Visando atender às necessidades de consumidores mais exigentes e preocupados com a saúde, este trabalho propôs um estudo de propriedade antimicrobiana de extratos naturais como antocianinas, tanino, urucum, curcumina e extrato de folha de oliveira e antioxidante para antocianinas, todos em sua forma livre e encapsulados numa rede de sílica. Diante das características de mudança de coloração do extrato de antocianinas frente à alteração de pH do meio o uso desse composto no desenvolvimento de filme em matriz polimérica de quitosana/PVA como embalagem ou etiqueta ativa e inteligente. Os extratos foram encapsulados em sílica em diferentes concentrações variando de 2,5% a 50% utilizando rota ácida e rota básica com precursor tetraetoxisilano e caracterizados quanto à preservação da funcionalidade e estrutura molecular, textura e morfologia e estabilidade térmica. Os filmes foram avaliados quanto às propriedades mecânicas, espessura, análises térmicas, caracterização química e análise de mudança de cor com filé de peixe tilápia (Tilápia rendali) cru com aplicação direta sobre a carne, sob refrigeração, correlacionada com mudança de pH do peixe e Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT). Os resultados obtidos foram promissores, uma vez que dentre os bioativos livres o urucum, tanino e antocianina apresentaram resultados bastante satisfatórios quanto à ação antimicrobiana com zona de inibição no método de difusão entre 10 a 22 mm. Quando encapsulados, os extratos destaque foram a antocianina e o tanino com zona de inibição entre 9 a 21mm. Quanto ao filme indicador avaliado demonstrou ser um bom indicador de pH ao mudar de cor via colorímetro mas a olho nu a mudança não foi percebida nitidamente. A sua resistência à ruptura aumentou em aproximadamente 20 vezes em relação ao filme controle. Entretanto a deformação na ruptura diminuiu em torno de 30% tornando-o mais rígido. / The present work investigated needs of demanding and concerned consumers with their health, this work proposes a study of antimicrobial and/or antioxidant properties of natural extracts as anthocyanins, tannin, anatto, curcumin and olive leaf extracts and antioxidant for anthocyanins, in free state and encapsulated within silica network. Due to of color change features of anthocyanins extract under pH variation, this compound was used in the preparations of quitosan/PVA film as intelligent and active packaging. The extracts were encapsulated in silica in different concentrations from 2,5% to 50% using acid and basic sol-gel catalyzed route route with tetraetoxisilane as precursor and characterized as the funcionality preservation and molecular structure, texture and morfology and thermal estability. The films were evaluated in terms of mechanical properties, thickness, thermal analysis, chemical characterization and fish fillet tilápia (Tilápia rendali) crude color change analysis with direct application on meat, under refrigeration, correlated with fish pH changing and Total Bacterial Counting (CBT). The results were promising since among the free bioactive the anatto, tannin and anthocyanin showed very satisfactory results in terms of antimicrobial action with inhibition zone in the diffusion method between 10 to 22 mm. When encapsulated, the featured extracts were anthocyanin and tannin with inhibition between 9 to 21mm. The measured indicator film demonstrated to be a good pH indicator because color changing through colorimeter but to the naked eye the color changing was not clearly observed. The rupture strength increased about 20 times comparing to the control film. However the elongation at break decreases around 30% turning it hard.

Visando atender às necessidades de consumidores mais exigentes e preocupados com a saúde, este trabalho propôs um estudo de propriedade antimicrobiana de extratos naturais como antocianinas, tanino, urucum, curcumina e extrato de folha de oliveira e antioxidante para antocianinas, todos em sua forma livre e encapsulados numa rede de sílica. Diante das características de mudança de coloração do extrato de antocianinas frente à alteração de pH do meio o uso desse composto no desenvolvimento de filme em matriz polimérica de quitosana/PVA como embalagem ou etiqueta ativa e inteligente. Os extratos foram encapsulados em sílica em diferentes concentrações variando de 2,5% a 50% utilizando rota ácida e rota básica com precursor tetraetoxisilano e caracterizados quanto à preservação da funcionalidade e estrutura molecular, textura e morfologia e estabilidade térmica. Os filmes foram avaliados quanto às propriedades mecânicas, espessura, análises térmicas, caracterização química e análise de mudança de cor com filé de peixe tilápia (Tilápia rendali) cru com aplicação direta sobre a carne, sob refrigeração, correlacionada com mudança de pH do peixe e Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT). Os resultados obtidos foram promissores, uma vez que dentre os bioativos livres o urucum, tanino e antocianina apresentaram resultados bastante satisfatórios quanto à ação antimicrobiana com zona de inibição no método de difusão entre 10 a 22 mm. Quando encapsulados, os extratos destaque foram a antocianina e o tanino com zona de inibição entre 9 a 21mm. Quanto ao filme indicador avaliado demonstrou ser um bom indicador de pH ao mudar de cor via colorímetro mas a olho nu a mudança não foi percebida nitidamente. A sua resistência à ruptura aumentou em aproximadamente 20 vezes em relação ao filme controle. Entretanto a deformação na ruptura diminuiu em torno de 30% tornando-o mais rígido. / The present work investigated needs of demanding and concerned consumers with their health, this work proposes a study of antimicrobial and/or antioxidant properties of natural extracts as anthocyanins, tannin, anatto, curcumin and olive leaf extracts and antioxidant for anthocyanins, in free state and encapsulated within silica network. Due to of color change features of anthocyanins extract under pH variation, this compound was used in the preparations of quitosan/PVA film as intelligent and active packaging. The extracts were encapsulated in silica in different concentrations from 2,5% to 50% using acid and basic sol-gel catalyzed route route with tetraetoxisilane as precursor and characterized as the funcionality preservation and molecular structure, texture and morfology and thermal estability. The films were evaluated in terms of mechanical properties, thickness, thermal analysis, chemical characterization and fish fillet tilápia (Tilápia rendali) crude color change analysis with direct application on meat, under refrigeration, correlated with fish pH changing and Total Bacterial Counting (CBT). The results were promising since among the free bioactive the anatto, tannin and anthocyanin showed very satisfactory results in terms of antimicrobial action with inhibition zone in the diffusion method between 10 to 22 mm. When encapsulated, the featured extracts were anthocyanin and tannin with inhibition between 9 to 21mm. The measured indicator film demonstrated to be a good pH indicator because color changing through colorimeter but to the naked eye the color changing was not clearly observed. The rupture strength increased about 20 times comparing to the control film. However the elongation at break decreases around 30% turning it hard.

Visando atender às necessidades de consumidores mais exigentes e preocupados com a saúde, este trabalho propôs um estudo de propriedade antimicrobiana de extratos naturais como antocianinas, tanino, urucum, curcumina e extrato de folha de oliveira e antioxidante para antocianinas, todos em sua forma livre e encapsulados numa rede de sílica. Diante das características de mudança de coloração do extrato de antocianinas frente à alteração de pH do meio o uso desse composto no desenvolvimento de filme em matriz polimérica de quitosana/PVA como embalagem ou etiqueta ativa e inteligente. Os extratos foram encapsulados em sílica em diferentes concentrações variando de 2,5% a 50% utilizando rota ácida e rota básica com precursor tetraetoxisilano e caracterizados quanto à preservação da funcionalidade e estrutura molecular, textura e morfologia e estabilidade térmica. Os filmes foram avaliados quanto às propriedades mecânicas, espessura, análises térmicas, caracterização química e análise de mudança de cor com filé de peixe tilápia (Tilápia rendali) cru com aplicação direta sobre a carne, sob refrigeração, correlacionada com mudança de pH do peixe e Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT). Os resultados obtidos foram promissores, uma vez que dentre os bioativos livres o urucum, tanino e antocianina apresentaram resultados bastante satisfatórios quanto à ação antimicrobiana com zona de inibição no método de difusão entre 10 a 22 mm. Quando encapsulados, os extratos destaque foram a antocianina e o tanino com zona de inibição entre 9 a 21mm. Quanto ao filme indicador avaliado demonstrou ser um bom indicador de pH ao mudar de cor via colorímetro mas a olho nu a mudança não foi percebida nitidamente. A sua resistência à ruptura aumentou em aproximadamente 20 vezes em relação ao filme controle. Entretanto a deformação na ruptura diminuiu em torno de 30% tornando-o mais rígido. / The present work investigated needs of demanding and concerned consumers with their health, this work proposes a study of antimicrobial and/or antioxidant properties of natural extracts as anthocyanins, tannin, anatto, curcumin and olive leaf extracts and antioxidant for anthocyanins, in free state and encapsulated within silica network. Due to of color change features of anthocyanins extract under pH variation, this compound was used in the preparations of quitosan/PVA film as intelligent and active packaging. The extracts were encapsulated in silica in different concentrations from 2,5% to 50% using acid and basic sol-gel catalyzed route route with tetraetoxisilane as precursor and characterized as the funcionality preservation and molecular structure, texture and morfology and thermal estability. The films were evaluated in terms of mechanical properties, thickness, thermal analysis, chemical characterization and fish fillet tilápia (Tilápia rendali) crude color change analysis with direct application on meat, under refrigeration, correlated with fish pH changing and Total Bacterial Counting (CBT). The results were promising since among the free bioactive the anatto, tannin and anthocyanin showed very satisfactory results in terms of antimicrobial action with inhibition zone in the diffusion method between 10 to 22 mm. When encapsulated, the featured extracts were anthocyanin and tannin with inhibition between 9 to 21mm. The measured indicator film demonstrated to be a good pH indicator because color changing through colorimeter but to the naked eye the color changing was not clearly observed. The rupture strength increased about 20 times comparing to the control film. However the elongation at break decreases around 30% turning it hard.

A la recherche d’innovations, l’industrie cosmétique est constamment en quête de nouvelles matières premières. Les ingrédients naturels sont particulièrement en vogue. Ces travaux de thèse ont poursuivis trois objectifs. Tout d’abord, une étude a permis d’évaluer l’impact des formulations cosmétiques sur les développements microbiens. En second lieu, le développement d’un ingrédient antimicrobien naturel pour les cosmétiques a été engagé dans le cadre d’un projet collaboratif : Natubaval. Un extrait végétal a tout particulièrement été étudié. Il a été optimisé pour une incorporation en formulation simplifiée. L’activité antimicrobienne de l’extrait optimisé a été validée grâce au challenge test. Ayant noté que l’un des métabolites contenus dans l’extrait antimicrobien participant fortement à l’activité pouvait présenter une instabilité dans certaines circonstances. De plus, les conservateurs naturels sont connus pour présenter une activité moins durable que ceux issus de la synthèse. Nous avons donc développé un système d’encapsulation et vectorisation d’actifs naturels. Les extraits végétaux étant des mélanges très complexes, il nous à paru judicieux, dans un premier temps, de développer le modèle d’encapsulation à partir de deux analytes modèles : la rutine et la naringénine. Un système vésiculaire a été développé et optimisé. Des mesures granulométriques, des rendements d’encapsulation et d’adsorption, une cinétique de fuite, un test d’activité biologique et des essais d’incorporations en formulations cosmétiques ont été réalisés pour valider le modèle. Une fois développé, Celui-ci a été appliqué avec succès à l’extrait végétal antimicrobien. / Looking for innovation, cosmetic industry used even more new materials. Natural products are specially used. Our study evaluated the impact of cosmetic formulations on microbial developments. Then, a natural antimicrobial ingredient for cosmetics was developed. One vegetal extract was particulary studied. It was optimized for an easy introduction in cosmetic products. Antimicrobial activity of the natural extract was confirmed with challenge test. As some metabolites of the interesting extract could be instable in specific conditions and as natural preservatives are often less actives than the synthetics ones, an encapsulated system was developed. Vegetal extracts are complex mix of differents molecules. that is why, the encapsulated system was first developed with the standards: rutin and naringenin. A multilamellar vesicles system was developed and optimized. Particles sizes, encapsulation and adsorption yields, leak kinetik, biological test of activity and cosmetic incorporation were done to validate the model. Finally, the encapsulated system was applied with success for the encapsulation of the natural extract.

A biodiversidade da flora brasileira abre a possibilidade de estudos com extratos naturais para formulações de soluções irrigantes bactericidas e biocompatíveis para uso na terapia endodontia. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o potencial antimicrobiano de extratos da Punica granatum L. (P. granatum) contra micro-organismos presentes nas infecções do sistema de canais radiculares. Foram preparados extratos hidroetanólicos (50% etanol e 50% água) na concentração de 100 mg/mL, a partir da liofilização da casca, folha e semente da P. granatum, contra os seguintes microrganismos: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis e Candida albicans. Os grupos foram distribuídos de acordo com o extrato de P. granatum: G1 etanol 50% (controle positivo), G2 - hipoclorito de sódio 1% (NaOCl) (controle negativo), G3 Extrato da casca, G4 Extrato da folha, G5 Extrato da semente. A capacidade antimicrobiana dos extratos foi avaliada pelo teste de difusão em ágar, concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida/fungicida mínima (CBM/CFM). Os dados, em mm, foram analisados por Analise de Variância e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Pelo teste de difusão em ágar, verificou-se que, independentemente do micro-organismo, o maior halo de inibição foi encontrado para o controle positivo (30,76 &plusmn; 4,73 a), seguido da casca e folha, que não apresentaram diferença significante entre si (23,32 &plusmn; 3,65 b e 21,08 &plusmn; 2,28 b, respectivamente). A semente apresentou o menor halo de inibição microbiana (17,83 &plusmn; 6,92 c) (p<0,05). Na comparação isolada para cada micro-organismo, os extratos da casca e folha apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana semelhante ao NaOCl para a bactéria S. mutans (p=0,0000), além de exercerem bom efeito antimicrobiano sobre os demais micro-organismos. Para as bactérias E. faecalis e E. coli, os extratos (casca, folha e semente) apresentaram halos de inibição semelhantes entre si (p>0,05), porém inferiores aos obtidos pelo controle positivo. Com relação a CIM e CBM/CFM, encontrou-se efeito bactericida e bacteriostático para todos os extratos. Verificou-se maior zona de inibição para o extrato da casca contra a C. albicans<i/> (CIM = 6,25 mg/mL e CFM = 12,5 mg/mL), seguido da S. aureus (CIM e CBM =12,5 mg/mL). Concluiu-se que, os extratos hidroalcoólicos de P. Granatum L. apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana contra os patógenos orais comuns nas infecções endodontias, com a maior atividade para os obtidos da casca e folha / Brazilian flora biodiversity opens possibility of studies with natural extracts for bactericidal and biocompatible solutions for use in endodontic therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) against pathogens of infections from root canal system. Ethanolic solutions (50% ethanol and 50% water) were prepared in 100 mg/mL of lyophilized extracts derived from the peel, seed and leaf of pomegranate, against the following oral microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. The groups were distributed according to the extract tested for root canal irrigation: G1 - 50% ethanol (positive control), G2 - 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (negative control), G3 - Solution of the peel, G4 Seed solution, G5 - Solution of the leaf. The antimicrobial capacity of the extracts was evaluated by the agar diffusion test, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal / fungicidal concentration (MCB/MFC). The data were analyzed by ANOVA (extracts and microorganisms) and Tukey test (p<0.05). By the diffusion test in agar, it was verified that, independently of the microorganism, the largest inhibition zone was found for the positive control (30.76 &plusmn; 4.73 a), followed by peel and leaf, which did not presented significant difference between them (23.32 &plusmn; 3.65 and 21.08 &plusmn; 2.28 b, respectively). The seed had the lowest of microbial inhibition zone (17.83 &plusmn; 6.92 c) (p<0.05). In the isolated comparison for each microorganism, peel and leaf extracts presented antimicrobial activity similar to NaOCl for S. mutans (p = 0.0000), besides having a good antimicrobial effect on the other microorganism. For the E. faecalis and E. coli, the extracts (peel, leaf and seed) had similar inhibition zones (p>0.05), but lower than those obtained by the positive control. Regarding MIC and MBC/MFC, it was found a bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect for all extracts. The P. granatum peel extract had greater inhibition zone against C. albicans (MIC = 6.25 mg/mL and MFC = 12.5 mg/mL), followed by S. aureus (MIC and MBC = 12.5 mg/mL). It may be concluded that the hydroalcoholic extracts of P. granatum L. presented antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens common in endodontic infections, with the highest activity for those obtained from the peel and leaf

Magister Scientiae - MSc (Physics) / Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide and direct semiconductor with a wurtzite crystal structure. Its multifunctionality as the ideal candidate in applications such as blue-UV light emitting diodes, transparent conducting oxide, selective gas sensor and efficient catalyst support among others, has attracted a significant interest worldwide. Nano-scaled ZnO has been synthesized in a plethora of shapes. A rich variety of physical and chemical methodologies have been used in the synthesis of undoped or doped ZnO. However, such methods either necessitate relatively high vacuum infrastructures, elevated temperatures, or the use of toxic reagents. The "green chemistry" synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles which is based on using natural plant extract as an effective 'reducing agent' of metal precursor, has been reported to be a cleaner and environment-friendly alternative to the physical and chemical methods. The thesis is based on the synthesis and the main physical properties of pure ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by a completely green chemistry process using the natural extract of Aspalathus Linearis to bio-reduce the zinc acetate precursor. The obtained ZnO nanopowdered samples were annealed at different temperatures from 300 °C to 600 °C. The samples were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared. Highly pure quasi-spherical ZnO nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of 24.6 nm (at 300 °C), 27.2 nm (at 400 °C), 27.6 nm (at 500 °C), and 28.5 nm (at 600 °C) were found. The results also showed that the average crystallite size increased with an increase in annealing temperature. It was successfully demonstrated that the natural plant extract of Aspalathus Linearis can be used in the bio-reduction of zinc acetate dihydrate to prepare highly pure ZnO nanoparticles.