Thesis (doctoral)-Universität, Marburg, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 308-352).

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio University, November, 2006. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

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Aus der Einleitung: 'Der Maschinenbau ist ein Kernbereich des Industrialisierungsprozesses und strategisches Zentrum der technisch-industriellen Entwicklung schlechthin. Für die deutsche Wirtschaft bildete der Maschinenbau während des ganzen 20. Jahrhunderts eine Hauptsäule und eine der wichtigsten Exportbranchen. Im deutschen Maschinenbau dominierte seit dem 19. Jahrhundert die Auffassung, dass Forschung und Ausbildung auf das vermeintlich finale Ziel technischen Schaffens, die Konstruktion, zu orientieren seien. Standen doch im Zentrum der industriellen Praxis in Deutschland Aspekte der Konstruktion bei gleichzeitiger Vernachlässigung der Fertigung. Das Konstruktionsbüro wurde im Zuge solcher Prägungen als das Herz jeder Firma begriffen. Die Konstruktion galt als wissenschaftsgeleiteter Prozess, der prinzipiell theoretisch fassbar war und in einschlägigen Bildungsinstitutionen gelehrt wurde. Obwohl dies seit den 1880er Jahren im so genannten Methodenstreit in den Technikwissenschaften eine gewisse Relativierung erfuhr, kann in Deutschland ein Muster der Verwissenschaftlichung dieses technischen Sektors gefunden werden, das sich von jenen anderer Gesellschaften signifikant unterschied. Der Maschinenbau in den USA beispielsweise war im Unterschied zu Deutschland lange Zeit stark empirisch ausgerichtet und überwiegend an den Fertigungsprozessen orientiert. Ein Vergleich des deutschen und amerikanischen Maschinenbaus zeigt demnach unterschiedliche Gewichtungen im Spannungsfeld von Konstruktion, Fertigung und Werkstoffen. Eine Institutionalisierung dieses stark an der Konstruktion orientierten Pfades kann in deutschen Maschinenbauunternehmen insofern unterstellt werden, als hier die Konstruktionsabteilungen traditionell einen sehr großen Einfluss ausüben. Unter der daraus resultierenden Ressourcenlenkung kann die Prozessorientierung, eine Stärke amerikanischer Unternehmen, oder die Produktorientierung, eine Stärke des japanischen Maschinenbaues, leiden.' [...]:Einleitung S. 33 Konstruktionsorientierung des deutschen Maschinenbaus S. 34 Einbindung des Maschinenbaus in das deutsche Innovationssystem der Weimarer Republik S. 35 Quantitative und qualitative Erneuerungen in den 1930er Jahren S. 39 Rationalisierungsdruck und staatliche Forschungspolitik S. 42 Kooperation zwischen Ingenieuren und Facharbeitern S. 45 Steigerung der Rüstungsfertigung durch staatliche Lenkung S. 47 Zusammenfassung S. 50

This thesis is devoted to Jozef Tiso. It deals with the time of his reign amd the subsequent evaluation of his goverment in slovak historiography. It comes partly from authors who directly collaborated with Jozef Tiso as well as from those who are against this person strongly determine the events between 1948 does not forget nor authors who have worked abroad and then in 1989 returned to Slovakia. It is also the current controversies about Jozef Tiso, which are still present among Slovak historians. A separate chapter is devoted to the Catholic Church and its attitude to Jozef Tiso.

This dissertation offers new insights into Carl Schmitt's early Catholic thought, especially Die Sichtbarkeit der Kirche and Römischer Katholizismus und politische Form. Focusing on the concept of "form," I examine Schmitt's idiosyncratic usage of the term, its theological underpinnings, and the implication of Schmitt's early Catholic thought for understanding his place in the history of mid-20th-century political thought. Schmitt is best known as a political theorist of "decisionism" and "the exception," who favors the extra-legal, irrational, and existential in shaping "the political." His theory arises from theological commitments later obscured by his association with the Nazis. I argue that Schmitt's theological perspective and his concept of form reinforce one another by elevating a particular brand of personalist, juridical rationality that establishes the basis of a polemic against the irrational in political and religious life. Placing Schmitt's concept of political form in dialogue with his Catholic public intellectualism, I explore Schmitt's early attempts to overcome the form/substance dichotomy in political theory through his use of theological constructs. Beginning with responses of other high-profile Catholic intellectuals to Sichtbarkeit and Römischer Katholizismus, I find that concerns with political form, representation, and the threats of the "mechanization" of liberal bureaucracy and anarchic atheism were shared by Schmitt's peers. Through an analysis of Schmitt's early articulations of the relationship between form and substance--in his strictly legal and political writings and in his Catholic writings--I demonstrate that Schmitt emphasizes public belief, community, political action, and "personalist" representation as conditions of a viable social life. Close reading of Schmitt's theological inquiry shows that his characterization of God, Christ, human nature, and the earthly and divine kingdoms fits his understanding of political form and human sovereignty. I argue that Schmitt's theological perspective is both humanized and rendered problematic by his privileging of "form," a concept that benefits from his theological perspective, while also being hindered by it.

While this study purports to offer nothing new or original to the enormous body of research pertaining to Nazism, the purpose of this thesis is to provide an examination of the political core contained in this particular ideology. The components of National Socialism and their ultimate effect on Germany will be the major focus of this thesis. Nazism, as a political ideology, was an extreme force that shook the foundations of the twentieth-century world. After an intensive survey of the literature in this field, the author realized that little could be added. The objective, here, is to examine the historical roots from which Nazism developed, its ideological core, and its effect upon the German state.

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This dissertation’s aim is to evaluate the Hegelian and Catholic foundations of Carl Schmitt’s National Socialist theory of law. In 1934 Schmitt called his theory “concrete order thinking,” in contrast to both normative and decisionist theories of law. On the one hand, Schmitt positively described Hegel’s state as a “concrete order of orders” where corporations mediated between state and civil society. Despite the incompatibility of the National Socialist concepts of the Führer principle and racial identity with Hegel’s theory, Schmitt saw in the National Socialist triadic structure (State, Movement, People) a common Hegelian heritage that overcomes the dualistic principles of state vs. civil society found in liberalism. On the other hand, going beyond this Hegelian heritage, Schmitt affirmed that a defense of concrete orders requires maintaining the proper distinction between a pluralism of concrete orders and a universalist divine order. After examining the Hegelian National Socialist jurist Karl Larenz’ view that Schmitt’s concrete order theory is made more coherent by rejecting an eternal divine order, I entertain the alternative hypothesis that the Catholic perspective makes concrete order theory more coherent. Under this hypothesis, I explore the political theology in Schmitt’s earlier writings and those of his Catholic contemporaries, where appeal is made to an analogy of proportionality between church and state as “perfect societies” to uphold the distinction between divine order and plural human “concrete orders.” I argue that this appeal excessively separates divine and concrete orders and fails to see them as united through an analogy of image and archetype. At this juncture I turn to corrective supplements by Schmitt’s contemporaries who explicitly emphasized the need to conjoin church and state more intrinsically. The most promising such avenue emphasizes the paradigm of Christ as a model for the relation of church and state. Once this Christological framework is affirmed, the immanence of the Führer principle and Hegelian state personality, as well as the separation entailed in analogy of proportionality, must fall away as incompatible with concrete order thinking. To some extent Schmitt recognizes this framework himself, but it is, I argue, insufficiently articulated and leaves his thought incomplete.

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