Although different studies have been conducted on various aspects of the National Solidarity Program (NSP) in Afghanistan, research on strengthening solidarity and social cohesion through its participatory approach has received little attention. This research used development communication as a theoretical framework to understand the role of participatory communication in strengthening solidarity and social cohesion in Afghanistan. The study employed a qualitative case study. To this end, the study used semi-structured interviews via email and telephone with 10 participants. Thematic analysis was used to code and categorize the data. The study findings show that the NSP appears to promote participation and increase collectiveness among the Afghan people, which, in turn, seem to strengthen solidarity and social cohesion. Finally, future research areas are discussed in the light of these findings.

Although different studies have been conducted on various aspects of the National Solidarity Program (NSP) in Afghanistan, research on strengthening solidarity and social cohesion through its participatory approach has received little attention. This research used development communication as a theoretical framework to understand the role of participatory communication in strengthening solidarity and social cohesion in Afghanistan. The study employed a qualitative case study. To this end, the study used semi-structured interviews via email and telephone with 10 participants. Thematic analysis was used to code and categorize the data. The study findings show that the NSP appears to promote participation and increase collectiveness among the Afghan people, which, in turn, seem to strengthen solidarity and social cohesion. Finally, future research areas are discussed in the light of these findings.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The United States has spent over $2 billion during the last six years to reconstruct and stabilize Afghanistan through the Commander's Emergency Response Program (CERP). This effort is only one of several simultaneous programs attempting to stabilize Afghanistan using approaches including providing humanitarian aid, education, government and security reform, and construction. Construction often involves simple infrastructure development with tangible benefits including increased access, growing commerce and better security. Construction projects can also employ the local population and, if done correctly, develop a sense of community and social capital. What causes construction projects to miss the mark failing to result in creating a stable community? This research compares four different construction programs including CERP, National Solidarity Program (NSP), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRT) to determine their potential impact on Afghan stability. It uses a combination of statistical regression, correlation, geospatial and temporal analysis to compare completed construction with recorded SIGACTs (Significant Acts) reported by U.S. forces and NGOs. The results imply that the identified stabilization programs are not using construction effectively to create social capital and stability.

L’expression « nouveaux risques » est de plus en plus employée pour désigner les risques sanitaires et environnementaux liés au progrès scientifique et technique lorsque leurs conséquences dommageables bien qu’anticipées sont entourées d’un fort contexte d’incertitude scientifique. Cette incertitude est souvent invoquée par les professionnels créateurs de ces risques pour tenter d’échapper à leur responsabilité et, quand ils n’y parviennent pas, pour en faire supporter la charge par leur assureur de responsabilité, au risque d’accréditer l’idée que l’assurance déresponsabilise. C’est autour de la question de l’assurabilité des nouveaux risques, ou plutôt de leur inassurabilité, que cette thèse est construite. Il s’est agi d’étudier l’aptitude du système actuel de responsabilité du fait des produits, aidé par l’assurance de cette responsabilité, à satisfaire l’objectif social de prise en charge des victimes de nouveaux risques. Les solutions du droit français ont été éprouvées à la lumière de celles retenues par les droits américain et chinois qui sont confrontés aux mêmes problèmes. A cet égard, l’étude des nouveaux risques, en conduisant à revisiter la notion de risque assurable, fait prendre conscience des limites des systèmes actuels de prise en charge. Il apparaît opportun de revenir aux fondamentaux du droit de la responsabilité et du droit des assurances tout en recherchant des techniques complémentaires. Ce pourrait être le recours à la solidarité nationale (par la création d’un fonds d’indemnisation) ou aux marchés financiers. / The expression « emerging risks » is increasingly used to describe the health and environmental risks related to scientific and technical progress whenever their damaging consequences, although anticipated, are shrouded in an opaque veil of scientific uncertainty. The professionals, who created these risks, often use this uncertainty in an attempt to avoid any liability. When unable to do so, they try to have them covered by their liability insurance, even though such behavior fuels the idea that insurance promotes irresponsible behavior. This thesis is built around the question of the insurability, or to be more precise, the non-insurability of emerging risks. The aim was to study the capacity of the current products liability system, complemented by the relevant liability insurance, to meet the social goal of taking care of the victims of those « emerging risks ». The solutions provided by the French law system have been put up for a test by comparing them with those of the American and Chinese ones, while taking into account the contextual problems met by the latter. In this regard, the study of emerging risks leads us to review the concept of insurable risk, and to admit there are limits to the current system dealing with the victims’ compensation. It seems appropriate to refer back to the fundamentals of liability law and insurance law while seeking additional solutions. Appealing to national solidarity (through the setting up of a compensation fund) or to financial markets could be the solution.

Les recherches biomédicales se sont imposées comme une nécessité sociale et leur place n’a pas cessé de prendre de l’importance dans le domaine médical. Leur encadrement juridique commence en 1988 avec la loi « Huriet », qui vient de mettre en place un régime de responsabilité civile régissant cette activité.Ce régime renforce la protection des victimes (et de leurs ayants droit) de recherches biomédicales en simplifiant la procédure d’indemnisation. Seul le tribunal de grande instance est compétent pour connaître des litiges en la matière et ce même s’il s’agit d’un promoteur du secteur public qui relève normalement du juge administratif. Le délai de prescription est de dix ans car les dommages ne peuvent pas apparaître immédiatement après la fin de la recherche. La victime et ses ayants droit peuvent demander l’indemnisation des dommages matériels et moraux subis à l’occasion de la réalisation de la recherche. Dans les cas où la responsabilité du promoteur n’est pas engagée, la victime peut toujours demander une indemnisation à l’ONIAM, en déposant une demande auprès de la CRCI. La loi « Huriet » devrait concilier l’intérêt de la société avec ses valeurs fondamentales, et trouver le juste équilibre permettant d’assurer une protection parfaite aux individus se prêtant à ces recherches, sans entraver leur développement. / Biomedical research has emerged as a social necessity. Its importance has continued to grow in the medical field. Its legal framework began in 1988 with the law "Huriet", which established a civil liability governing this activity.Today’s legal system increases the protection of victims (and their dependents) of biomedical research by simplifying the procedures for plaintiffs to receive compensation. Only the High Court has the jurisdiction to hear disputes in this area and even if he is a proponent of the public sector is normally the administrative judge. The limitation period is ten years since the damage may not appear immediately at the end of the research. The victim and his/her dependents are entitled to compensation for material and moral damages incurred in connection with the conduct of research. In cases where the liability of the promoter is not involved, the victim can still claim compensation from the ONIAM by filing an application with the CRCI.The law "Huriet" should reconcile the interests of the society with its core values, and find the right balance to ensure a perfect protection to individuals suitable for this research, without hindering their development. / لقد فرضت الابحاث الطبية الحيوية كضرورة اجتماعية واتخذت أهمية لا يمكن الاستغناء عنها في المجال الطبي. وحيث ان تنفيذها على الكائن البشري أصبح مطردا، فان إحاطتها بقانون متكامل أصبح امرا لا مفر منه، وقد بدأ ذلك الأمر بتشريع قانون عام 1988 والذي اتى بالجديد عندما أحاط تنفيذ الابحاث الطبية على الكائن البشري بنظام مسؤولية مدنية. هذا النظام هدفه تدعيم حماية المشاركين بالبحث من خلال تعويض المتضرر منهم او خلفه العام من خلال تبسيط اجراءات التعويض. فحدد هذا القانون الاختصاص حصريا بالمحكمة البدائية في النظر بالخصومات المتعلقة بتنفيذ الابحاث الطبية على الكائن البشري، حتى لو كان القائم على تنفيذ البحث شخص من القانون العام. والذي من المفترض ان يكون الاختصاص حينها للقاضي الاداري. هذا وقد حدد قانون عام 1988 مدة التقادم بعشرة سنوات من وقت انتهاء تنفيذ البحث، لان الاضرار قد لا تظهر إلا بعد مدة من تنفيذ البحث. فالمتضرر أو خلفه العام يستطيعون المطالبة بالتعويض على الاضرار المادية والادبية التي نجمت عن تنفيذ البحث الطبي. لكن في حالة اثبات عدم وجود خطا من القائم بالبحث الطبي أي انه غير مسؤول عن الاضرار، فان المتضرر يحق له حينها بموجب هذا القانون اللجوء إلى المطالبة بالتعويض من خلال الهيئة الوطنية للتعويض عن الحوادث الطبية. خلاصة القول، إن قانون عام 1988 سعى لايجاد موازنة ما بين الفائدة التي تعود على المجتمع من تنفيذ البحث وبين ضمان حماية المشارك بالبحث بالشكل الذي يكفل حرمة الجسد البشري دون ان يؤدي ذلك إلى وضع العقبات أمام تنفيذ الابحاث الهامة للمجتمع