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Tendering process is central to national government in South Africa. The goods and services bought by national government in South Africa represent a large amount of public money, and it is very important that national government put in place measure to manage how these goods and services are acquired. In the main government acquire goods and services through tender system and the focus of the study was tendering process in national government in South Africa. The amount of public resources that national government uses in the tendering process is huge and is approximately over 20% of GDP, which has direct implication for service delivery and job creation as well as redressing past discrimination by empowering designated groups of peoples to receive preference in tendering. South Africa is one of the countries with the highest level of corruption rate in the world, of which tender fraud and corruption play a major part. Considering that, the reform of tendering process in national government is therefore inevitable and has to take place. The primary objective of this study is to analyse national government tender system, and identify the tendering problems facing South African national departments. The study further made practical recommendations to National Government, National Treasury, and all the relevant stakeholders relating to the management of tendering process. Data from 355 questionnaires completed by participants, represented 45 national department was collected and analysed. This study found that national government is facing major challenges in managing of tendering process, and these challenges relates to implementation and adoption of the code of best practice. The most important conclusions drawn from the study are: * The department complies with all the above legislation and keep the rules as stipulated in the legislation; * There is a need to issue a single national legislative framework in terms of section 76(4)(c) of the PFMA to guide uniformity in tendering process; * The tendering legislations and its associated regulations are complex and may make it difficult to implement correctly; * The department follow all tendering process generic steps at all times; * The current evaluation system is not a good system and is biased towards the lowest price bidders; * The current tendering practices in government are outdated and inefficient; * Tender practitioners are not adequately trained in the application of the tender process and its associated regulations; * The departments did not keep a detailed and consistent documentation of all events of the whole tendering procedure at all times; * The current tendering practices do not conform to internationally accepted best practices; * The department’s tendering function is not carried out in a cost–effective way; and * The current tendering system is fair, encourages competition, and has integrity. Practical recommendations are suggested to ensure the effective management of tendering process in national government. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Tendering process is central to national government in South Africa. The goods and services bought by national government in South Africa represent a large amount of public money, and it is very important that national government put in place measure to manage how these goods and services are acquired. In the main government acquire goods and services through tender system and the focus of the study was tendering process in national government in South Africa. The amount of public resources that national government uses in the tendering process is huge and is approximately over 20% of GDP, which has direct implication for service delivery and job creation as well as redressing past discrimination by empowering designated groups of peoples to receive preference in tendering. South Africa is one of the countries with the highest level of corruption rate in the world, of which tender fraud and corruption play a major part. Considering that, the reform of tendering process in national government is therefore inevitable and has to take place. The primary objective of this study is to analyse national government tender system, and identify the tendering problems facing South African national departments. The study further made practical recommendations to National Government, National Treasury, and all the relevant stakeholders relating to the management of tendering process. Data from 355 questionnaires completed by participants, represented 45 national department was collected and analysed. This study found that national government is facing major challenges in managing of tendering process, and these challenges relates to implementation and adoption of the code of best practice. The most important conclusions drawn from the study are: * The department complies with all the above legislation and keep the rules as stipulated in the legislation; * There is a need to issue a single national legislative framework in terms of section 76(4)(c) of the PFMA to guide uniformity in tendering process; * The tendering legislations and its associated regulations are complex and may make it difficult to implement correctly; * The department follow all tendering process generic steps at all times; * The current evaluation system is not a good system and is biased towards the lowest price bidders; * The current tendering practices in government are outdated and inefficient; * Tender practitioners are not adequately trained in the application of the tender process and its associated regulations; * The departments did not keep a detailed and consistent documentation of all events of the whole tendering procedure at all times; * The current tendering practices do not conform to internationally accepted best practices; * The department’s tendering function is not carried out in a cost–effective way; and * The current tendering system is fair, encourages competition, and has integrity. Practical recommendations are suggested to ensure the effective management of tendering process in national government. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Magister Legum - LLM

盛世才在中國現代史上是一叱風雲而又極具爭議性的軍政人物，掌新十二年，周旋於國府與蘇聯間以圖存，是非功過尤多爭論，而中外學者以其與國民政府關係為題的研究，付之闕如，故本論文擬以《盛世才與國民政府關係之研究》為題，期對二者能有忠實的呈現。本論文除緒論及結論外，分為三章，各章要義如下：第一章「初掌新疆政權時期」，主要討論盛氏在新疆的崛起，取得政權的經過。盛氏參與新疆軍事，屢立戰功，被推為臨時邊防督辦，卻未獲得中央支持，致雙方產生疑忌，為了自存，乃尋求蘇聯援助，新疆暫時獲得和平統一。第二章「親蘇容共時期」，盛氏為建設新新疆，困於財力，不得已向蘇聯舉債，推行六大政策，雖使新疆變為中國先進的省區，新疆則從此受蘇聯控制。盛氏收容中共西路軍，予以訓練，使瀕臨崩潰的西路軍餘部發展茁壯。探討盛氏親蘇容共的過程，以勾劃出盛與蘇聯、中共的關係，並了解中央對盛、蘇及中共關係的肆應。第三章「中央勢力入新時期」，蘇聯對新疆各方面的控制，令盛氏不得喘息，乃利用蘇德戰爭擺脫蘇聯的羈絆，內附中央，蘇聯提出嚴厲指責，中央極力維護盛氏，蘇聯只有自新疆撤退，後盛又生反側，中央當機立斷，新疆正式回歸中央。盛氏主新，固有其過錯，但就事情輕重而言，其竭力捍衛新疆，未如外蒙、西藏般被外人入侵，疆土淪失，自有其頁獻，蔣委員長曾論其事：「不費一彈而璧還中央，此為邊疆大吏最大之功績。」「盛世才將省政交還中央，可以將功贖罪。」如專就盛氏此一交權舉動而言，尚為持平之論。

Magister Legum - LLM (Public Law and Jurisprudence) / Since gaining independence in 1964, Zambia has embarked on a number of reforms, including legislative, aimed at improving the effectiveness of its decentralised system of government. Local government received constitutional recognition in 1996. In 2002, the national government adopted the National Decentralisation Policy (NDP) which was reviewed in 2013. The NDP established Ward Development Committees (WDCs) as the lowest tier of government. It also defined the roles and responsibilities of local authorities, provinces, and national government. The NDP aimed to address, among other things, the problem of poor service delivery in Zambia that was partially attributed to a high concentration of power at the centre. Despite these various legislative and policy reforms, service delivery remained largely poor in many parts of Zambia. Local government still failed to supply potable water, maintain roads, provide proper sanitation and collect refuse on time, among other service delivery failures.

In the current Peruvian context, the provincial mayors face serious problems to remain inoffice or to pursue a future political race. In this scenario, the social conflicts arise as an alternative for obtaining such legitimacy; however, depending on the type of participation adopted, the mayor could or could not be benefited from such an opportunity. The paper presents an analysis of the participation of those authorities in social conflicts and its effects on his political career.It is argued that the participatory scheme, which provides a clear firmness in support of demands immediately; but, at the same time, the ability to negotiate with the State; would yield the expected political revenue. On the other hand, if the authority is very weak or very radical, his attempts to use the social conflict to their advantage could fail. To test this hypothesis, I studied the conflicts of Arequipa in 2002 and Espinar in 2012. / En el actual contexto peruano, los alcaldes provinciales enfrentan serios problemas para mantenerse en el cargo obtenido o perseguir un futuro político. En este escenario, los conflictos sociales aparecen como una alternativa para obtener dicha legitimidad; sin embargo, dependerá del tipo de participación que se adopte si es que el alcalde se ve o no beneficiado de dicha opor- tunidad. El documento plantea un análisis de la participación de dichas autoridades en los con- flictos sociales y los efectos de ésta en su carrera política.En ese sentido, se argumenta que el esquema de participación, que contempla una clara firmeza en apoyo a las demandas de manera inmediata; pero, a la vez, la capacidad de negocia- ción con el Estado; permitiría obtener el rédito político esperado. De otro lado, si la autoridad es o muy débil o muy radical, sus intentos de utilizar el conflicto social para su beneficio podrían fracasar. Para comprobar dicha hipótesis, se estudiaron los conflictos de Arequipa en el año 2002, y el conflicto de Espinar en el 2012.

Magister Legum - LLM / That South African municipalities, in vast majority, are experiencing serious financial problems is well-known to anyone with an interest in local government sector. Given that, the study considers the role of the Auditor-General (AG) in promoting sound financial management in municipalities. The disciplinary perspectives from which the inquiry is considered are law and public administration. The context for this consideration is the North West, a province which is inundated by poorly performing municipalities that are literally on the brink of financial and operational collapse. The study proceeds from the premise that efficient financial management practices are essential to the long-term sustainability of municipalities. The role of the AG is key in this regard in that the latter is a watchdog over state coffers and the pivot of the oversight mechanism over the management of public finances. Furthermore, the AG strives to institutionalise and promote a culture of good governance, accountability and transparency in municipalities. It achieves this through routine auditing and provision of audit recommendations that seek to improve municipalities’ internal controls. However, this purpose gets undermined, and eventually defeated, in the instance where audit recommendations are being ignored. Of concern is that the non-implementation of audit recommendations has become a norm in most municipalities in the North West. The study has considerable breadth in its analysis of this problem by looking closely into three municipalities: Mahikeng, Ditsobotla and Tswaing. It is not immediately clear why this trend is emerging or has emerged. In that note, a resolve to embark on this study was impelled by a sense of commitment to try to understand the real issue behind this trend and to see how best it can be countered. This brings the study to then ask: How can the AG’s recommendations be better and adequately given effect in the North West municipalities? In response, it will be argued that this issue cannot be solved by the AG alone. What is needed, instead, is the development of an action plan, policy and institutional framework that will guide and facilitate the multi-agency approach and inter-institutional collaborations towards addressing the problem. Further argument will be advanced to say that the efforts undertaken to reconstitute and strengthen the legal framework governing the AG through the 2018 amendments to the Public Audit Act do not constitute a magic bullet solution to the dismal downward trajectory across the North West municipalities, as contemporary narratives seek to suggest.

It is the purpose of this study to determine the scope of the powers of the national government in view of the existence of the treaty-making power. The primary objective is to determine what strength the internal prohibitions of the Constitution against action by the national government have in the face of the external powers recognized to exist by International Law and the Supreme Court of the United States.

Disertacijoje analizuojami subnacionalinio valdymo struktūros ir teritorinių savivaldybių kompetencijos tobulinimo teoriniai ir praktiniai aspektai. Pirmame disertacijos skyriuje nagrinėjami decentralizacijos teoriniai-metodologiniai aspektai: decentralizacijos turinio analizės problemos ir decentralizacijos privalumai bei trūkumai. Aptariama subnacionalinio valdymo struktūra ir vieta viešojo valdymo sistemoje, analizuojamos teritorinių savivaldybių kompetencijos sampratos, teritorinių savivaldybių ir kitų viešojo valdymo subjektų kompetencijos atskyrimas, teritorinių savivaldybių kompetencijos apibūdinimas, nagrinėjami subnacionalinio valdymo struktūros ir teritorinių savivaldybių kompetencijos nustatymo teoriniai aspektai. Antrame skyriuje analizuojama Lietuvos subnacionalinio valdymo struktūra ir vieta šalies viešojo valdymo sistemoje, išryškinamos teritorinio valdymo reformų kryptys 1995-2008 m. rugpjūtį, nagrinėjama Lietuvos savivaldybių bei apskričių viršininkų institucijų kompetencija ir sąveika 1995-2008 m. rugpjūčio laikotarpiu. Trečiame skyriuje pagrįsta disertacinio projekto metu atlikto empirinio tyrimo metodologija. Pristatomi ir apibendrinami Lietuvos subnacionalinio valdymo struktūros ir vietos savivaldybių bei apskričių viršininkų institucijų kompetencijos tyrimo rezultatai. Atlikto empirinio tyrimo pagrindu pateikiamos alternatyvios Lietuvos subnacionalinio valdymo struktūros ir savivaldybių bei apskričių viršininkų institucijų kompetencijos modelio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Theoretical and practical aspects of sub-national government structure and territorial municipalities‘ competence are developed in a dissertation. The first chapter of the thesis examines the theoretical-methodological aspects of decentralization: problems of decentralization contents analysis as well as shortcomings and advantages of decentralization. It discusses the sub-national government structure and its place within the public governance system; analyzes the conceptions of territorial municipalities’ competence, division of competence of territorial municipalities and other subjects of public government as well as description of competence of territorial municipalities; examines theoretical aspects of establishing the sub-national government structure and the competence of territorial municipalities. The second chapter analyses the sub-national government structure of Lithuania and its place within the country’s public governance system, highlights the directions of territorial government reforms made in 1995- August 2008, examines the competence of Lithuanian municipalities and county governors’ institutions during the period of 1995-August 2008. The third chapter substantiates the methodology of empirical research, carried out in the course of thesis project. Research results of the sub-national government structure of Lithuania and of the competence of local municipalities and county governors’ institutions are presented and summarized. Based on the conducted... [to full text]