This thesis examines patterns of German memory and identity construction as reflected in historical debates around the Rosenstraße protest in 1943 and cultural representations of it since 1990. It positions them within the wider context of debates in Germany on resistance on the one hand and shifting conceptions of national identity on the other. It argues that although the increase in public interest in the protest may appear to be a consequence of unification and the ensuing shift in coming to terms with the past, it in fact precedes them. Drawing on the work in cultural memory theory of Maurice Halbwachs, Jan Assmann, Benedict Anderson, Eric Hobsbawm and others, arguments about the social construction of memory and identity are employed to show how and why patterns of memory, attitudes and ideas about the Nazi past, as expressed through different media of memory, have shifted and how these are tied to conceptions of national identity. This thesis focuses first on debate amongst historians, before moving on to discuss popular history, biography, film and the different forms of memorialisation. It asks why the protest has become a more prominent feature of cultural memory since unification, and demonstrates that its increased currency is a product of trends in resistance historiography and in Holocaust discourses. It argues that cultural memories are multi-layered and developed in relation to one another. The interplay between these different media is therefore analysed, with particular attention given to who is involved in shaping memories of the protest and why, how these memories and surrounding debates have altered over time, and what this indicates about continuing impact of, and attitudes towards the past. This allows for a consideration of the multiple notions of national identity which these representations foster, and an exploration of how conceptions of identity influence what is remembered. The question is asked whether the Rosenstraße resistance narrative has, since the 1980s, facilitated the emergence of a more inclusive and a more nuanced remembering, particularly as this narrative highlights the complexities of opposition and attempts to integrate conceptions of Jewish and non-Jewish suffering, centring them within the one narrative. It asks whether these notions are juxtaposed, and whether either victimhood or German responsibility is relativised. The thesis explores how Germans’ relationship with Jews is reconfigured, how German-Jewish solidarity is foregrounded, who is represented as victim, and of what. At the same time, the extent to which a more hybrid sense of identity, one that transcends national and ethnic boundaries, is promoted through the representations of the Rosenstraße protest is also considered. Lastly, it is argued that the competing representations of events in Rosenstraße which are examined here exemplify the fraught, complex and politicised dynamics of Germany’s historical memory, which is characterised by tension between the wish for normalization and the desire to maintain a critical awareness of the past in which opposition may be recognised but accountability is not relativised. The thesis explores which view predominates and speculates whether this is likely to shift in the near future.

Russian literature is traditionally regarded as one that served a model and guide for Chinese intellectuals in developing their national literature. It is also recognized that Eastern European literatures drew much attention of Chinese intellectuals in their quest for national identity and modernization. This thesis is aimed at providing a more detailed look at the Chinese- Slavic literary discourse of the 1920’s, focusing on Russian literature as a recognized literary “authority” of the time, and Ukrainian literature as an example of a literature of an oppressed nation, which went under both Russian and Eastern European “labels” at the time. I argue that challenged by a deep social and political crisis, Chinese intellectuals were compelled to develop a unique form of national identity, basing it on two usually mutually exclusive forms of nationalism, which manifested itself in the literary works of the period.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a construção da identidade nacional a partir da obra de Graça Aranha no período de 1921 a 1931. No ano de 1921, Aranha se estabeleceu no Brasil depois de realizar alguns trabalhos na Europa, participando dos debates no âmbito artístico e literário nacional. Nesse período publicou livros, conferências, ensaios e artigos defendendo sua visão do que constituiria a identidade nacional. Para delimitar essas características, o autor propõe inserir o Brasil na modernidade. Aranha elaborou uma definição para o significado de moderno, estudado nesta pesquisa em relação às ideias divulgadas a partir de 1870 e a delimitação entre o antigo e o moderno. A nacionalidade era buscada para definir a singularidade do Brasil e, a partir dessa, poder inserir-se em uma ordem universal. Assim, na década de 1920, formou-se um debate sobre o que significava ser moderno. Alguns pensadores propunham diferentes noções de modernidade, ocorrendo uma disputa também em torno desse termo. As fontes principais desta pesquisa são os textos escritos por Aranha, mais especificamente o conjunto de ensaios A Estética da Vida (1921), um estudo das correspondências entre Machado de Assis e Joaquim Nabuco (1923), o conjunto de conferências e ensaios Espírito Moderno (1924) e a autobiografia Meu próprio romance (1931). Entendendo que a identidade nacional não é uma essência, mas um discurso através do qual se representa essa nação, discurso que inclui, exclui e estabelece práticas sociais, será utilizado o conceito de representação1 como abordado por Chartier (1990) e Bourdieu (1989). As disputas que surgem em torno dessas delimitações serão trabalhadas a partir do viés das lutas de representações. / This work aims to analyze the construction of national identity in the work of Graça Aranha between the period of 1921 to 1931. In the year 1921 Aranha is established in Brazil after performing some work in Europe, participating in debates in the national, artistic and literary sphere. In this period he published books, lectures, essays and articles defending his vision of what constitutes the national identity. To define these characteristics he proposes to insert Brazil in modernity. Aranha elaborated a definition for the meaning of modern, studied in this research in relation to the ideas spread from 1870 and the delimitation between the old and the modern. The nationality was sought to define the uniqueness of Brazil and, from this singularity, it could be inserted into a universal order. Thus, it formed a debate about what it meant to be modern. Some thinkers proposed different notions of modernity, occurring a dispute also around this term. The main texts analyzed will be the entirety of essays A estética da vida (1921), a study of correspondences between Machado de Assis e Joaquim Nabuco (1923), the set of essays and lectures Espírito moderno (1924), and the autobiography Meu próprio romance (1931). Understanding that national identity is not an essence, but a discourse through which represents this nation, a discourse that includes, excludes and establishes social practices, we will use the concept of representation as defined by Chartier (1990) and Bourdieu (1989). Disputes that arise around these boundaries will be studied from the concept of struggle of representations.

This thesis argues that agricultural co-operative societies under the leadership of the Irish Agricultural Organisation Society played a crucial role in building the Irish state and defining a national identity in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By questioning widely held assumptions about a formative period in Ireland’s political and economic development, it is argued that critical ideas about the Irish nation emanated from the sphere of economics. In particular, the efforts of co-operative activists are understood as important actors in the process of building the Irish nation-state through their interventions to reorganise rural society. The co-operative movement’s attempts to organise the resources and population of the Irish countryside represented a serious modernising effort that shaped the character of the politically autonomous nation-state that emerged in the 1920s. The establishment of co-operative societies introduced new agricultural technologies to rural districts and placed local farmers in control of agricultural business. Although co-operators met with frequent frustration in their objective to restructure Irish society along co-operative lines, the study of the movement remains central to a thorough understanding of social and political conditions in the period under review. Co-operative ideas became incredibly influential amongst Irish nationalists associated with Sinn Féin. It is argued that the co-operative movement’s modernising project became embedded in the Irish countryside and enmeshed in a political economy of revolutionary nationalism. As a consequence, the co-operative movement exerted a significant influence upon those who seized governmental power after the Irish revolution, which extended beyond independence. The thesis utilises a range of local and national sources which include records for individual co-operative societies, reports and publications associated with the national movement, as well as a wide variety of contemporary literature and journalism. By applying a local approach that feeds into an analysis of the co-operative movement on a national level, the thesis presents a detailed analysis of how co-operative activists and ideas influenced the creation of Ireland’s political culture. Crucially, the work of interstitial actors is reinserted into the process of the Irish state’s development. The building of state institutions is viewed through the work of a network of co-operative experts and therefore as something that occurred outside the deliberations of official circuits of power. The thesis breaks new ground in the historiography of the development of the Irish state by analysing the important work of those involved in shaping rural social relations and institutions such as co-operative organisers, engineers, propagandists, managers and secretaries.

The aim of this work is to confirm and verify the national identity of a target group in relation to the consumption of cultural goods referring to the particular example of the National theatre. With the help of a qualitative research conducted through semi-structured personal interviews supplemented by elements of graphic projective techniques, this selected target group (young people from 16 to 35 years old) hereby represents a new meaning of patriotism and attitude towards the National theatre. The results are put into context together with the goal of my investigation and the theoretical bases.

This diploma thesis deals with the phenomenon of critical essay writing in the context of contemporary Austrian literature as exemplified by the author Robert Menasse. The introductory chapter presents Robert Menasse's life and work. The following chapter deals with Austria's interpretation of, and its struggle to come to terms with, its part in the complicated history of the last century as well as how this is reflected in post-war Austrian literature. The focus of the chapter is the issue of national identity - the development and re- definition of the proposition of Austria as the "first victim" of Nazi Germany - and its reflection in Austrian post-war literature. The key element of the thesis is an analysis of the essay collections, The country without qualities and Explain Austria to me. Through critical analysis of a wide range of topics in his essays - social partnership, the Austrian Independence Treaty, neutrality etc., Menasse presents a comprehensive picture of Austria with all its contradictions.

Esta tese analisa diferentes imagens e concepções elaboradas por protagonistas da cena política, pintores, literatos, viajantes e cronistas acerca dos povos indígenas da América portuguesa e do Brasil entre 1750, - ano em que D. José I assumiu o trono português e começou a introduzir as reformas pombalinas - e 1850, um dos marcos de consolidação do Estado nacional brasileiro. A periodização supracitada toma os dois marcos, inicial e final, como balizas cronológicas preliminares e estratégicas, e por isso, aproximativas e flexíveis. Resulta de um recolhimento exaustivo dessas visões em documentação de tipo variado: memórias, cartas, imprensa periódica (1808-1850), debates parlamentares (1826-1850), relatos de viajantes, textos literários e fontes iconográficas dos séculos XVIII e XIX, analisando-as de modo a entender como os indígenas eram vistos na cena pública pelos protagonistas de diferentes momentos políticos na América Portuguesa e posteriormente Brasil. Em última instância, objetivou-se compreender como, em meio à multiplicidade de imagens do indígena plasmadas por séculos, surgiram imagens positivas em momentos historicamente cruciais, a exemplo do processo de gestação de múltiplas identidades da América Portuguesa, das quais surgiu, no século XIX, uma brasileira capaz de satisfazer a um projeto incipiente de identidade nacional amparado em partes na figura do indígena. Tal projeto seria forjado no curso das lutas políticas independentistas e reiterado posteriormente, durante os primeiros anos do Segundo Reinado (1840-1889). Esta tese de doutorado é decorrente da dissertação de mestrado desenvolvida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social da Universidade de São Paulo intitulada Um espelho brasileiro: visões sobre os povos indígenas na construção de uma simbologia nacional no Brasil (1808-1831), orientada pelo Prof. Dr. João Paulo Garrido Pimenta e financiada pelo CNPq. A dissertação acercou-se da identificação de um esboço de identidade nacional construída a partir de elementos simbólicos indígenas durante o processo de independência do Brasil. Esta primeira pesquisa deu margem ao aprofundamento de questões nela apenas sinalizadas, sendo fundamental o alargamento do período e das fontes estudados de modo, inclusive, a alargar o escopo analítico para além do tema da identidade nacional. / This thesis analyzes different images and concepts developed by the protagonists of the political scene, painters, writers, travelers and writers about the indigenous people from Portuguese America and Brazil between 1750, year that D. Joseph I took the Portuguese throne and began to introduce the Pombaline reforms - and 1850, one of the landmarks of consolidation of the Brazilian national state. The period of time in between those years, has made these two facts as preliminary and strategic chronological boundaries, and therefore, turn them approximate and flexible. It results of an exhaustive self-communion of these views on varied types of documents: memoirs, letters, periodical press (1808-1850), parliamentary debates (1826-1850), travelers\' accounts, literary texts and iconographic sources from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, analyzing them in order to understand how the indigenous people were seen on the public scene by the protagonists of the different political moments in Portuguese America and later on in Brazil. Ultimately, the objective was to understand how, through the multiplicity of images of indigenous molded along the centuries, there were positive images in moments historically crucial, like the gestation process of multiple identities of Portuguese America, which emerged in the nineteenth century, a Brazilian able to satisfy an incipient project of national identity supported in part by the figure of the indigenous. Such a project would be forged in the course of the political struggles for independence and reiterated later on, during the early years of the Second Empire (1840-1889). This doctorate degree thesis is a result of the dissertation developed at the postgraduate Program in Social History at the University of São Paulo entitled A brazilian mirror: visions of indigenous peoples and the construction of a national symbology in Brazil (1808-1831), oriented by Prof. Dr. João Paulo Garrido Pimenta and funded by CNPq. The approach of that dissertation was to identify a national identity sketch constructed from indigenous symbolic elements during the process of independence of Brazil. This first research has allowed a deeper discussion of elements that were just mentioned, and it is essential to extend the period and the sources that have been studied previouly, as well as to extend the analytical scope beyond the matter of national identity.

Esta dissertação analisa as diferentes visões sobre os povos indígenas criadas, veiculadas e reproduzidas em meio ao processo de independência política do Brasil, considerando este em uma periodização larga: 1808 a 1831. Prevê a identificação dessas visões, elaboradas por protagonistas de tal processo em espaços públicos de discussão, analisando-as de modo a entender o seu papel nas lutas e no pensamento político da época, bem como sua interface com as políticas oficiais em relação aos povos indígenas do Brasil no mesmo período. Em última instância, trata-se de buscar compreender uma dimensão ainda pouco estudada do fenômeno de construção de uma identidade política brasileira de tipo nacional em seus momentos iniciais. / This dissertation analyzes the different views about the indigenous groups created, transmitted and reproduced through the process of political independence of Brazil, considering a long period of time: from 1808 to 1831. Provides an identification of these views, elaborated by the protagonists of this process on public discussion, analyzing them in order to understand its role in the struggles and political thought. Of that time, as well as its interface with the official politics related to indigenous people of Brazil in the same period. Ultimately, it is the seek of understanding the dimension not very studied yet of the phenomenon of building a political brazilian identity of a national type in your initials moments.

As guerras são acontecimentos que provocam a elaboração de narrativas que estão relacionadas com o nacionalismo e a identidade das nações. Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como principal objetivo a análise de algumas narrativas nacionalistas elaboradas a partir da experiência da Guerra do Paraguai, buscando conferir especial atenção para as representações referentes aos grupos sociais subalternos presentes nelas. Para tanto, foram adotadas como fontes centrais de pesquisa as seguintes obras: Traços biographicos da heroína Jovita Alves Feitosa, ex-sargento do 2º. Corpo de Voluntários do Piauhy, redigido por um enigmático autor fluminense; A retirada da Laguna, de Alfredo dEscragnolle Taunay; Reminiscências da Campanha do Paraguai, de Dionísio Evangelista de Castro Cerqueira; e Viagem militar ao Rio Grande do Sul, de Luís Filipe Maria Fernando Gastão de Orléans, o Conde dEu. A idéia principal consiste em avaliar em que medida as imagens de indivíduos dos grupos populares foram utilizadas para a construção de discursos que buscavam legitimar e preservar uma determinada relação social e de poder. / The elaboration of narratives about wars is in general related to nationalism and nation identity. This Thesis intends to analyze certain narratives related to the Paraguayan War. It aims to give special attention to the representations concerning the subaltern groups. For this purpose, the main sources of this research are the following: Traços biographicos da heroína Jovita Alves Feitosa, ex-sargento do 2º. Corpo de Voluntários do Piauhy, written by an enigmatic Fluminense author; A retirada da Laguna, by Alfredo d\'Escragnolle Taunay; Reminiscências da Campanha do Paraguai, by Dionísio Evangelista de Castro Cerqueira; and Viagem militar ao Rio Grande do Sul, by Luís Filipe Maria Fernando Gastão d\'Orléans, Count d\'Eu. The central idea is to evaluate the extent to which images of popular groups were used to legitimize a dominant power position.

Este trabalho busca entender como se constituíram as imagens e a alteridade do sujeito indígena nas obras impressas de José Veríssimo. Membro de uma elite cultural no contexto da Primeira República, Veríssimo colaborou para a formação da Academia Brasileira de Letras e foi reconhecido pelos seus pares por sua crítica literária. No entanto, José Veríssimo, que escreveu sua primeira obra na década de 1870, também desenvolveu estudos pedagógicos e etnográficos, estes últimos pouco lembrados por seus críticos. A partir desses estudos visamos confrontar a imagem construída do sujeito indígena em suas obras etnográficas, pedagógicas e de crítica literária. O caminho da busca da civilização mediante a educação foi o trajeto que preponderou na ordem discursiva de Veríssimo. Conceitos como civilização, modernidade, urbanidade, raça, cultura, educação e nação regeram o discurso de Veríssimo no transcorrer de suas obras e foram se articulando e se rearticulando na tentativa de traçar a identidade nacional e a constituição do ser brasileiro. Simultaneamente a essas construções discursivas, o olhar de Veríssimo foi se deslocando não só diante das concepções de indianismo, Naturalismo, positivismo, evolucionismo, como também para o outro, o sujeito indígena. As imagens desse sujeito foram sendo moldadas na sua escrita a partir dessa fronteira da alteridade, em que o indígena representava o interdito dentro da busca de um ideal de corpo nacional homogêneo que visava construir a nação. / This thesis seeks to understand how the images and alterity of native individual were formed in the printed works by José Veríssimo, a member of a cultural elite in the First Republic context, who contributed to the formation of the Academy of Letter and whose literary criticism was acknowledged by his peers. However, José Veríssimo, who wrote his first book in the 1870, also developed educational and ethnographic studies, being the latter poorly remembered by Veríssimo scholars. From theses studies we aim to confront the constructed images of the native subject through his works of ethnographic, educational and literary criticism. The path of the search for civilization through education was the path that prevailed in Veríssimos discursive order. However, concepts such as civilization, modernity, urbanity, race, culture, education, and nation ruled Verísssimos speech along his work and it was organized and regrouped along his literature production around national identity and constitution of being brazilian. Simultaneously with these discursive constructions, not only were Veríssimos focus moving forward the concept of indianism, Naturalism, positivism, evolutionism, but also to the other, the native subject. The images of this subject were shaped in his writing from that boundary of alterity, where the native represents the interdict in this search of an ideal homogeneous national body that aimed to build the nation.