In recent years, there has been growing interests on II-VI semiconductor nanostructures, which are suitable for applications in electronics and optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, UV lasers, sensors, light emitting diodes and field emission displays. II-VI semiconductor nanostructures with different morphologies such as wires, belts, rods, tubes, needles, springs, tetrapods, plates, hierarchical structures and so on, have been widely grown by vapor transport methods. However the process conditions used for the growth of nanostructures still remains incompatible for device fabrication. The realization of practical nanoscale devices using nanostructured film depends mainly on the availability of low cost and lower processing temperatures to manufacture high purity nanostructures on a variety of substrates including glass and polymer. In this thesis work, studies have been made on the growth and characterization of II-VI semiconductor nanostructures prepared at room temperature, under high vacuum, without employing catalysts or templates. (i) ZnO nanostructured films with different morphology such as flowers, needles and shrubs were deposited at room temperature on glass and polymer substrates by plasma assisted reactive process. (ii) Zn/ZnO core/shell nanowires were grown on Si substrates under optimized oxygen partial pressure. Annealing of this core shell nanowire in high vacuum resulted in the formation of ZnO nanocanals. (iii) ZnS and ZnSe nano and microstructures were grown on Si substrates under high vacuum by thermal evaporation. The morphology, structural, optical properties and composition of these nano and microstructures were investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM, Raman, PL and XPS. The growth mechanism behind the formation of the different nanostructures has been explained on the basis of vapour-solid (VS) mechanism.

Nanoscience dominates virtually every field of science and technology in the 21st century. Nanoparticles are of fundamental interest since they possess unique size- dependent properties (optical, electrical, mechanical, chemical, magnetic etc.), which are quite different from the bulk and the atomic state. Bimetallic nanoparticles are of particular interest since they combine the advantages of the individual monometallic counterparts. The present study focuses on bimetallic nanoparticles containing gold as one of the constituents. Au-Pd, Au-Pt and Au-Ag bimetallic/alloy nanoparticles have been prepared by four different synthetic methods, and characterised by a variety of techniques, with an emphasis on Au-Ag alloy systems in the solution phase as well as in the form of nanostructured films on solid substrates. Au- Ag alloy nanoparticles have been used to demonstrate two different applications. The first is the use of Au-Ag monolayer protected alloy clusters in demonstrating single electron charging events in the solution phase as well as in the dry state. Single electron transfer events involving nanosized particles are being probed extensively due to their potential applications in the field of electronics. The second is an analytical application, involving the use of trisodium citrate capped Au-Ag alloy hydrosols as substrates for surface enhanced Raman and resonance Raman scattering [SE(R)RS] studies. The sols have been used for single molecule detection purposes. Various organic molecules such as quinones, phthalocyanines and methyl violet have been self- assembled in a stepwise manner on the nanoparticulate as well as bulk Au, Ag and Au-Ag surfaces, and characterised extensively by spectroscopic, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical techniques.

H Ζιρκόνια σταθεροποιημένη με Ύττρια (Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ)) χρησιμοποιείται σήμερα ευρέως στη βιομηχανία μηχανών για αεριωθούμενα και στη οδοντιατρική. Τα τελευταία χρόνια υπάρχει έντονο ερευνητικό ενδιαφέρον για την εφαρμογή της σε κυψελίδες καυσίμου στερεού ηλεκτρολύτη (SOFCs) μιας και παρουσιάζει αγωγιμότητα ιόντων οξυγόνου σε μεγάλο θερμοκρασιακό εύρος, διαθέτει υψηλή μηχανική αντοχή, μεγάλη σκληρότητα και χημική σταθερότητα σε συνθήκες ηλεκτρικής φόρτισης και αντίδρασης. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η ανάπτυξη μεθόδου για εναπόθεση υμενίων ζιρκονίας με την βοήθεια πλάσματος. Η εναπόθεση λεπτών υμενίων YSZ με τη χρήση πλάσματος χαμηλής πίεσης παρουσιάζει μερικά σημαντικά πλεονεκτήματα όπως εναπόθεση σε χαμηλές θερμοκρασίες (<400oC) και ομοιόμορφη κάλυψη της επιφάνειας με μεγάλη πυκνότητα. Από την άλλη πλευρά η ιδιαιτερότητα της εναπόθεσης μέσω πλάσματος έγκειται στο γεγονός ότι η δομή, οι ιδιότητες και η χημική σύσταση των παραγόμενων υμενίων εξαρτώνται σημαντικά από τις παραμέτρους της διεργασίας. Στο πρώτο μέρος της εργασίας αναπτύσσεται η εναπόθεση υμενίων YSZ με τη τεχνική πλάσματος χαμηλής πίεσης από μεταλλοργανικές πρόδρομες ενώσεις υττρίου και ζιρκονίου σε δύο διαφορετικούς αντιδραστήρες πλάσματος, ενός επαγωγικά και ενός χωρητικά συζευγμένου. Μελετήθηκε η επίδραση της παρεχόμενης στο πλάσμα ισχύος, των παροχών των πρόδρομων ενώσεων, του συνολικού χρόνου της διεργασίας και της θερμοκρασίας του υποστρώματος στα μορφολογικά χαρακτηριστικά, στην δομή και τη σύσταση των παραγόμενων υμενίων. Στην συνέχεια εξετάσθηκε πως η χρήση πλάσματος αργού-οξυγόνου, σε ήδη εναποτεθειμένα υμένια ζιρκονίου και υττρίου με τις τεχνικές φυσικής εναπόθεσης (spin και spray coating), ενισχύει την κρυστάλλωση του υμενίου σε κυβική YSZ. Γίνεται σύγκριση με τα αποτελέσματα που λαμβάνονται για την κρυστάλλωση των υμενίων με τη μέθοδο της θερμικής ανόπτησης ως προς τον χρόνο αλλά και τη θερμοκρασία κρυστάλλωσης που χρειάζεται ώστε να επιτευχθεί το ίδιο αποτέλεσμα. Τα υμένια χαρακτηρίσθηκαν με μια σειρά από τεχνικές όπως: φασματοσκοπία φοτοηλεκτρονίων ακτίνων Χ (XPS), ηλεκτρονιακή μικροσκοπία σάρωσης (SEM), περίθλαση ακτίνων Χ (XRD) και μικροσκοπία ατομικών δυνάμεων (AFM). Τα αποτελέσματα των πειραμάτων έδειξαν ότι η παρεχόμενη ισχύ, ο χρόνος της διεργασίας καθώς και η θερμοκρασία του υποστρώματος παίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στην ανάπτυξη τη δομή και τη μορφολογία των υμενίων YSZ. Για την πλήρη κρυστάλλωση σε κυβική ζιρκονία σταθεροποιημένη με ύττρια αλλά και την πλήρη απομάκρυνση του άνθρακα από το υμένιο, απαιτήθηκε ένα στάδιο ανόπτησης του υμενίου σε φούρνο υψηλής θερμοκρασίας. Αντικατάσταση αυτού του βήματος με επεξεργασία με πλάσμα, οδήγησε σε σημαντική ελάττωση του χρόνου αλλά και της θερμοκρασία κρυστάλλωσης με αποτέλεσμα η συγκεκριμένη τεχνική χημικής ανόπτησης να είναι ενεργειακά συμφέρουσα σε σχέση με την θερμική. Βελτιστοποίηση της διεργασίας χημικής ανόπτησης με πλάσμα έδειξε ότι είναι εφικτή η κρυστάλλωση των υμενίων σε πολύ μικρούς χρόνους και σε θερμοκρασίες μικρότερες από 400°C. / Nowadays Yttria stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) are widely used in the industries of jet engines and also in dentistry. In recent years a lot of effort has been given for the use of YSZ in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) because of its high ionic conductivity in a wide temperature range, its high mechanical strength, high hardness and chemical stability. The purpose of this study is to develop a method for deposition of zirconia films with the use of plasma. The YSZ thin films deposition using low pressure plasma has important advantages such as deposition at low temperatures (<400oC) and uniform coverage of the surface with high density films. On the other hand, the uniqueness of the deposition by plasma is that the structure, the properties and the chemical composition of the films depends on the parameters of the process. In the first part of the thesis, the process of depositing YSZ films is been developed from organometallic precursors of yttrium and zirconium in two different plasma reactors, an inductively and a capacitively coupled plasma reactor. It has been investigated how the plasma power, the amount of the precursors, the total time of the process and the substrate’s temperature affect the morphological characteristics, the structure and composition of the films. It has been also examined how Argon-Oxygen plasma enhances the crystallization to cubic YSZ of already deposited amorphous films of zirconium and yttrium, which have been prepared by physical deposition techniques like spin coating and spray pyrolysis. The results is been compared with the results which have been obtained for the crystallization of the same films by thermal annealing regarding the annealing time temperature in order to achieve the same final crystallization results. The films were characterized by a variety of techniques such as X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The results showed that the plasma power, the process time and the temperature of the substrate play an important role in the development of the structure and the morphology of the YSZ films. In order fully crystallization to be achieved in cubic yttria stabilized zirconia and complete removal of the organic character of the “as deposited” films, a final step of annealing the films in a high-temperature furnace is needed. Replacing this step by Argon-Oxygen plasma treatment resulted a significant reduction in time and crystallization temperature so that the chemical annealing is advantageous in energy consumption compared to thermal annealing. Optimization of the chemical plasma treatment process showed that it is possible to get fully crystallized films in shorter time and for values of temperatures less than 400°C.

The main focus of this thesis is in understanding the role of phase separation and microstructure in determining the physical properties of manganites. We also aim to be able to tune certain material properties using appropriate control mechanisms. For this, an understanding of the local electronic properties of manganites is essential. We thus set out to study the local electronic states in manganites using a highly sensitive probe: the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The chapter 1 of the thesis gives an introduction to manganites, and of how manganites are susceptible to various perturbations due to closely lying ground states and an intricate interplay of their charge, spin and lattice degrees of freedom. Chapter 2 of this thesis gives a detailed account of various experimental methods used in the current investigation. In particular, we describe the design and fabrication of a variable temperature ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscope (UHV-STM) which was used to carry out spatially resolved measurements on various manganite systems. This chapter also describes sample fabrication techniques by which strain and microstructure of thin films can be controlled. Other characterization techiniques, such as tranport and magnetotransport measurements, are also described in detail. Chapter 3 presents our investigation of the role of microstructure and phase separation on the DOS and local electronic properties of manganite thin films. We describe various spatially resolved STM/STS measurements carried out on La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 and La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 films having different micrsotructure and varying degrees of phase separation. We also present a theoretical model used in interpreting STS data to account for finite temperature effects and explain the existing data in this context. We use this model to gain insight into the behaviour of the DOS at EF near the MIT where thermal smearing can often give rise to misleading inferences. Chapter 4 presents our investigation on the density of states in a typical charge ordered manganite system, Pr1-xCaxMnO3. We describe STS measurements carried out on this system to study the occurrence and evolution of the charge ordering (CO) gap as a function if temperature as well as tunneling current. We report the observation of destabilization of the CO gap using tunnel current injection by an STM tip. Chapter 5 presents our investigation into the controlled and localized “nanoscale” phase separation in Pr1-xCaxMnO3 (PCMO) using an STM tip. The investigations were carried out on PCMO single crystal and PCMO epitaxial films. Our results raise the possibility of nano-fabrication of metallic nanoislands in a CO matrix using an STM tip. We demonstrate some examples of this and also raise the relevance of intrinsic phase separation in this context. We show that the “melting” of CO using tunnel current injection by an STM tip is analogous to the magnetic field-induced melting of CO on a microscopic scale. Chapter 6 summarizes the important results of this thesis work and suggests the scope for future experiments.