Spelling suggestions: "subject:"namibia -- enconomic policy"" "subject:"namibia -- beconomic policy""
1 |
Investment opportunities and poverty alleviation in NamibiaKeding, Wolfgang 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Republic of Namibia gained its independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990. The
divided economic sector between modem European orientated and the underdeveloped African
sector places major challenges on the government, the business sector and on the population
itself. Vast differences exist between income, educational level, and living conditions and life
expectations. The economy can be described as stable. Mining, fishing and agriculture are the
main contributors to the economy. Currently the government maintains a budget deficit of 23.5%
of the Gross Domestic Product. The economic policy can be described as open and democratic.
Exchange rates and interest rates are market-determined.
The comparatively high Gini - Coefficient of 0,7%, an unemployment rate of 34% and the
decrease of the life expectancy rate are major challenges faced by the government of the day.
Since independence Namibia has become a member of many regional and world organisations.
These organisations support Namibia in various development projects, which will contribute t a
stable economy.
The composition of the Namibian population together with the size of the country and its various
natural resources makes Namibia not very attractive for major manufacturers or industrialisation.
Therefore the development of Small Macro and Medium Enterprises are of utmost importance.
Namibia has developed a sophisticated financial sector, compared to other African countries. The
Namibian Stock Exchange was established during 1992 and has developed into the second
largest stock exchange in Africa. Treasury Bills and Government Bonds have been introduced as
investment tools. Various state-supported institutions have been founded to support economic
development.
The Ministry of Trade and Industry implemented various tax incentives to attract foreign and local
investments. However these measures have not had the expected effect.
Namibia can learn few things from Mauritius, which has had basically the same historical
development and economic composition.
To ensure future investments in Namibia the government should consider the implementation of
an investment tax, the implementation of an Unemployment Insurance Fund, and the support of unemployed people. The effect of HIV/AIDS will have a major impact on the economy of the
country.
The regional development will have a major effect on the national economy. The Southern African
Development Community should create a regional currency, a standard economic and political
structure and a free trade area. Such a regional development will have a positive effect on all
national economies.
Namibia has enough investment opportunities for national and foreign investors. Political and
economical stability has to be maintained to ensure continuous future support of the investors. To
fight poverty additional steps have to be taken so that within 20 years poverty in Namibia is not an
issue anymore. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Republiek van Namibië het op 21 Maart 1990 onafhanklik geword. Die groot ekonomiese
verskille tussen moderne Europese en ander ontwikkelde Afrikaanse sektore plaas die regering,
die besigheids sektor en die inwoners voor 'n groot uitdaging. Groot verskille bestaan tussen
inkomste, opvoeding, lewens omstandighede en verwagte lewensduur. Die ekonomie kan as
stabiel beskryf word. Huidiglik handhaaf die regering 'n begrotingstekort van 23.5% van die
Nasionale Bruto Binnelandse Produk. Die ekonomiese beleid kan as demokraties en oop beskryf
word. Die wisselkoerse en rentekoerse word deur die mark bepaal.
Die relatief hoë Gini koefisiënt van 0.7%, 'n werkloosheidspersentasie van 34% en 'n daling in die
verwagte lewensduur stel die regering voor 'n groot uitdaging.
Sedert onafhanklikheid het Namibië lid geword van talle streeks- en werêld organisasies. Hierdie
organisasies ondersteun Namibië in verskillende ontwikkelingsprojekte, wat 'n stabiele ekonomie
tot gevolg sal hê.
Die samestelling van die bevolking van Namibië en die grootte van die land tesame met die
natuurlike hulpbronne maak dit aanloklik vir groot fabrieke en industrieë. Die ontwikkeling van
mikro en klein besighede is dus uiters belangrik.
Namibië het 'n gesofistukeerde finansiële sektor in vergelyking met ander Afrika lande ontwikkel.
Die Namibiese effektebeurs is 1992 in die lewe geroep en het tot die tweede grootste
effektebeurs in Afrika ontwikkel. Skatkis briewe en regerings skuldbriewe is ingevoer as
beleggings moontlikhede. Verskillende regerings en ondersteunende instansies het onstaan om
ekonomiese ontwikkelling te bevorder.
Die Ministerie van Handel en Ontwikkeling het verskillende belasting voordele geskep om
buitelandse beleggers te trek. Tot op die huidige dag het hierdie voordele nie die gewensde effek
gehad nie.
Namibië kan baie van Mauritius leer, wat basies dieselfde historiese ontwikkeling gehad het en
dieselfde ekonomiese samestelling het.
Om toekomstige ontwikkeling te verseker, behoort die regering die implementering van 'n
beleggersbelasting te oorweeg, sowel as 'n werkloosheidsversekeringsfonds om werklose mense
te help ondersteun. Die effek van MIV/VIGS sal 'n groot uitwerking hê op die ekonomie van die
land. Streeksontwikkeling in Suider-Afrika sal 'n groot effek op die ontwikkelling van die nasionale
ekonomie hê. Die Suid Afrikaanse Ontwikkelings Vereniging behoort een gesamentlike
geldeenheid, 'n standaard ekonomiese en politieke beleid te hê om 'n vrye handelssone te
implementeer. Die streeksontwikkeling sal 'n positiewe effek op alle nasionale ekonomieë hê.
Namibië het genoeg beleggingsmoontlikhede vir nasionale en buitelandse ontwikkellaars.
Politieke en ekonomiese stabiliteit behoort gehandhaaf te word om toekomstige steun van
beleggers te waarborg. Om armoede te bekamp, moet addisionele stappe geneem word om te
verseker dat dit oor 20 jaar geen probleem meer sal wees nie.
|
2 |
Computer-assisted analysis of Namibian land reform policyOkafor, Uzochukwu Godsway Ojo 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPA (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The focus of this research is on the analysis of Namibian land reform policy. The primary objective is to identify the prevailing values behind the land reform, formulate precise objectives that reflect the inherent values, and analyse the existing options with a view to identifying the delivery mechanism(s) most appropriate to meeting the land reform objectives and to delivering the desired outcomes in a sustainable way.
Namibia inherited skewed land ownership. The land reform debate focuses mainly on the redistribution of commercial farms, which are mostly owned by whites, and the tenure reform in the communal areas. The Namibian land reform rests on a tripartite scheme: Resettlement, Affirmative Action Loan Scheme (AALS) and the Development of Communal Areas (DCA). These approaches are governed by a number of policies and laws.
Land reform is a very complex and emotion-laden phenomenon with multiple dimensions, which include moral, historical, social, economic, environmental and technical aspects. The land question in Namibia is a race question. While politicians argue publicly that land reform is important to boost the economy and reduce poverty, in reality the focus is on having more black Namibians own more of Namibia’s commercial farmland. This discrepancy between public pronouncements and actual motive may be responsible for the lack of clear objectives for the land reform policy. The analysis of Namibian land reform policy will require formulation of precise objectives.
Because Namibia is the driest country south of the Sahara, sustainable management of land is imperative. Finding ways of achieving a politically acceptable racial balance of commercial land ownership and sustainable utilisation of redistributed land within an optimum time span is a challenge. The formulation of Namibian land reform policy was not preceded by any attempt at prior policy analysis. An ad hoc and crisis-management approach prevailed.
A policy issue analysis approach has been used in this study. It is based primarily on a literature review augmented with questionnaires and interviews with selected key stakeholders. A stratified sampling technique was applied in the selection of the key stakeholders. The three groups identified were the policy-formulation and implementation group, the commercial farmers and the emerging farmers. VISA, a multi-criteria decision analysis package, was used to analyse and compare the three land reform approaches, while PolicyMaker software was used to analyse political actors and suggest strategies that can enhance the policy’s feasibility.
The literature review and questionnaires revealed that the objectives of the land reform policy include correcting the skewed ownership of commercial farmland to reflect the demography of Namibia, alleviating poverty and achieving social and economic equity for all citizens. The programme should be sociologically, economically and environmentally sustainable.
Combining all these objectives as criteria for evaluation, VISA demonstrates that the affirmative action loan scheme has the greatest potential for meeting the objectives followed by resettlement and development of communal areas respectively. Using the PolicyMaker software, stakeholders were categorised into supporters, opponents and non-mobilised; opportunities and obstacles were identified and strategies devised to harness opportunities and diffuse opposition. / cmc2010
|
3 |
The magnitude and determinants of capital flight burden : a case study of Namibia, 1990 - 2005Naanda, Sara Ndapewa Mutaleni 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2006. / Capital flight is a serious problem for Namibia as well as other countries. If not addressed, it
will continue to impede national investment, macro-economic management and economic
growth. These issues are particularly pertinent to Africa in view of it is high incidence of capital
flight in the presence of foreign exchange constraints, limited foreign capital flows, external
indebtedness and high dependence on overseas development assistance.
The purpose of the study is to determine the magnitude and determinants of the capital flight
burden in Namibia for the period 1990-2005. The study consists of a literature review,
identifying an appropriate model for the capital flight burden in Namibia, data collection, and
estimating and testing of the model using secondary data from Namibia.
The study adopts two approaches to measure the extent of capital flight from Namibia: the
residual approach and the Morgan Guaranty Trust method which is modified from the residual
method of calculating capital flight. The residual method is an indirect approach based on a
comparison between sources of capital inflows with the uses of these inflows. This approach
was changed by Morgan Guaranty to include an additional item, the change in short-term foreign
assets of the domestic banking system.
The estimates from the study indicate capital reversal from Namibia over the IS-year period,
averaging U$88.2 million using the residual method and U$200.4 million using the Morgan
Guaranty method. The findings, although different from the picture on the ground, create a very
good base for future research on capital flight in Namibia, which tends to be more uniformly
related to portfolio diversification. The results from the three main model variants are
unequivocal and indicate that an increase in aid and concessional grants tends to reduce the
capital flight burden, while on the other hand the burden is seriously increased by depreciation of
the Namibian dollar and an increase in inflation. These results have important implications for
the Central Bank and the Treasury in tenns of strategic economic policy reforms.
|
4 |
An analysis into the implementation of Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) in Namibia : selected case studiesTeek, Pia Mbemurukira 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPA (Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISCH ABSTRACT:
Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) in Namibia is viewed as an essential poverty
reduction strategy in the fight against black disempowerment. However, the concept and
practice of BEE in Namibia, prevails in the absence of a national BEE policy.
Nonetheless, the government has encouraged the public and private sector to develop
their own empowerment initiatives, in accordance with the draft BEE guidelines.
The practice of BEE in Namibia has become controversial amongst the presently
disadvantaged Namibians with regard to its implementation. Criticisms on the
implementation of BEE are based on the assumption that BEE has resulted in the selfenrichment
of a small black elite as opposed to empowering the poor. Breaking the cycle
of underdevelopment and marginalization requires a commitment towards Broad-Based
Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) and broad-based ownership. The ultimate
objectives of BBBEE are to achieve significant decreases in poverty, income inequality
and unemployment.
The primary objective of the research was to analyze the implementation of BBBEE
within two companies in Namibia, namely; Namibia Mineworkers Investment Company
Financial Services (Nam-MIC FS) and the National Housing Enterprise (NHE). The
purpose was to determine whether the poor are benefiting from their respective BBBEE
strategies and to what extent. A descriptive case study approach was used to understand
the empowerment process within the identified institutions. Two data collection methods
were used, namely; open-ended questionnaires and standardized open-ended interviewing
with the Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of the respective institutions.
The findings reveal that Nam-MIC FS is promoting broad-based ownership in that union
members are able to access affordable financial services and products. However, Nam-
MIC FS has failed to effectively implement BBBEE, since key areas of empowerment,
such as the implementation of a broad-based skills development programme for
employees, Small Medium Enterprise (SME) development for union members and
community initiatives have been overlooked. The conclusion is that Nam-MIC FS is promoting a minimalist approach to empowerment, since its main focus is on the
provision of affordable financial services and products, which is a short-term and
unsustainable approach to reducing income inequalities and poverty. The main
recommendations include the need to formulate and implement internal policies in
respect of the transformational guidelines and implementing a monitoring and evaluation
system.
The findings on NHE reveal that whilst a BBBEE model has been implemented, a
shortcoming is the failure to implement a skills development programme for black SME
contractors. Moreover, of concern is the failure by NHE to promote broad-based
ownership in the provision of housing, since the poor and very poor are directly and
indirectly excluded from housing opportunities. The conclusion is that NHE is not
promoting the broader participation, capacity building and economic improvement of the
poor and very poor, which exacerbates the housing backlog through the emergence of
informal settlements. The main recommendations pertain to the need to directly or
indirectly include the poor and very poor in the provision of housing opportunities and a
need to implement a skills development programme for black SME contractors, in
addition to implementing a monitoring and evaluation system. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:
Swart Ekomiese Bemagtiging (SEB) in Namibië word as ‘n noodsaaklike strategie vir die
verligting van armoede in die stryd teen swart verontmagtiging beskou. Die SEB-konsep
en die beoefening daarvan staan egter sonder ‘n ondersteunende nasionale SEB-beleid.
Desnieteenstaande moedig die regering die private en die besigheidsektors aan om self
bemagtigingsinisiatiewe in ooreenstemming met SEB-konsepriglyne te ontwikkel.
Vir minderbevoorregtes in Namibië is die beoefening van SEB egter omstrede vanweë
die implementering daarvan. Kritiek oor die implementering van SEB word gebaseer op
die aanname dat SEB die selfverryking van ‘n klein groep swart elite instede van die
bemagtiging van armes behels. Verbreking van die siklus van onderontwikkeling en
marginalisering vereis verbondenheid tot Breë Basis Swart Ekonomiese Bemagtiging
(BBSEB) en breë basis eienaarskap. Die uiteindelike oogmerke van BBSEB is
betekenisvolle vermindering van armoede, ongelyke inkomste en werkloosheid.
Die primêre doelwit van hierdie navorsing was om die implementering van BBSEB in
twee maatskappye in Namibië, die Namibia Mineworkers Investment Company Financial
Services (Nam-MIC FS) en die National Housing Enterprise (NHE), te ontleed. Die doel
was om te bepaal of die armes enige voordeel uit die onderskeie BBSEB-strategieë trek
en in hoeverre dit gebeur. Die navorsing is met behulp van beskrywende gevallestudies
benader om die bemagtigingsproses in die betrokke instansies te kan verstaan. Twee
insamelingsmetodes is vir die verkryging van data gebruik: ope-vraag vraelyste en
gestandaardiseerde ope-vraag onderhoude met bedryfshoofde van die onderskeie
instansies.
Die bevindings toon dat Nam-MIC FS breë basis eienaarskap bevorder deur vakbondlede
in staat te stel om toegang tot bekostigbare finansiële dienste en produkte te bekom, maar
nie daarin geslaag het om BBSEB effektief te implementeer nie, aangesien sleutelareas
van bemagtiging, soos implementering van breë basis vaardigheidsontwikkelingsprogramme
vir werknemers en ontwikkeling van vaardighede vir Klein en Medium
Ondernemings vir vakbondlede, sowel as gemeenskapsinisiatiewe, oor die hoof gesien is. Die gevolgtrekking is dat Nam-MIC FS ‘n minimalistiese benadering tot bemagtiging
bevorder – hulle is hoofsaaklik op die verskaffing van bekostigbare finansiële dienste en
produkte gerig, wat as ‘n korttermyn en onvolhoubare benadering tot die vermindering
van inkomste-ongelykheid, en tot armoede, beskou word. Die vernaamste aanbevelings
betrek die behoefte om ‘n interne beleid ten opsigte van transformatiewe riglyne te
formuleer en ‘n stelsel vir die monitering en evaluering daarvan te implementeer.
Bevindings oor die NHE toon dat ‘n BBSEB model geïmplementeer is, maar die firma
tekortskiet aangesien hulle nie ’n vaardigheidsontwikkelingsprogram vir swart KMOkontrakteurs
kon instel nie. Verder is dit sorgwekkend dat die NHE nie geslaag het om
breë-basis eienaarskap deur voorsiening van behuising te bevorder nie, aangesien die
armes uiters arm is en direk sowel as indirek uitgesluit word wanneer geleenthede vir
behuising ter sprake is. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die NHE nie breër deelname, die
ontwikkeling van kapasiteit, en ekonomiese verbetering van armes en uiters armes
bevorder nie, waardeur die behuisingsagterstand vererger, en informele nedersettings
ontstaan. Die vernaamste aanbevelings betrek die behoefte aan direkte of indirekte
insluiting van armes en uiters armes by die voorsiening van behuisingsgeleenthede en die
behoefte om vaardigheidsontwikkelingsprogramme vir swart KMO-kontrakteurs, tesame
met ‘n monitering- en evalueringstelsel, te implementeer.
|
Page generated in 0.0643 seconds