En aquesta investigació se han abordat tots aquestes aspectes. Dades multimodals de ressonància magnètica se han obtingut de un model animal validat en l'estudi de patologies relacionades amb el consum d'alcohol, les rates Marchigian-Sardinian desenvolupades en la Universitat de Camerino (Italià) i amb consums d'alcohol comparables als humans. Per a cada animal es van adquirir dades previs i després al consum de alcohol i dos condicions diferents de abstinència (amb i sense tractament anti-recaiguda). Dades de ressonància magnètica multimodal constituides per imatges de difusió, de relaxometria magnètica i estructurals van ser fusionades en esquemes analítics multivariats incorporant dues metodologies validades en el camp de neuroimatge, Random Forest i Support Vector Machine. Nostre esquema ha sigut aplicat amb dos objectius diferenciats. El primer objectiu es determinar en quina fase experimental es troba el subjecte a partir de biomarcadors obtinguts per neuroimatge. Per l'altra banda, el segon objectiu es identificar el sistemes cerebrals susceptibles de ser alterats durant una important ingesta de alcohol i la seua evolució durant la fase del tractament.
El nostres resultats demostraren que l'ús de biomarcadors derivats de varies modalitats de neuroimatge fusionades en un anàlisis multivariat produeixen diagnòstics més exactes que els derivats de una única modalitat (fins un 16% de millora). Biomarcadors derivats de imatges de difusió i relaxometria van contribuir de distints estats experimentals. També s'han identificat aspectes innats que estan relacionades amb posterior preferències d'alcohol o la relació entre la resposta al tractament anti-recaiguda i les dades de ressonància magnètica.
En resum, al llarg de aquest treball, es demostra que l'ús de dades de ressonància magnètica multimodal en models animals combinats en esquemes analítics multivariats són una eina molt valida en l'enteniment i avanç de patologies psiquiàtriques com l'alcoholisme. / Cosa Liñán, A. (2017). Analytical fusion of multimodal magnetic resonance imaging to identify pathological states in genetically selected Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) rats [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90523
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Desenvolvimento de microemulsões e sua transformação in situ em géis de fase líquido-cristalina como plataforma para liberação sustentada de fármacos e seu uso no tratamento do alcoolismo. / Development of microemulsions and their in situ transformation in liquid-crystalline phase gels as a platform for sustained release of drugs and their use in the treatment of alcoholism.Santos, Rogério Aparecido dos 06 December 2017 (has links)
Este estudo visa o desenvolvimento de microemulsões que, após captação de água do tecido subcutâneo, transformar-se-ão em gel nanoestruturado de fase hexagonal para liberação sustentada de naltrexona e tratamento do alcoolismo. A microemulsão selecionada, composta por monooleína, tricaprilina, propilenoglicol e água (ME-MO) resultou na liberação in vitro de 31 % de naltrexona em 96 h. Após sua administração subcutânea, foi observada formação do gel em 48 h, o qual persistiu por mais de 30 dias in vivo, promovendo liberação prolongada do marcador fluorescente Alexa flúor. A eficácia da formulação foi avaliada em modelo de preferência condicionada por lugar induzida por etanol; ME-MO com 5 e 10% de naltrexona foi comparada à solução de naltrexona diária. Não observou-se diferença significativa entre a solução de naltrexona e ME-MO 5%, enquanto que ME-MO 10% diferiu destas, e antagonizou a preferência condicionada por lugar. Esses resultados demonstram o potencial de ME-MO como uma plataforma para liberação prolongada de fármacos no tratamento de dependência química. / This study focuses on the development of microemulsions that after in vivo water uptake of the subcutaneous tissue will turn into liquid-crystalline gels for sustained release of naltrexone, used in the treatment of alcoholism. Three microemulsions based on monoolein and tricapryline (ME-MO), vitamin E TPGS and propylene glycol, TPGS and Span were selected. The latter resulted is faster drug release (65% in 96 h). Based on the ability of the gel formed to withstand dilution, ME-MO was selected for in vivo studies. After subcutaneous administration, hexagonal phase formation was observed in 48 h and its persistence for more than 30 days in those animals. The efficacy of the formulation was assessed using conditioned preference place model. The animals were divided into four groups: Saline (control); Naltrexone solution (1 mg / kg) daily for 8 days (30 min before ethanol administration), and ME-MO with 5% or 10% naltrexone (single administration). The results suggest that ME-MO 10% antagonized the preference induced by ethanol.
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Design, Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of Potential Mu Opioid Receptor Selective LigandsKulkarni, Abhishek S 01 January 2019 (has links)
Selective Mu Opioid Receptor (MOR) antagonists possess immense potential in the treatment of opioid abuse/addiction. Utilizing the “message-address” concept, our laboratory reported a novel, reversible, non-peptide MOR selective antagonist 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6β-[(4՛-pyridyl)carboxamido]morphinan (NAP). Molecular modeling studies revealed that the selectivity of NAP for the MOR is because of a π-π stacking interaction of its pyridine ring with the Trp318residue in theMOR. Pharmacological characterization showed that NAP is a P-glycoprotein substrate, thereby limiting its use in the treatment of opioid abuse/addiction. Thus, to modify NAP, we replaced the pyridine ring with its isosteric counterpart thiophene. Isosteric replacement could lead to development of compounds with different pharmacologic properties. Additionally, exploring other ring systems would diversify and enrich our library of compounds and aid in establishing a comprehensive structure-activity relationship. Therefore, newly synthesized compounds included thiophene derivatives of 6α/β-naltrexamine with potential to be used in the treatment of opioid abuse/addiction. Preliminary in vivo screening revealed that compounds 8 and 11 could be acting as antagonists.
To aid in the design and synthesis of newer generation of MOR selective analogs, a 3-Dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (3D-QSAR) Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) on 6β-N-heterocyclic substituted naltrexamine derivatives was conducted. After rigorous optimizations, the best CoMFA model possessed low predictive power. Results obtained suggested that small structural changes could lead to significant change in binding modes of these ligands. To further validate this observation, molecular docking studies were performed which revealed that these ligands indeed possessed multiple distinct binding modes thereby offering rationale for the CoMFA results. Thus, overall this study furnished useful information about the complexity of protein-ligand interactions which will aid in designing more potent and selective MOR ligands.
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Estudo da influência dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados na dependência e no craving pelo álcool / The influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids in alcohol dependence and cravingFogaça, Marina Neves [UNIFESP] 24 November 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2011-11-24 / Introdução: A fração lipídica das membranas celulares consiste de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFAS) e o uso crônico do álcool altera sua composição, modificando a permeabilidade. Portanto, a administração de PUFAS pode ser um potencial tratamento para evitar a compulsão pelo álcool. Metodologia: Este foi um estudo placebo controlado, duplo-cego, randomizado, onde, "PUFAS”, “Naltrexone”, “Naltrexone + PUFAS" e "Placebo", foram administrados por 90 dias, sendo aplicadas escalas para avaliar o craving pelo álcool (OCDS) e a severidade da dependência do álcool (SADD) no início e 90 dias após a administração das substâncias. Resultados: Após 3 meses de seguimento, houve uma melhora significativa ao longo do tempo em relação aos "dias de ingesta", SADD e OCDS em todos os grupos (p <0,001) dentre os 43 pacientes que completaram o estudo. A comparação entre os grupos quanto aos "dias de ingesta" não demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significante (F = 0,71, p = 0,69). O mesmo efeito foi observado para a compulsão (OCDS) (F = 1,08, p = 0,37) e escala de severidade da dependência (SADD) (F = 0,73, p = 0,53). Conclusões: A administração de n-3 e n-6 PUFAS por 3 meses não diferiu significativamente do placebo na redução da quantidade de ingesta de álcool, ou dos escores de OCDS e SADD em um grupo de pacientes dependentes de álcool. Estudos posteriores com mais participantes, ou com tratamento mais prolongado são necessários para avaliar o possível benefício da administração de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados para pacientes dependentes de álcool, quer como monoterapia ou em combinação com o Naltrexone. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações
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Stellenwert des Opioidantagonisten Naltrexon bei stationär behandelten Borderline-Patienten / Improvement of Borderline Personality Disorder with Naltrexone: Results of a retroperspective evaluationMeiser, Miriam 05 October 2016 (has links)
No description available.
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Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit von Naltrexon im Vergleich zu Placebo auf die Motivation, für Alkoholzufuhr Arbeit zu leisten: Eine laborexperimentelle klinische Studie mit RisikotrinkernSpreer, Maik 05 February 2025 (has links)
Einleitung: Wegen der hohen Prävalenz und der schwerwiegenden gesundheitlichen, sozialen und ökonomischen Folgen des weltweiten Alkoholkonsums ist die Erforschung besserer medikamentöser Behandlungsoptionen der Alkoholabhängigkeit von entscheidender Bedeutung. Klinische Studien für alle potentiell wirksamen pharmakologischen Ansatzpunkte durchzuführen, erscheint jedoch nicht realistisch. Mit dem „Testsystem für Medikamente bei Alkoholabhängigkeit“ (TEMA) wurde eine Methode entwickelt, die bestimmte präklinische Paradigmen in ein humanes Laborexperiment überträgt. Neben der Abbildung suchttypischen Verhaltens können damit auch verschiedene Kontingenzen zwischen Suchtverhalten und Verstärkung modelliert und eine bessere experimentelle Kontrolle über Alkoholexposition ermöglicht werden. Das TEMA sollte in der TEMANX-Studie validiert werden. Dazu sollte nachgewiesen werden, dass der µ-Opiat-Rezeptorantagonist Naltrexon gegenüber Placebo die Bereitschaft reduziert, in einem Laborexperiment Arbeit für Alkohol zu leisten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Daten der TEMANX-Studie ausgewertet. Methoden: 46 nicht alkoholabhängige aber riskant trinkende Freiwillige (6 weiblich), darunter 17 Träger des OPRM1 A118G-Polymorphismus, führten zwei Experimente mit intravenöser Alkoholselbstverabreichung (ASA) durch. Das erste Experiment wurde vor, das zweite nach mindestens 7 Tagen randomisierter doppelblinder Behandlung mit Naltrexon bis 50 mg pro Tag oder Placebo durchgeführt. Jede Alkoholinfusion erforderte vorherige Arbeit in einer Aufmerksamkeitsaufgabe, deren Anforderungen gemäß einem progressiven Arbeitsschema im Verlauf exponentiell gesteigert wurden. Die Dynamik der Alkoholexposition und die steigende Arbeitsanforderung ermöglichte die Abbildung von einer initialen Anstiegsphase mit schnell steigenden Blutalkoholkonzentrationen (BAK), gefolgt von einer Plateauphase. In letzterer konnte die BAK trotz kontinuierlicher Arbeit für Alkohol nicht weiter erhöht, sondern ein Abfall der BAK nur verlangsamt werden. Ergebnisse: Personen, die mit Naltrexon behandelt wurden, reduzierten ihre kumulative
Arbeitsleistung für Alkohol (cWFA) stärker als Teilnehmer in der Placebogruppe. Dieser Unterschied in der primären Zielgröße war in den vorab definierten Analysen der gesamten 150 Minuten der ASA, nicht statistisch signifikant (p = 0,471, Cohen’s d = 0,215). In den sekundären Zielgrößen zeigten sich ebenfalls keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Die Naltrexon-Serumspiegel korrelierten mit der Veränderung der Naltrexon-induzierten cWFA (r = −0,53; p = 0,014). Separate explorative Analysen ergaben, dass Naltrexon die cWFA während der Anstiegsphase signifikant reduzierte, nicht aber während der Plateauphase. Phasenabhängigtraten Korrelationen zwischen der cWFA und der Veränderungen der subjektiven Maße von alkoholinduzierter Stimulation, Wohlbefinden und Verlangen auf, welche durch Naltrexon modifiziert wurden. Naltrexon veränderte weder das reale Trinkverhalten noch das Alkohol-Craving. Der OPRM1-Polymorphismus konnte die Wirkung von Naltrexon nicht vorhersagen. Die Studienmedikation wurde gut vertragen und die TEMA-Prozeduren waren praktikabel und veranlassten keinen Teilnehmer zum Studienabbruch. Diskussion: Aufgrund eines starken Placeboeffekts konnte die Überlegenheit von Naltrexon gegenüber Placebo in den vorab geplanten Analysen nicht validiert werden. Unter Berücksichtigung der Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung der Naltrexon-Serumspiegel sowie aufgrund des Naltrexoneffekts in der Anstiegsphase, während die BAK anstieg, ist dennoch ein Medikamenteneffekt anzunehmen. Die phasenabhängigen Korrelationen der cWFA und den subjektiven Maßen legen nahe, dass die WFA während Anstiegsphase positiv und während der Plateauphase möglicherweise negativ verstärkt wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigten sich trotz der verhältnismäßig kleinen Stichprobe nicht alkoholabhängiger freiwilliger Probanden und obwohl Naltrexon weder die Trinkmenge noch das Craving im richtigen Leben veränderte. Das TEMA stellt damit das erste Laborparadigma dar, das in der Lage ist, verschiedene Trinkmotivationen innerhalb eines Experiments zu modellieren. Deswegen hat es das Potential, in Zukunft schnell und effektiv potentielle Medikamente zu überprüfen, deren klinischer Wirkmechanismus nicht gut bekannt ist und zur Entscheidung beizutragen, ob es sich lohnt bestimmte neue Substanzen in großen klinischen Studien weiter zu untersuchen. Ein erstes Ergebnis ist ein experimenteller Nachweis, dass Naltrexon möglicherweise gezielt das positiv verstärkte Trinkverhalten reduzieren könnte.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis
Abbildungsverzeichnis
Tabellenverzeichnis
Publikationen
I. Einleitung
I.1. Alkoholkonsum: Epidemiologische Betrachtung und Folgen
I.2. Therapie der Alkoholabhängigkeit
I.2.1. Überblick
I.2.2. Zugelassene medikamentöse Behandlungsoptionen
I.2.3. Beispiele medikamentöser Off-label Behandlungsoptionen.
I.3. Entwicklung neuer Substanzen zur Behandlung der Alkoholabhängigkeit
I.4. Experimentelle Alkoholselbstverabreichung als Screening-Methode für neue wirksame Substanzen
I.5. Vorteile und Schwächen bestehender Methoden der Alkohol-Selbstverabreichung
I.5.1. Zugangswege zur Verabreichung von Alkohol
I.5.2. Die Abbildung suchtspezifischen Verhaltens in der experimentellen Alkohol-
Selbstverabreichung
I.6. Die TEMANX Studie
I.6.1. Das in der TEMANX-Studie verwendete Paradigma
a) Computergestütztes Alkoholinfusionssystem
b) Verwendung eines progressiven Arbeitsschemas für Alkoholanforderungen
c) Abbildung verschiedener Kontingenzen zwischen Verhalten und Verstärkung
d) Naltrexon als Referenzsubstanz
e) Kochsalzlösung als alternativer Verstärker
I.7. Stellenwert der vorliegenden Arbeit
II. Material und Methoden
II.1. Teilnehmer und Rekrutierung
II.1.1. Rekrutierung
II.1.2. Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien
II.2. Studienablauf
II.2.1. Teilnehmerfluss während des Studienverlaufs
a) (Pre)-Screening
b) Anreicherung der Stichprobe mit Trägern des A118G-Polymorphismus-Allels des OPRM1-Gens
II.2.2. Versuchsablauf
II.2.3. Verfahren zur Alkohol- und Kochsalzinfusion
II.2.4. Arbeitsaufgabe „Constant Attention Task“
II.2.5. Erhebung der Zielgrößen
a) Erfassung der Parameter der Alkoholinfusion und des CAT
b) Erfassung subjektiver Daten
II.2.6. Prüfmedikation
II.2.7. Compliance und Messung des Naltrexon-Serum-Spiegels
II.2.8. Randomisierung:
II.2.9. DNA-Präparation und Genotypisierung
II.3. Ziele / Hypothesen
II.4. Statistische Auswertung:
III. Ergebnisse
III.1. Demographische Daten und Baseline-Charakteristika
III.2. Konfirmatorische Datenanalyse
III.2.1. Intention to Treat-Population
a) Primäre Zielgröße
b) Sekundäre Ziele:
III.2.2. Per-Protocol-Analyse
III.2.3. OPRM1-Polymorphismus
III.3. Ergebnisse explorativer Analysen zur Wirksamkeit
III.3.1. Untersuchung verschiedener Phasen des Selbstverabreichungsexperimentes:
III.3.2. Naltrexon-Serumspiegel in der Naltrexongruppe:
III.4. Analyse der subjektiven Daten
III.5. Ergebnisse zur Sicherheit
III.5.1. AEs und SAEs
III.5.2. Laborsicherheitsparameter
IV. Diskussion
IV.1. Studienziele
IV.2. Naltrexoneffekte in den verschiedenen Experimentalphasen
IV.3. Medikationseffekte in der Anstiegsphase
IV.4. Medikationseffekte in der Plateauphase
IV.5. Interpretation der subjektiven Alkoholeffekte in Bezug auf die primäre Zielgröße
IV.6. Die Rolle des OPRM1-Polymorphismus
IV.7. Kumulative Arbeit für Kochsalzlösung
IV.8. Diskussion der Sicherheit und Verträglichkeit
IV.9. Stärken und Limitationen:
IV.10. Stellenwert der Ergebnisse
IV.10.1. Einordnung innerhalb der humaner Laborstudien mit ASA und Ausblick
IV.10.2. Das TEMA als Screening-Instrument
Zusammenfassung
Summary
Literaturverzeichnis
Danksagung
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Individual differences in behavior, neurochemistry and pharmacology associated with voluntary alcohol intakeMomeni, Shima January 2015 (has links)
Alcohol use disorder is a worldwide public health problem and is a disorder with substantial individual variation. There are suggested links between various behavioral traits, comorbid psychiatric diseases and excessive alcohol consumption. Moreover, the endogenous opioid system is involved in alcohol reward and reinforcement, and implicated in the action of alcohol. However, less is known about the complex associations between individual differences in behavior, alcohol consumption, pharmacotherapy response and related neurochemical mechanisms. Experimental animal models are critical for understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of alcohol use disorder. The overall aims of this thesis were: i) to study the association between behavior and voluntary alcohol intake in outbred rats; ii) to study the association of voluntary alcohol intake, behavior, opioid receptor density and response to naltrexone; and iii) to obtain detailed behavioral characterizations of the animals on the basis of their voluntary alcohol intake. The results revealed that the multivariate concentric square fieldTM (MCSF) test was a complementary method for understanding mechanisms underlying various mental states. The MCSF broadened the perspective on risk-related behaviors, including aspects of risk assessment. Individual differences in alcohol intake using the modified intermittent access paradigm enabled analyses of drinking patterns in high and low alcohol-drinking rats. There was an alcohol deprivation effect in high-drinking animals only. The behavior profiling of high alcohol drinking- rats before and after alcohol access suggested that this subgroup was consuming alcohol for its anxiolytic properties. Long-lasting changes were found in the mu and the delta opioid receptors after long-term, intermittent voluntary alcohol intake; some of these changes are in line with findings in humans. The voluntary alcohol consumption and the concomitant response to naltrexone were different for Wistar rats from different suppliers. Moreover, the Rcc Wistar rats may be more suitable for studies of alcohol use disorders due to increasing alcohol intake and the presence of a high-drinking subpopulation with increasing alcohol intake over time. The high-drinking subpopulation showed pronounced effects of naltrexone on alcohol intake. In conclusion, studies of individual differences increase understanding of variability in behavior, pharmacotherapy response and factors involved in vulnerability of alcohol use disorders.
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Naltrexone maintenance therapy with pellet implantation as an aid for relapse prevention of heroin dependent individuals : a South African perspectiveVan der Walt, Hugo Denton 09 1900 (has links)
Heroin use and dependency is a growing concern within South Africa, individuals face difficulty in remaining abstinent from the use of heroin due to constant relapse. The opioid antagonist known as the naltrexone pellet implant offers an alternative form of aid to relapse prevention in the recovery and abstinence from heroin dependency. This qualitative study explored the subjective experiences and perceptions of heroin dependent individuals, that made use of the naltrexone pellet implant. This study was rooted in the interpretive, qualitative paradigm where a phenomenological research design was used. Participants were selected using a purposive, snowball sampling technique and four individuals who had made use of the naltrexone pellet implant for the aid in heroin dependency for a minimum of three-months were interviewed. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to extract recurrent themes across participants. The findings suggested that the use of the naltrexone pellet implant was beneficial in the aid for relapse prevention from heroin use. Furthermore, the exploration of difficulties that were faced in remaining abstinent, the attempt to make use of the naltrexone pellet implant and the physical and psychological aspects regarding the use of this alternative method of remaining abstinent were explored in this study. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology (Research Consultation))
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