Submitted by LAÍS DA CONCEIÇÃO DOS SANTOS null (laisc_santos@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-20T22:21:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Laís_da_Conceição_dos_Santos.pdf: 1686749 bytes, checksum: 6e7427e1641edd7e01def546c8b2617f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-22T13:58:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_lc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1686749 bytes, checksum: 6e7427e1641edd7e01def546c8b2617f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T13:58:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_lc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1686749 bytes, checksum: 6e7427e1641edd7e01def546c8b2617f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da estratégia “pushpull” utilizando plantas de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L.) e coentro (Coriandrum sativum L.) sobre insetos-praga e predadores e avaliar a abundância e riqueza de espécies de Coleoptera, Hemiptera e abelhas, em tomateiro orgânico cultivado em casa-devegetação. O experimento foi composto de dois tratamentos: a) policultivo e b) monocultivo de tomateiro. O policulivo compreendeu plantas de tomate, Solanum lycopersicum L., de coentro e sorgo. As avaliações foram quinzenais e realizadas desde o plantio até o fim do ciclo da cultura. Em cada parcela os insetos foram amostrados visualmente examinando-se toda a planta, considerando-se aleatoriamente 10 plantas de tomateiro, 10 plantas de C. sativum e 10 plantas de S. bicolor. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo (Split-Plot), com 12 repetições, sendo os tratamentos principais (parcelas) representados pelo mono e policultivo de tomateiro e os tratamentos secundários (subparcelas) representados pelas datas de coleta, sendo oito datas de coleta para cada safra. A presença de sorgo e coentro não reduz significativamente a densidade populacional de Tuta absoluta (Meirick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Caliothrips phaseoli Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) e Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididade) no tomateiro em casa-de-vegetação. O policultivo tomateiro-coentrosorgo favorece a ocorrência de insetos predadores, sobretudo após a floração do coentro, que proporciona a ocorrência de Franklinothrips vespiformis (Crawford) (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae). O coentro não possui efeito repelente sobre coleópteros e hemípteros fitófagos. A associação do coentro com o tomateiro em casa-de-vegetação contribui para a atração de insetos polinizadores. A diversificação vegetal promove aumento na abundância e riqueza de espécies de besouros e percevejos em tomateiro orgânico. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the strategy "push-pull" using sorghum plants (Sorghum bicolor L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) on pests insect and predators and evaluate the abundance and species richness of Coleoptera, Hemiptera and bees in organic tomato. The experiment consisted of two treatments: a) polyculture; b) tomato monoculture. The polyculture was formed by tomato plants, Solanum lycopersicum L., coriander and sorghum. The evaluations were carried out fortnightly, from planting to end of crop cycle. In each plot the insects were sampled visually examining the whole plant, considering randomly 10 tomato plants, 10 plants of C. sativum and 10 plants of S. bicolor. The design was a randomized block with split plot in the time (Split-Plot) with 12 repetitions, the main treatments (plots) were represented by mono and tomato polyculture and secondary treatments (subplots) represented by the collection dates, having been evaluated eight dates in each crop cycle. The presence of sorghum and coriander did not significantly reduce the population density of Tuta absoluta (Meirick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Caliothrips phaseoli Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididade) in tomato in greenhouse. The tomato-coriander-sorghum polyculture favors the occurrence of insect predators, especially after flowering coriander. Coriander provides greater diversity of insect predators, especially Franklinothrips vespiformis (Crawford) (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae). Coriander has no repellent effect on phytophagous Coleoptera and Hemiptera in organic tomato cultivation. The plant diversification promotes increase in the abundance and species richness of beetles and hemipteran in organic tomato. The combination of coriander and tomato plants in greenhouse helps to attract pollinating insects. / CNPq: 140745/2016-5

Submitted by SIDNÉIA TEREZINHA SOARES DE MATOS null (sidimatos@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-12T16:44:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissetação.pdf: 1367407 bytes, checksum: 11ea0905bcfc7e04d2170a949665fe94 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-17T20:44:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 matos_sts_me_jabo.pdf: 1367407 bytes, checksum: 11ea0905bcfc7e04d2170a949665fe94 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T20:44:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 matos_sts_me_jabo.pdf: 1367407 bytes, checksum: 11ea0905bcfc7e04d2170a949665fe94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A nogueira-macadâmia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden e Betche), originária da Austrália, encontra-se em expansão no Brasil. Por ser uma cultura recentemente introduzida no País, a maioria das informações e as tecnologias recomendadas para sua produção foram adaptadas de pesquisas efetuadas para as condições edafoclimáticas dos Estados Unidos e da Austrália. Esse fato ressalta a necessidade de se desenvolver estudos sobre a fauna entomológica, visando ao manejo integrado de pragas dessa nogueira. No presente estudo, foi realizado levantamento populacional de insetos em nogueira-macadâmia em Jaboticabal, São Paulo. O objetivo foi identificar as principais espécies de insetos fitófagos e predadores e determinar as espécies predominantes por meio de estudos de flutuação populacional desses organismos em relação aos estádios fenológicos da cultura. O total de 540 exemplares de insetos predadores foram coletados pertencentes a 8 ordens, 13 famílias e 37 espécies; os insetos fitófagos totalizaram 7588 exemplares de 5 ordens, 35 famílias e 83 espécies. Os predadores Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuropetra: Chrysopidae), Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Allograpta hastata Fluke (Diptera: Syrphidae) e Nusalala sp. (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) e os fitófagos Toxoptera aurantii (Fonscolombe) Hemiptera: Aphididae), Frankliniella gardeniae Moulton (Tysanoptera: Thripidae), Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin) (Tysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), Mormidea sp., Piezodorus sp. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Zicca sp. (Hemiptera: Coreidae), Stenocoris sp. (Hemiptera: Alydidae), Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Charidotis marginella (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Ophiderma sp. (Hemiptera: Membracidae), Epitragus sp.3 (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae) e Ptilodactyla sp.2 (Coleoptera: Ptilodactylidae) classificaram-se como predominantes. Os maiores índices de diversidade e picos populacionais das espécies predominantes ocorreram no estádio de floração. / The macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden e Betche) is native from Australia and is in expansion in Brazil. It was recently introduced in the country, therefore, most of the knowledges and technologies recommended for production were adapted from researches conducted for soil and climatic conditions in United States and Australia. This fact highlights the importance of studies about the entomological fauna, aiming at the integrated pest management of this walnut. In this study was conducted a population survey of insects in macadamia nut in Jaboticabal, São Paulo. The objective was to identify the main species of phytophagous insects and predators and to determine the predominant species through the study of its population dynamics in relation to the phenological stages of the crop. A total of 540 predatory insects specimens belonging to eigth orders, 13 families and summing up 37 species were collected. A total of 7588 specimens of phytophagous insects from five orders, 35 families and and summing up 83 species were captured. The insect predators Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuropetra: Chrysopidae), Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Allograpta hastata Fluke (Diptera: Syrphidae) e Nusalala sp. (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) and the insect phytophagous Toxoptera aurantii (Fonscolombe) Hemiptera: Aphididae), Frankliniella gardeniae Moulton (Tysanoptera: Thripidae), Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin) (Tysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), Mormidea sp., Piezodorus sp. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Zicca sp. (Hemiptera: Coreidae), Stenocoris sp. (Hemiptera: Alydidae), Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Charidotis marginella (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Ophiderma sp. (Hemiptera: Membracidae), Epitragus sp.3 (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae) e Ptilodactyla sp.2 (Coleoptera: Ptilodactylidae) were classified as predominant. The highest species diversity and population peak of predominant species occurred during the flowering stage.

Orientador: Odair Aparecido Fernandes / Banca: Tatiana Rodrigues Carneiro / Banca: Alexandre de Sene Pinto / Resumo: O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar a dinâmica dos fatores de mortalidade de ovos e larvas (1o e 2o ínstares) de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), e avaliar o impacto de liberações de Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) na supressão da população dessa praga. Tabelas de vida ecológicas para ovos e larvas (1o e 2o ínstares) de S. frugiperda foram construídas em agroecossistema de milho, com e sem liberações inundativas do parasitoide, nas safras úmidas e secas de 2010 e 2011. A mortalidade total de ovos variou entre 73 e 81%. Os maiores valores de mortalidades marginal e insubstituível, nas áreas com e sem liberações, foram causadas por inviabilidade e deslocamento nas safras úmidas e por inviabilidade e predação nas safras secas. Parasitoides não causaram mortalidade significativa nas populações de ovos e larvas e as liberações de T. remus não aumentaram a mortalidade de ovos. Mais de 95% das larvas morreram devido à predação, deslocamento pela chuva ou ballooning e a mortalidade total causada por esses fatores foi amplamente insubstituível. Quando as mortalidades de ovos e larvas foram analisadas conjuntamente, a mortalidade de larvas substituiu quase que completamente a mortalidade de ovos. Os resultados indicaram que maiores reduções nas populações de S. frugiperda podem ser conseguidas aumentando-se a mortalidade dos ínstares iniciais do estágio larval / Abstract: The aim of this study was to characterize the dynamics of mortality factors affecting initial immature developmental stages (eggs and 1st. and 2nd. instar larvae) of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and assess the impact of Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) releases on pest population suppression. Life tables for egg and early larval stages of S. frugiperda were developed in maize fields with and without augmentative parasitoid releases, in the wet and dry seasons of 2010 and 2011. Total egg mortality did not vary considerably among years and ranged from 73 to 81%. The highest egg marginal mortality and irreplaceable mortality in both release and non-release fields was due to inviability and dislodgement in wet seasons and inviability and predation in dry seasons. Parasitoids did not cause significant mortality in egg or early larval stages and the releases of T. remus did not increase egg mortality. A large percentage of early larvae (> 95%) died from predation, dislodgment by rainfall or ballooning and total mortality due to these factors was largely irreplaceable. When considering egg and larval mortality together, early larval mortality would almost completely replace egg mortality if the egg mortality factors were removed. Results indicate that a greater effect in reducing generational survival may be achieved by adding mortality to the early larval stage of S. frugiperda / Mestre

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Busoli / Banca: Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior / Banca: Marcos Doniseti Michelotto / Resumo: Objetivou-se estudar a dinâmica populacional de Alabama argillacea, (Hübner), o parasitismo natural dos ovos da referida praga por Trichogramma pretiosum Riley e a ocorrência de predadores em cultivares convencionais e transgênica de algodoeiro na região de Ipameri, GO. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos constituídos pelas cultivares convencionais DeltaOPAL, FMX 966, FMX 993; FMX 910 e a transgênica NuOPAL, com quatro repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente após a emergência das plantas, examinando-se 5 plantas inteiras ao acaso, por parcela. Em relação à preferência de oviposição e ao parasitismo dos ovos de A. argillacea por T. pretiosum, verifica-se que não ocorreram diferenças siginificativas entre as cultivares. As lagartas do curuquerê ocorreram a partir dos 34 dias após a emergência das plantas (DAE), mas a densidade populacional nas cultivares convencionais foi mais intensa dos 89 aos 114 DAE, enquanto na cultivar transgênica observou-se apenas lagartas pequenas, em baixa densidade. Dos artrópodes predadores observados nas cultivares avaliadas, os coccinelídeos e aranhas foram os mais abundantes. A população de coccinelídeos foi maior no início do desenvolvimento do algodoeiro, com pico populacional sincronizado com o de Aphis gossypii Glover. Os pentatomídeos e forficulídeos predominaram dos 99 aos 128 DAE, enquanto as aranhas ocorreram em todo ciclo da cultura. Verificou-se também que não houve interação negativa entre os artrópodes predadores e não foi constatado efeito negativo da cultivar transgênica sobre os predadores observados. / Abstract: The objective was to study the population dynamics of Alabama argillacea (Hueb.), natural egg parasitism of the mentioned pest by Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and the occurrence of predators in conventional and transgenic varieties of cotton in the region of Ipameri, GO. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five treatments consisting of the conventional cultivars DeltaOPAL, FMX 966, FMX 993, FMX 910 and transgenic NuOPAL, with four replications. Evaluations were performed weekly after emergence of plants, observed 5 entire plants at random per plot. Regarding the preference of oviposition and egg parasitism of A. argillacea by T. pretiosum it appears that there weren't significant differences among cultivars. The larvae of cotton leafworm occurred from 34 days after plant emergence (DAE), but the population density of larvae in the conventional cultivars, was more intense from 89 to 114 DAE, while in transgenic cultivar was observed only small larvae, in low population density. Of the arthropods sampled in the cotton crop, the coccinellids and spiders were most abundant in the cultivars evaluated. The population of coccinellids was higher early in the development of cotton, with synchronized with the peak population of aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover. The predominant pentatomid and forficulid of 99 to 128 DAE, while the spiders occurred throughout the culture cycle. It was not found negative interactions between predatory arthropod and wasn't observed negative effect of the transgenic cultivar on predator observed. / Mestre

A mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) é considerada uma das principais pragas agrícolas. Seu controle é realizado principalmente com a utilização de inseticidas, que entretanto não tem funcionado a contento. Uma alternativa seria a utilização de ácaros predadores da família Phytoseiidae, como agentes de controle. O ácaro predador Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot tem se mostrado um eficiente agente de controle desta praga em outros países, porém este não foi até o momento constatado no Brasil. Sua introdução poderia viabilizar o controle biológico da mosca-branca no país, sendo, porém, necessária a condução de estudos prévios, para avaliar sua eficiência como agente de controle do biótipo B de B. tabaci, encontrado no Brasil. Uma população de A. swirskii coletada na República de Benin e outra comercialmente disponível na Holanda foram recentemente introduzidas no Brasil para estudos. No primeiro estudo relatado neste documento, as duas populações foram comparadas quanto à habilidade de predação e oviposição quando alimentadas com ovos de B. tabaci de diferentes idades e com outros alimentos. Melhor desempenho foi apresentado pela população da Holanda, mas para ambas as populações, maiores níveis de predação e oviposição foram observados em ovos mais novos (< 24 h de idade) de B. tabaci. No segundo estudo avaliou-se o potencial biótico desta população quando alimentada com ovos de B. tabaci ou pólen de Typha domingensis Persoon, e o efeito de ambas as populações sobre larvas de Euseius concordis (Chant), fitoseídeo comumente encontrado no Brasil. A taxa intrínseca de aumento populacional foi relativamente alta em ambos os alimentos, sendo ligeiramente mais alta em ovos de B. tabaci que em pólen (respectivamente 0,29 e 0,25 fêmea/fêmea/dia). Fêmeas adultas de ambas as populações predaram larvas da própria espécie e, em maiores níveis, de E. concordis, independentemente da presença de pólen. No terceiro estudo, avaliou-se o potencial de populações brasileiras de fitoseídeos como predadores de B. tabaci, assim como o desempenho destes em outros alimentos. Os fitoseídeos avaliados foram Amblydromalus limonicus (Garman & McGregor), Amblyseius herbicolus (Chant), Amblyseius largoensis (Muma), Amblyseius tamatavensis (Blommers) e Neoseiulus tunus (De Leon). Todos predaram ovos de B. tabaci. Contudo, melhores resultados foram observados para A. herbicolus, A. tamatavensis e N. tunus. Os resultados sugerem que estas espécies sejam promissoras como agentes de controle de B. tabaci. No quarto estudo, avaliou-se o potencial biótico de A. tamatavensis quando alimentado com ovos de B. tabaci e seu desempenho no controle desta praga em plantas jovens de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.). A taxa intrínseca de aumento populacional foi comparável à obtida para A. swriskii alimentando-se da mesma presa. Por outro lado, a liberação deste predador resultou em reduções de 60 a 80% nas densidades da praga, sugerindo que A. tamatavensis seja promissor como agente de controle de B. tabaci. Conclui-se que exista um grande potencial de se controlar B. tabaci no Brasil com o uso de espécies de fitoseídeos, seja com uma espécie em fase de introdução, A. swirskii, seja com uma espécie já presente no país, A. tamatavensis. / The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is considered a major agricultural pest. Its control is mainly done with the use of insecticides, which however have not provided satisfactorily. An alternative could be the use of predatory mites of the family Phytoseiidae as control agents. The predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot is an effective control agent of this pest in other countries, nonetheless this species has not being found in Brazil. Its introduction could enable the biological control of whitefly in the country. However, preliminary studies carried are still necessary to evaluate its effectiveness as a control agent of B. tabaci biotype B, found in Brazil. One population of A. swirskii collected in the Republic of Benin and the other commercially available in the Netherlands, have been recently introduced to Brazil for studies. On the first study reported in this paper, two populations were compared in relation to their ability to prey and oviposit when fed with B. tabaci eggs of different ages and with other food sources. The best performance was presented by the Netherlands population, but for both populations, higher predation and oviposition levels were observed on younger eggs (< 24h). In the second study, we evaluated the biotic potential of the same population when fed with B. tabaci eggs or pollen of Typha domingensis Persoon as well as the effect of both populations on the larvae of Euseius concordis (Chant), phytoseiid commonly found in Brazil. The intrinsic rate of population increase was relatively high on both food types, being slightly higher on eggs of B. tabaci than on pollen (respectively 0.29 and 0.25 female/female/day). Adults females of both populations preyed on their on larvae and also the highest levels of E. concordis, regardless of the presence of pollen. In the third study, we evaluated the potential of Brazilian populations of phytoseiids as predators of B. tabaci, as well as their performance on other food sources. The phytoseiid species evaluated were Amblydromalus limonicus (Garman & McGregor), Amblyseius herbicolus (Chant), Amblyseius largoensis (Muma), Amblyseius tamatavensis Blommers and Neoseiulus tunus (De Leon). All species preyed on eggs of B. tabaci, but best results were observed for A. herbicolus, A. tamatavensis and N. tunus. The results suggest that these species are promising as control agents of B. tabaci. In the fourth study, we evaluated the biotic potential of A. tamatavensis when fed on eggs of B. tabaci and its performance in controlling this pest in young bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. The intrinsic rate of population increase was comparable to that of A. swirskii fed with the same prey. On the other hand, the release of this predator resulted in a reduction of 60 to 80 % in pest density, suggesting that A. tamatavensis is promising as a control agent B. tabaci. We conclude that there is a great potential to control B. tabaci in Brazil using phytoseiid species, with a species which is now being introduced, A. swirskii, or with a species which is already present in the country, A. tamatavensis.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar atrativos adicionados a inseticidas e usados na forma de isca tóxica no controle dos adultos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) determinando as doses adequadas e distâncias de aplicação dessas iscas. Em laboratório, foram testadas diversas iscas, incluindo seletividade, idade e concentração das mesmas, escolha do inseticida e sua melhor dose, determinação da distância dentro da área de aplicação, efeito residual e atratividade a alguns inimigos naturais. A D. saccharalis foi mantida em condições controladas de temperatura (25+1ºC), umidade relativa (60+10%) e fotofase (14 horas). Foi avaliada a sua mortalidade 24 e 48 hs após a exposição às iscas. A seleção e concentração do atrativo e o inseticida foi feita através dos resultados que apresentaram eficiência superior a 80%. Dentre as diferentes concentrações de atrativos e de inseticidas foram obtidas às ideais para cada isca, que foram: ácido acético (2,5%); ácido acético + 3-metil-1-butanol (1,25%); calda de açúcar (20%) e açúcar (2,5%) adicionados ao cloridrato de cartape (2,0; 2,0; 1,5 e 2,0 g i.a. L-1 calda), respectivamente. Em relação ao raio de atratividade, verificou-se que a isca não atrai o adulto a longas distâncias sendo o raio de 50cm, tornando-se necessário aplicar as iscas em área total. Nos resultados obtidos do teste de atratividade aos inimigos naturais (Cotesia flavipes e Doru luteipes) foi verificado que apenas a C. flavipes foi atraída pela isca à base de melaço. Em campo, foi realizado um experimento aplicando a isca tóxica em área total. Os tratamentos foram: ácido acético (285 mL ha-1) + cloridrato de cartape (45 g i.a. ha-1), melaço (1,14L ha-1) + cloridrato de cartape (45 g i.a. ha-1), Bacillus thuringiensis (1L ha-1) + Hygrogen (1L ha-1) e triflumurom (38,4 g i.a. ha-1), este último, visando lagartas do 2º ínstar. Os tratamentos á base de B. thuringiesis e o triflumurom foram empregados como padrão. Os resultados foram analisados em função de amostragem de lagartas que surgiu após as aplicações. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento que mais se destacou foi à base de melaço o qual foi superior ao controle químico triflumurom, inseticida regulador de crescimento, utilizado atualmente principalmente no oeste paulista, onde se encontram altos níveis de infestação da broca. Assim, a isca tóxica a base de melaço se torna mais uma alternativa no controle químico da D. saccharalis. / This work aims to study baits added to insecticides used as toxic baits in the control of moths of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) determining their appropriate doses and distances of application. In laboratory, were tested different baits in terms of selectivity, age and concentration, choice of pesticide and ideal dosage, determining distances within the application area, residual effects and attractiveness to some natural enemies. The D. saccharalis was kept under controlled temperatures (25+1ºC), RH (60+10%) and photophase (14 hours). We evaluated its mortality 24 and 48 hours after exposure to the baits. The selection and concentration of the bait and the pesticide were based on results that presented effiency higher than 80%. Among the different of concentrations of baits and pesticides, we obtained the ideal for each toxic bait as follows: acetic acid (2.5%); acetic acid + 3-methyl-1-butanol (1.25%); gold syrup (20%) and sugar (2.5%) added to cloridrato of cartape (2.0; 2.0; 1.5 and 2.0 g i.a. L-1 solution), respectively. In relation to the distance of application, we observed that the bait does not attract the adult from a distance larger than 50cm, being necessary to spray the baits in the entire area. As for results obtained on the attractiveness to natural enemies (Cotesia flavipes and Doru luteipes), we observed that only the C. flavipes was attracted to molasses baits. In the field, we carried out the spraying of toxic bait in whole area. The treatments were: acetic acid (285mL ha-1) + cloridrato de cartape (45 g i.a. ha-1), molasses (1,14L ha-1) + cloridrato of cartape (45 g i.a. ha-1), Bacillus thuringiensis (1L ha-1) + Hygrogen (1L ha-1) and triflumurom (38,4 g i.a. ha-1), being this last one aimed at caterpillars of the 2nd instar. The treatments based of B. thuringiensis and triflumurom were set up as standard. Results were analyzed regarding the number of caterpillars which appeared after the sprays. Findings showed that the treatment that had better result was based on molasses which was superior than the chemical control with triflumurom, growth regulator pesticide, largely used nowadays mainly in the western of São Paulo state, where there is high level of infestation of sugarcane borer. Thus, the toxic bait based on molasses becomes an alternative to the chemical control of D. saccharalis.

Mediante as modificações ambientais realizadas por ações antrópicas, os sistemas ecológicos vêm sendo cada vez mais afetados pela perda de organismos, resultando em simplificações nas interações tróficas, que acarretam em desequilíbrio entre espécies, principalmente em sistema agrícolas e florestais. Assim, compreender a atuação dos inimigos naturais é fundamental para sua implementação em programas de manejo integrado. Neste estudo, investigou-se as interações predador presa de duas espécies da subordem Heteroptera, Podisus nigrispinus e Graptocleptes bicolor, para compreender suas dinâmicas e respostas funcionais com algumas presas da ordem Lepidoptera. / Because of the environmental modifications made by anthropic actions, the ecological systems have been losing their organisms, resulting in simplification of trophic interactions, which bring out species instability, especially at agricultural and forest systems. Thus, to understand the performance of natural enemies it is primordial to their usage at integrated pest management programs. In this study, the predator prey interactions of two species from the suborder Heteroptera, Podisus nigrispinus and Graptocleptes bicolorwere investigated, to understand their dynamics and functional responses, with some preys from the Lepidoptera order.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23235号 / 農博第2442号 / 新制||農||1086(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R3||N5325(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 日本 典秀, 教授 田中 千尋, 准教授 刑部 正博 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The purpose of this research carried out in 1998 and 1999 was to develop methods for strip cropping of cucumbers with rye/vetch and black plastic mulch. Effects of planting methods, weed control measures, and cover crop management techniques on pest and beneficial insects, petiole sap nitrate-nitrogen, soil moisture, yields and economic viability were assessed. Four treatments, namely cucumber direct seeded in black plastic mulch on tilled bare ground (conventional); cucumber direct seeded in black plastic mulch laid over incorporated rye/vetch residue; cucumber direct seeded into no-till rolled rye/vetch; and seedlings transplanted into no- till rolled rye/vetch, were evaluated in a randomized complete block design. Weeds were controlled in half the plot by critical manual weeding and pre-emergence herbicides applied in the other half in all treatments except the conventional system. Three-week interval staggered plantings of buckwheat to provide flowers for adult beneficial insects were also evaluated. Results obtained indicate that rye/vetch habitat is more attractive to beneficial insects than cucumber beetles before rolling or flail mowing. There were higher densities of adult Diptera (an indicator for Tachinid parasitoids) in both years and of Pennsylvania leatherwings in 1999 in plots with rye/vetch than in plots with rye only before planting. Preferential attraction to adult Diptera was not found after planting with no differences in cumulative densities between no-till and black plastic mulch plots after rolling or flail mowing. However, adult Diptera densities were positively correlated with cucumber yield, higher densities of cucumber beetles occurred in black plastic mulch than in no-till plots in both years, and bacterial wilt, transmitted by cucumber beetles, was reduced in no-till in 1999. Similarly, rye/vetch habitat plots had a higher diversity of Carabidae species (in both habitat areas and crop rows) before rolling or flail mowing, and higher densities of Carabidae (in habitat areas), Staphylinidae (in both habitat areas and crop rows) and spiders (in crop rows) after rolling or flail mowing. Black plastic mulch plots with flail mowed, incorporated rye/vetch residues had higher petiole sap nitrate-nitrogen and higher early season cucumber plant dry weights than in conventional plots; later in the season, the highest petiole sap nitrate-nitrogen occurred in no-till plots. No-till had higher marketable cucumber yield than plastic systems. The profitability of these production systems depended more on differences in marketable yield than on cost differences. The plastic with incorporated rye/vetch and no-till transplant systems were more profitable during early harvests in late July, while no- till direct seeded and transplant systems were more profitable from early August onwards. The three-week interval staggered planting of buckwheat led to conservation of beneficial insects, and the second and third seeded buckwheat flowering periods coincided with the period vetch had lost flowers. / Ph. D.

Mid-Atlantic crop producers are increasingly transitioning to soil conservation methods that include reducing or eliminating tillage and planting high residue cover crops. These practices are associated with an increase in moderate to severe damage to field crops by slugs. Conserving, and even enhancing, natural enemy populations is a desirable way to manage slug infestations because remedial control measures are limited. To better understand how cover crop usage and tillage practices affect slug and natural enemy populations, 43 Virginia fields with different combinations of tillage practices and cover crop use were intensively sampled in 2018 and 2019. Fields were sampled over a six-week period during the early planting season when slugs are most problematic. Shingle traps and pitfall traps were used to sample slugs and natural enemies, respectively. To determine how multiple farming practices, soil composition, landscape features, and field history affect slug feeding injury to seedling plants, over 1,000 hectares of commercial production fields in the Shenandoah Region of Virginia were scouted for slug feeding injury to seedling plants. Corresponding crop producers were then surveyed on management methods. Our goal was to determine if slug feeding risk could be predicted by a single factor and or a combination of factors. Behavioral assays were performed with a common slug pest, Deroceras laeve, to determine if this species prefers feeding on maize, soybean, daikon radish, crimson clover, rye, or hairy vetch leaf tissue. Our sampling study found that cover crop use and conservation tillage type did not affect slug presence and damage, but that these factors affected various slug predators in different ways. We also observed that fields with more Phalangiidae and total predators overall had fewer slugs. Average slug feeding injury in both years was low and no factor or interaction of factors in our broader survey affected slug feeding injury ratings in fields. Behavioral assays indicated that slugs fed more on soybean tissue compared with maize, slugs consumed less maize when it was offered with hairy vetch or crimson clover, and slugs consumed less soybean when it was offered with hairy vetch or daikon radish. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / Invasive slug species the gray field slug, Deroceras reticulatum (Muller), and the marsh slug, Deroceras laeve, are major pests of maize and soybean grown in Virginia no-till systems. Slug feeding causes injury to young plants that, when severe, can reduce crop yield and necessitate replanting a field. Chemical control options are limited, and farmers may not be willing to use tillage as a control measure. Conserving arthropod slug predators may suppress pest populations below economic levels. Research is needed to understand how farming methods such as tillage type (e.g., no-till, strip tillage, vertical tillage) and cover crop use affect slugs and their predators. Our study investigated 1) how tillage type and cover crop use affected slug and slug predators, 2) if certain farming practices and field characteristics can be used to predict slug injury, and 3) if slugs preferred feeding on commonly-used cover crop species when offered with maize or soybean seedlings. Commercial production fields with different combinations of no tillage or reduced tillage, and planted with or without cover crops, were sampled to evaluate how these farming practices affect slugs and slug predators. Shingle traps and frames were used before planting and during early plant growth stages to collect and identify slug species; pitfall traps were used throughout the growing season to collect and identify slug predator species. To determine if slug feeding risk could be predicted, a survey of commercial production fields in the Shenandoah area was conducted and used to identify factors, if any, that influence slug feeding. Laboratory assays were used to determine feeding preference by offering slugs opportunity to feed on leaf tissue from a maize or soybean seedling or a mature cover crop species. We found that tillage type and use of cover crops did not affect the abundance of slugs, but that they did influence predator populations. The highest number of total predators were found in fields with reduced tillage, cover crops, and no insecticide use prior to crop emergence. Harvestmen were potentially the most impactful slug predator in the region. Field surveys suggested that no tested factor or interaction of factors affected slug injury to plants in commercial fields. Finally, we observed that slugs fed differently on soybean and maize tissue depending on cover crop species present.