The goal of this project is to design an urban place which incorporates the power of the forest, specifically water, canopy, green and light. The site chosen is an area proposed for residential development, a site which is presently functioning as a parking lot in the 'Mid-Campus' section of the University of British Columbia. The area of concentration is the area proposed as open space and its connections to the community centre and the surrounding neighbourhood. In order to create a place of powerful experience, I chose phenomenology and associated strategies as a method, working through stages of 'landing', pattern articulation and precedent exploration. These qualitative elements were combined with site structure and program analysis to produce a final design which incorporates three main spaces: Main Mall Plaza, Thunderbird Centre and a reflection pool and rehabilitated forest area. Main Mall Plaza joins the rest of campus with this site, also serving as a social hub and place of prospect over the ocean. Thunderbird Centre provides space for many of the ammenities needed by this new communitity, and is designed with a terraced pool plaza which accentuates the presence of the forest beyond the plaza edge. Numerous walks then wind through the forest and into an existing second growth wood, where the experience of canopy, green and light is accessable.

Umgeni Valley Nature Reserve as a natural area preserved from the more disruptive forms of economic activity, provides a multitude of benefits classified as either on-site use values or non-use values . This research addressed the problem of estimating the recreation use value of Umgeni Valley Nature Reserve. Two methodologies for valuing non-market benefits, the travel cost and contingent valuation methods are applied to evaluate the economic value of the reserve . The study reviews recent literature and highlights particular methodological issues characteristic of these techniques. The data from an on-site survey in the area permitted a description of visitors' socioeconomic characteristics and their trip patterns. Visitor attitudes, both to the recreational activities in Umgeni Valley Nature Reserve and to the proposals for the improvements of recreation provision were identified. Travel cost method results showed significant statistical relationships between number of trips, travel costs and socioeconomic variables. The consumer surplus value was estimated to be R95 800 in 1998. The contingent valuation method produced a true annual willingness-to-pay of R66 336 for entrance fees expressed by day visitors. The analysis of data from overnight visitors in the cottages revealed that 63 % of visitors were willing to pay up to R75 per person per night. Finally, the research emphasized the importance and the potential use of economic value in assisting the development of economically sustainable policies for the provision of recreation. Whilst Umgeni Valley Nature Reserve is under no immediate threat, having an indication of the economic value of recreational opportunities within the reserve will aid future planning and decision-making. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Montana, 2008. / Title from author supplied metadata. Description based on contents viewed on July 6, 2009. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1991.

The world is faced with a population explosion, and cities are becoming ever larger. The world population will grow from its present 3500 million to more than 7 000 million by the year 2 000. The majority of cities are thus faced with the problem of housing vast numbers of people living in single family dwellings forming low density urban sprawl. Conditions are no different in South Africa where the present white population of about four million is expected to grow to between six and seven million by the year 2000. The present housing requirement (1970-75) for Whites, based on low and high population projections, is 32 732 and 40 150 houses respectively. From 1995-2000 the figures will have risen to 42 742 and 65 580 respectively. At that rate sprawl here will reach alarming proportions unless it can be curtailed by higher density housing. As the population trend does not seem likely to be reversed the problem lies in how to provide housing for an escalating population but at the same time to reduce urban sprawl and provide satisfactory living conditions.

SUGAHARA, Juliana Wayss. A Implantação de Unidades de Conservação e o Direito da Pessoa Humana ao Meio Ambiente Equilibrado. 2014. 195 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Doutorado em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente da Associação Plena em Rede das Instituições, Fortaleza-CE, 2014 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-05-16T12:50:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_jwsugahara.pdf: 5154123 bytes, checksum: 9b22aae23abe4b1b54a69a354459c494 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-05-16T12:51:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_jwsugahara.pdf: 5154123 bytes, checksum: 9b22aae23abe4b1b54a69a354459c494 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-16T12:51:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_jwsugahara.pdf: 5154123 bytes, checksum: 9b22aae23abe4b1b54a69a354459c494 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / The right to a balanced environment, enshrined in CF88, is considered a fundamental right, in that it harnesses the dignity of the human person in order to protect the healthy quality of life of the human person. Although not conceptualise the environment, the CF88 (art. 225) gives the expression a comprehensive and systemic view, involving ecological, social, economic, spatial, cultural and political factors. Thus, the realization of this fundamental right presupposes Sustainable Development, adopted as a model for national development and condition for the exercise of human dignity. In this sense, derives from the right to a balanced environment a set of state and social duties of ensuring the quality of life, in a systemic perspective. Thus, the State has mechanisms and instruments that enable the promotion and execution of actions that search, among them, the establishment of protected areas (PAs), established in accordance with the methods and legal criteria of National System of Units Conservation of Nature (SNUG), to be mandatorily followed by the Government. As a system, the SNUG aims, ultimately, to safeguard the environment, therefore, set out to regulate article 225, § 1, sections I, II, III and VII of CF88. However, it is commonly observed that the deployment of PAs, the natural factor (or ecological) prevails over the others. Thus, the research assumed that the deployment of PAs not adopt systemic constitutional model of sustainability, prevailing natural variable, which violates the fundamental human right to a balanced environment, which presupposes Sustainable Development. Through a holistic, interdisciplinary approach, the research aimed to examine whether the implementation of state protected areas in northeastern Brazil is effectively serving the purpose of ensuring the human right to a balanced environment. The study demonstrated dysregulation between legislation and environmental policy effectively held by public administration, so that the systemic constitutional model of sustainability is not adopted. The inefficiency of policy protection assumed does not follow the law, but the absence of coordinated actions in search of Sustainable Development. / O direito ao meio ambiente equilibrado, consagrado na CF88, é considerado um direito fundamental, na medida em que o atrela à dignidade da pessoa humana, visando a proteger a sadia qualidade de vida da pessoa humana. Embora não conceitue meio ambiente, a CF88 (art. 225) atribui à expressão uma visão ampla e sistêmica, que envolve fatores ecológicos, sociais, econômicos, espaciais, culturais e políticos. Assim, a efetivação desse direito fundamental tem como pressuposto o desenvolvimento sustentável (DS), como modelo adotado para o desenvolvimento nacional e condição para o exercício da dignidade da pessoa humana. Com efeito, decorre do direito ao meio ambiente equilibrado um conjunto de deveres estatais e sociais de garantia da qualidade de vida, em uma perspectiva sistêmica. Para tanto, o Estado conta com mecanismos e instrumentos que possibilitam a promoção e execução de ações nessa busca, dentre os quais a implantação de unidades de conservação (UCs), instituídas de acordo com os métodos e critérios legais estabelecidos no Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza (SNUC), a serem imperativamente seguidos pelo Poder Público. Como sistema, o SNUC visa, em última análise, a salvaguardar o meio ambiente, porquanto se dispôs a regulamentar o artigo 225, § 1º, incisos I, II, III e VII da CF88. Comumente se observa, todavia, que, na implantação das UCs, o fator natural (ou ecológico) prevalece em relação aos demais. Desse modo, a pesquisa pressupôs, desde a saída, que na implantação das UCs não se adota o modelo constitucional sistêmico de sustentabilidade, prevalecendo a variável natural, o que viola o direito fundamental da pessoa humana ao meio ambiente equilibrado, o qual tem como pressuposto o desenvolvimento sustentável. Por meio de uma abordagem interdisciplinar e sistêmica, a pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar se a implantação de UCs estaduais na região Nordeste do Brasil está efetivamente atendendo ao propósito de assegurar o direito da pessoa humana ao meio ambiente equilibrado. O estudo demonstrou desregulação entre a legislação e a política ambiental efetivamente realizada pela Administração Pública, de modo que não se perfilha o modelo constitucional sistêmico de sustentabilidade. A ineficiência da política de proteção assumida não decorre da lei, mas da ausência de ações coordenadas na busca do desenvolvimento sustentável.

Les politiques de protection de la nature s’appuient, pour l’essentiel, sur la protection d’« aires naturelles » qui apparaissent, en France, dès le début du 20ème siècle. Celles-ci peuvent être regroupées en trois catégories en fonction des types de mesures appliqués : les aires naturelles sous protection réglementaire, sous protection conventionnelle (voie contractuelle) et, enfin, sous protection foncière. Cette dernière mesure s’entend comme un processus formalisé par un transfert, dans un objectif de protection, d’un bien-foncier privé au profit d’un acquéreur public ou privé investi d’une mission reconnue d’utilité publique, c'est-à-dire une Maitrise Foncière à Finalité Écologique (MAFFE). Si ce mode d’action « exorbitant » émerge dans les années 1960 en phase avec l’approche prédominante, « fixiste », de la protection des milieux naturels, son recours persiste aujourd’hui. Est ainsi questionné son adaptabilité à la fois aux conditions actuelles de mise en oeuvre qui s’appuient sur des logiques de contractualisation et de négociation et aux objectifs des politiques de la nature qui s’inscrivent dorénavant dans une perspective de gestion des espaces en tenant compte des dynamiques naturelles. L’analyse, tant des processus de territorialisation de la MAFFE que des perceptions et représentations de l’ensemble des acteurs impliqués par sa mise en oeuvre sur deux terrains d’étude, nous aura permis de souligner la pluralité, d’une part, de ses processus de mise en oeuvre et, d’autre part, des finalités qui lui sont attribuées. Est ainsi mis en évidence la plasticité de la MAFFE à l’interface entre instruments de type réglementaire et instruments de type conventionnel concordant avec les divers effets attendus de sa mise en oeuvre : contrôle des usages, conciliation des intérêts environnementaux, économiques et sociaux des espaces naturels, et, enfin coordination de l’action publique. Aussi, la MAFFE ne constitue pas un instrument univoque mais davantage un instrument multifonctionnel et modulable en fonction des contextes locaux. Face à l’évolution des référentiels des politiques de protection de la nature, nous montrons ainsi que la plasticité tant perçue qu’effective de la MAFFE constitue un gage d’adaptabilité et donc potentiellement d’efficacité pour la préservation de la biodiversité. / Nature conservation policies relies traditionally upon the protection of “natural areas” that appear in France in the early 20th century. These protected areas can be classified into three main categories according to the measures implemented: regulation, incentive measure and property control one. This latter measure is defined as a formal process of purchase of lands, in order to create protected areas, by public authorities and also by private actors who carry out a public service mission. If this "exorbitant" measure emerged in the 1960s in line with the predominant "preservationist" approach of nature protection, it is still in use today. Thus, we question its adaptability first of all to the current policy implementation conditions based upon mediation and negotiation processes and secondly to new objectives of nature conservation which take into account the concept of “natural dynamics” for planning activities. We have conducted an analysis of the processes of implementation in two cases of study, focusing on the perceptions and representations of all actors involved in these implementation processes of this instrument. This analysis has enabled us to emphasize the plurality of, firstly, these processes of implementation and, secondly, its assigned purposes. Thus, we demonstrate the plasticity of this instrument at the interface between regulatory and incentive tools that fits with the various types of expected effects of its implementation: to control users’ behaviours of natural areas, to reach a trade-off between environmental interests and economic and social interests of natural areas, and, finally, to coordinate public intervention. Therefore, this instrument constitutes rather a multifunctional tool, adaptable to local contexts. Facing the continual renewal of nature conservation policies implementation conditions and objectives, we conclude that the plasticity of the tool, as perceived and effective, provides a guarantee of adaptability and potentially efficient protection of biodiversity.

La « crise environnementale » médiatisée sous la forme d'une série de dommages et de menaces qui pèsent sur la survie de notre espèce (Larrère, 1997) oblige nos sociétés à prendre en compte des êtres et des phénomènes qui ne sont pas humains et que nous avions exclus de notre sphère morale. Plus largement, ces enjeux questionnent la façon dont nous nous organisons pour agir dans les espaces que nous partageons de facto avec une pluralité d'entités. Cette recherche doctorale s'intéresse plus particulièrement aux pratiques de gestion des « espaces de nature ». Les gestionnaires de ces espaces sont amenés à répondre à une multiplicité de demandes et d'injonctions, autrement dit à « écologiser » leurs façons de faire. Mais bien traiter la « nature » ou l'environnement ne peut se faire au détriment d'un bon accueil des publics. Nous observons et décrivons la mise en place de quatre initiatives se disant « éthiques » ou « responsables » sur des terrains variés, du plus urbain (espaces verts de Grenoble) au plus « sauvage » (Mt Jefferson Wilderness, en Oregon). Il apparaît que la responsabilité du devenir de ces espaces n'est pas uniquement celle des gestionnaires : elle est distribuée le long d'une chaîne d'humains et de non-humains. Les acteurs comptent sur une pluralité de personnes, d'êtres et de choses pour maintenir ces espaces. Leurs pratiques relèvent d'expérimentations tout à la fois scientifiques, politiques et morales (Latour, 1995 ; Hache, 2011). Ils construisent des compromis situés et précaires, selon une éthique du faire-avec. Dans ce mouvement, les parcs et jardins – comme figures de la séparation et de la domestication – cessent d'être la seule échelle pertinente de réflexion et d'action : d'autres formes socio-spatiales émergent. Une géographie des associations hétérogènes (Murdoch, 1997) nous apparaît alors féconde pour rendre compte des liens, des emboîtements d'échelles et des évènements éthiques fragmentaires qui se jouent dans le travail continu de ces collectifs qui œuvrent à construire un monde commun constamment renégocié. / The “environmental crisis”, made public through various damages and threats that challenge the survival of our species (Larrère, 1997), urges our societies to include beings and phenomena that are not solely human into our moral sphere. Also, it requires to re-think the way we plan our activities in spaces than we share de facto with a large number of entities. This doctoral research focuses on “natural areas” management policies. Park and wilderness managers have to comply with an increasing diversity of norms and rules, they have to “ecologize” the way they do things. But caring for “nature” or the environment can hardly exclude the well-being of humans. We analyse four management projects labelled as “ethical” or “responsible” on different terrains, from Grenoble city parks (France) to Mt Jefferson Wilderness (Oregon). The responsibility concerning the future of these “natural areas” appears to no longer be only that of the managers: it is distributed along a chain of humans and non humans. People in charge of these areas count on many individuals and things. Their actions can be considered as experiments that are altogether scientific, politic and moral (Latour, 1995; Hache, 2011). They build site-specific precarious compromises following an ethics of coping. In this context, parks and wildernesses cease to be relevant scales of action and other socio-spatial forms emerge. A geography of heterogeneous associations (Murdoch, 1997) seems to offer one interesting means of following the links operating in these attempts to build a common world.

O Cerrado é um domínio fitogeográfico tipicamente savânico, com altos valores de diversidade e endemismos e com uma grande pressão antrópica associada. A maior área contínua ainda conservada de Cerrado é a região do Jalapão (TO). Apesar de protegida por Unidades de Conservação de proteção integral, esta é uma região pouco estudada, existindo, assim, uma grande lacuna de conhecimento sobre sua flora e sobre os efeitos das queimadas, que lá ocorrem frequentemente, na diversidade de plantas. O fogo exerce forte influência na constituição biológica e na ecologia do Cerrado. A ausência de queimadas ou a sua presença frequente transformam a fitofisionomia do local, adensando a vegetação ou levando a formações mais campestres, respectivamente. Com a crescente ocupação antrópica, a frequência de fogo tem aumentado no Cerrado. Simultaneamente, as Unidades de Conservação restringem queimas, por vezes naturais, em suas áreas. Diante desse panorama, tornam-se necessários mais estudos sobre a flora e os efeitos do fogo no Jalapão. Esse projeto tem o objetivo de colaborar no conhecimento desses temas. Para o trabalho florístico, áreas de cerrado aberto com solo seco não pedregoso foram percorridas em diferentes períodos do ano e todas as angiospermas em estágio reprodutivo foram coletadas e identificadas. Foram revisados os herbários com as coleções mais significativas, resultando na compilação de uma lista de angiospermas para a região. Para a análise da ação do fogo, áreas de campo sujo na região do Jalapão com diferentes históricos de fogo foram selecionadas, sendo três áreas com frequência bienal de queimas e uma área livre do fogo há dez anos. 15 parcelas de 4m2 foram instaladas em cada área. Todos os indivíduos de hábito herbáceo-subarbustivo foram identificados e contabilizados. Densidade, riqueza e composição de espécies foram avaliadas e comparadas entre as áreas com diferentes históricos de queima. A lista resultou em 528 espécies, distribuídas em 85 famílias. As famílias mais representativas foram Fabaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Rubiaceae, Lamiaceae e Myrtaceae. O número de espécies encontradas quase dobra o número de registros nessas fisionomias para a região. A análise da ação do fogo resultou em maiores valores de densidade de indivíduos e riqueza nas áreas com regime de fogo bienal; entretanto, entre os diferentes tratamentos, não houve diferença na composição de espécies. Esses resultados são corroborados pelas evidências levantadas na literatura da necessidade de fogo para reprodução e ocorrência de certas espécies vegetais e dos ganhos obtidos com maior acesso à luz e maior disponibilidade de nutrientes pelo estrato rasteiro, após queimadas. O fogo no Cerrado não deve ser entendido como prejudicial, sendo necessário incluir programas específicos de queimadas controladas para o manejo da biodiversidade em áreas protegidas. / The Cerrado is a savanic phytogeographic domain with high biodiversity and endemism values, under high anthropic pressure. One of the largest, continuous and still conserved areas of Cerrado is the Jalapão region, in the Tocantins State. Despite the existence of protected areas, there is a huge information gap about its flora and about the effects of fires, which are frequent in the region, on its plant diversity. Fire has a strong influence in the biological constitution of Cerrado and on its ecology. The absence or presence of fires may transform the local phytophysiognomy, by controlling the abundance of woody species. Hence, its presence is associated to occurrence of dense formations, while its absence leads to a prevalence of grasslands. With the increasing human occupation of Cerrado areas, the frequency of fires hás been growing. At the same time, management of protected areas tends to restrain fires on their territory, even when those occur spontaneously. In this context, studies characterizing the flora and the effects of fires over it in the Jalapão region are of utmost importance. The present work aims to collaborate to the increasing of the knowledge about those subjects. For the floristic survey of the area, fieldwork was conduced during different periods of the year, and all angiosperms occurring in savannah physionogmies with dry, non rocky soils, were collected. Additionally, herbaria with representative collections from Jalapão were visited and its specimen’s identifications reviewed, resulting in a checklist for angiosperms occurring in the region. To evaluate teh effects of fire in plant diversity, “campo sujo“ physionogmies in Jalapão region with different fire history were selected. Three areas had bienal fire history and one área is protected from fire for 10 years. 15 quadrants of 4 m2 were set in each area, and all plants with herbaceous and subshrub habit were collected and identified. Individual density, species richness and composition were analysised and compared in areas with different fire historys. For the checklist 528 species belonging to 85 families were recorded. The most representative families are Fabaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Rubiaceae, Lamiaceae and Myrtaceae. Nine species are listed as rare and nine as threatened. This study presents almost twice as many species recorded by previous inventories of those physiognomies in Jalapão. The analyses of fire effects resulted in higher individual density and species richness values in the areas with bienal fire regime. There were no differences in species composition between the evaluated areas. Our results are reinforced by the already current knowledge that some plant species rely on fire occurrence in order to reproduce and even to establish themselves in the environment. Moreover, it is also known that the herbaceous stratum benefits from the increasing in light and nutrient availability promoted after fires. Fire must not be seen as a villain and specific programs that include supervised burns should be adopted in protected areas management plans in order to achieve a holistic conservation of the Cerrado Domain.

The goal of this project is to design an urban place which incorporates the power of the forest, specifically water, canopy, green and light. The site chosen is an area proposed for residential development, a site which is presently functioning as a parking lot in the 'Mid-Campus' section of the University of British Columbia. The area of concentration is the area proposed as open space and its connections to the community centre and the surrounding neighbourhood. In order to create a place of powerful experience, I chose phenomenology and associated strategies as a method, working through stages of 'landing', pattern articulation and precedent exploration. These qualitative elements were combined with site structure and program analysis to produce a final design which incorporates three main spaces: Main Mall Plaza, Thunderbird Centre and a reflection pool and rehabilitated forest area. Main Mall Plaza joins the rest of campus with this site, also serving as a social hub and place of prospect over the ocean. Thunderbird Centre provides space for many of the ammenities needed by this new communitity, and is designed with a terraced pool plaza which accentuates the presence of the forest beyond the plaza edge. Numerous walks then wind through the forest and into an existing second growth wood, where the experience of canopy, green and light is accessable. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate