In this thesis I investigate the relationship between 'I' as principle of transcendental philosophy and its ordinary use as first-personal pronoun. This relationship is a central issue in the philosophy of J. G. Fichte. Fichte was concerned to secure the gains made by Kant's Critique against what he called the 'dogmatism of the so-called Kantians' as well as against the attack of the skeptics, by grounding philosophy in a first principle which he called 'I'. To say what Fichte means by 'I' is to give an account of his philosophy, for, according to him, nothing is to be assumed outside of this 'I'. For Fichte the dogmatism of the 'so-called Kantians' consists in the idea that even when the formal conditions of experience have been established, a non-conceptualized content needs to be given to the mind from outside in order to produce empirical knowledge. This way of conceiving empirical constraints of thought, according to Fichte, threatens the results of Kant's critical philosophy, because it is inconsistent with the theoretical spontaneity and the practical autonomy that are crucial to Kant's conception of reason. Fichte argues that adequate empirical constraints can only be deduced from within the 'I'. To do this we must radically rethink our received concept of an 'I', a rethinking which in essence has already been effectuated by Kant, and which Fichte merely wants to make explicit and bring to fruition. Adequate constraints can be seen to be generated internally, once we realize that the standpoint of the 'theoretical I' is derivative from the standpoint of the 'practical I'. A result of Fichte's emphasis on the practical aspect of reason is a heightened awareness of the concept of the individual person and its status vis-a-vis the 'I' as philosophical principle. To be consistent with his principle, and indeed to prove his point, Fichte must 'deduce' the 'I' as individual. / Fichte's repudiation of dogmatism bears striking resemblances to a contemporary reading of Kant associated with the works of P. F. Strawson and John McDowell. The crucial difference is that for these philosophers the concept of a person is taken as primitive, and hence as the starting point of philosophy. At Fichte's time this position was defended by Fichte's critic, F. H. Jacobi. In the thesis I develop a position in contrast with Fichte's idealism which I call a 'naturalism of second nature' and which I use as a conceptual foil to explicate Fichte's thinking. I argue that ultimately Fichte's project fails by his own standards, in that it fails to save what we normally mean by a moral individual. I argue that in order to conceive of adequate constraints on freedom, we need to make the concept of a person as a natural individual our point of departure.

Orientador: Fatima Regina Rodrigues Evora / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T00:17:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guidi_Anastasia_D.pdf: 6241137 bytes, checksum: 54d0582388b5996406055e21750d086f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Apresentamos aqui um estudo da Astronomia nova, trabalho publicado pelo astrônomo alemão Johannes Kepler em 1609. O livro é composto na forma de uma narrativa histórica daquela que o astrônomo chamou sua guerra contra Marte, trabalho exaustivo de análise e interpretação dos dados previamente coletados pelo grande observador Tycho Brahe que teve como resultado a descoberta das duas primeiras leis dos movimentos planetários que levam o nome de Kepler. Mostramos que, à luz da Defesa de Tycho contra Ursus, tratado póstumo escrito por Kepler cerca de uma década antes da publicação da Astronomia nova, a estrutura narrativa desta última revela-se como a exposição de um método de pesquisa, segundo o qual o astrônomo percorreu o caminho que leva dos movimentos observados do planeta à determinação de seu percurso real em torno do Sol. Procuramos destacar os principais elementos constituintes deste método, reconstruindo o caminho que leva à descoberta da forma elíptica da órbita do planeta / Abstract: We present an exposition on the New astronomy, published by the german astronomer Johannes Kepler in 1609. The book is composed in the form of a historical narrative of Kepler's war on Mars, exhaustive work of analysis and interpretation of data relative to the planet previously collected by the great obderver Tycho Brahe, which resulted on the discovery of the two first laws of planetary motion that bear Kepler¿s name. We have shown here that in light of Tycho¿s defence against Ursus, posthumous work written by Kepler about a decade before the publication of the New astronomy, the historical narrative presented in the latter is the blueprint of a method, by means of which the astronomer derived the true orbit of Mars around the Sun from the observed motions of the planet. We have attempted to provide an account of the main elements of this method, reconstructing the path that leads to the discovery of the elliptical shape of the planet's orbit / Doutorado / Doutor em Filosofia

INTRODUÇÃO: Co-infecção HPV / HIV altera história natural das infecções por HPV, aumentando o risco de verrugas e neoplasias malignas do trato ano-genital. Há, no entanto, escassez de estudos de coorte envolvendo HPV no pênis dessa população. MÉTODOS: Estudo longitudinal, não probabilístico, com 144 homens de 18 e 70 anos de idade, sendo 72 HIV positivos e 72 HIV soronegativos, parceiros de mulheres com patologia associada a infecção pelo HPV. O estudo foi conduzido numa clínica pública de doenças de transmissão sexual em São Paulo (CRT-DST/AIDS), entre fevereiro de 2004 a março de 2005. Os participantes do estudo foram acompanhados por 180 dias para avaliar a persistência, a aquisição e a eliminação do DNA de HPV nos esfregaços penianos por meio da PCR. Este estudo também visou: Correlacionar os aspectos clínicos das lesões genitais com a histologia e a presença de DNA HPV; Comparar a aquisição, persistência, eliminação e ausência da infecção pelo HPV com a carga viral plasmática do HIV, contagem de células T CD4 e uso de terapia anti-retroviral (HAART). RESULTADOS: Não houve associação estatisticamente significativa nos dois grupos em relação a persistência, eliminação, aquisição ou mesmo ausência de HPV durante o seguimento. O grupo HIV positivo apresentou uma maior freqüência dos tipos oncogênicos de HPV em relação ao grupo HIV negativo (P = 0,041), além de uma maior freqüência de múltiplos tipos de HPV durante o seguimento de 180 dias (P = 0,049). As maiores taxas de aquisição e persistência de HPV foram observadas entre portadores de alta carga de HIV, baixo número de células T CD4, e não usuários de HAART. Aqueles em terapia anti-retroviral, com menos cópias de HIV e alto nível de T CD4 apresentaram maiores taxas de eliminação e ausência de HPV. CONCLUSÕES: Homens de ambos grupos podem ser considerados de alto risco, não tendo sido observada diferença na persistência, aquisição e a eliminação de DNA de HPV. Os homens HIV positivos apresentaram uma maior freqüência de infecção múltipla de HPV bem como os tipos mais freqüentes foram os oncogênicos em relação aos HIV negativos durante o seguimento. Os tipos de HPV 16, 6 e 84 foram os mais freqüentes nos homens soropositivos ao HIV, enquanto naqueles HIV negativos, predominaram os tipos de HPV 6, 51 e 84. As lesões clínicas e aceto-brancas observadas nos 2 grupos apresentaram as mesmas características histológicas, sendo coilocitose e papilomatose as mais significativas nas lesões clínicas quando comparada às lesões aceto-brancas. Nas lesões verrucosas, apenas um tipo de HPV foi observado, predominando o tipo 6 ou 11. Em torno de 23% das lesões aceto-brancas eram HPV negativas, sendo que nas positivas predominou o HPV 6. Homens soropositivos ao HIV que estavam usando HAART, com carga viral do HIV alta e contagem de células T CD4 baixa apresentaram maiores taxas de aquisição e persistência da infecção pelo HPV. Entretanto, os que não xvi estavam em terapia anti-retroviral, com carga baixa de HIV e contagem de células T CD4 alta apresentaram maiores taxas de eliminação e ausência de infecção pelo HPV. / BACKGROUND: Co-infection with HPV and HIV modifies its natural history and increases the risk of warts and neoplasia development in the anogenital tract. Cohort studies to address HPV infection in the penis are scarce, mainly in HIV infected individuals. METHODS: A longitudinal study, non-probabilistic, was conducted with 144 men of 18 to 70 years old including 72 HIV-positive and 72 HIV-negative, partners of women with HPV-associated disease. The study was conducted between February 2004 and March 2005 at a large sexually transmitted clinic in São Paulo (CRT-DST/Aids). Men were followed for 180 days to determine persistence, acquisition and clearance of HPV DNA in penile swabs using PCR. In addition, we aimed to correlate the clinical features of genital lesions with histology and the presence of HPV DNA, compare the acquisition, persistence, clearance and absence of HPV infection with plasma HIV viral load, CD4 T-cell count and use of HAART. RESULTS: Both groups showed no significant differences regarding persistence, clearance, acquisition and/or absence of HPV during follow-up. Penile smears of HIV-positive men showed a higher frequency of oncogenic types in relation to the HIV-negative (P = 0.041), as well as a higher frequency of multiple HPV types (P = 0.049). Significantly higher HPV DNA acquisition and persistence rates were observed among HIV-positive men not submitted to HAART, with higher HIV loads and lower CD4+ cells count. Among those men using anti-retroviral therapy, lower viral loads and higher T cell counts, higher rates of clearance and HPV DNA absence were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This male population altogether is considered to be at high risk of HPV DNA infection, which may be the reason why no differences in HPV acquisition, persistence and clearance were observed. HIV-positive men had a higher frequency of multiple HPV infection and the most frequent were oncogenic types. HPV types 16, 6 and 84 were the most frequently found in HIV-positive men, while in HIV-negative men, HPV types 6, 51 and 84 prevailed. Clinical and aceto-white lesions presented the same histological features in both HIV seropositive and -negative men. Koilocytosis and papillomatosis were the most significant histological features found in clinical lesions when compared to the aceto-white lesions. In condylomas, only one type of HPV was present, often HPV 6 or 11. About 23% of aceto-white lesions had no HPV DNA; in HPV-positive lesions, the predominant type was HPV 6. Higher rates of acquisition and persistence of HPV infection occurred in men who were using HAART, with high HIV viral load and low count of CD4. In contrast, those not under anti-retroviral therapy, had low HIV load and high CD4 T cells levels showed higher rates of clearance of HPV infection.

No description available.

Ce mémoire se présente comme une élucidation des divers usages critiques du concept de nature dans l’œuvre de Theodor W. Adorno. Notre point de départ est le constat d’un manque de clarté conceptuelle au sein du corps de littérature scientifique tentant aujourd’hui de produire une interprétation « environnementaliste » de l’œuvre d’Adorno. Nous abordons dans une première partie le concept séminal de nature-histoire [Naturgeschichte]. Nous défendons qu’il fournit le problème, la méthodologie critique et l’objectif de la théorie critique d’Adorno. Dans une deuxième partie, nous déployons la dialectique de l’Aufklärung dans les termes d’une dialectique entre la nature et la raison, révélant le procès naturel-historique de domination de la nature [Naturbeherrschung] ayant mené au retour du mythe dans la société capitaliste avancée. Nous basant sur l’idée selon laquelle la domination produit les conditions nécessaires à son propre dépassement, nous nous questionnons dans une troisième partie sur l’idée d’une possible réconciliation avec la nature et montrons en quoi le motif de l’autoréflexion critique est une condition nécessaire – mais non suffisante – à sa réalisation. / This master’s thesis deals with the various critical uses of the concept of nature in Theodor W. Adorno. Our starting point is the observation that there is a lack of conceptual clarity in the actual scholarly literature that attempts to produce an “environmentalist” interpretation of Adorno's work. In the first section, we discuss the seminal critical concept of nature-history [Naturgeschichte]. We argue that it provides the problem, the critical methodology and the aim of Adorno's critical theory. In a second section, we unfold the dialectic of Aufklärung as a dialectic between nature and reason. We reveal the natural-historical process of domination of nature [Naturbeherrschung] that led to the return of myth in advanced capitalist society. Grounded in the idea that domination produces the necessary conditions for its own overcoming, we question in a third section the idea of a possible reconciliation with nature. We finally indicate how critical self-reflection is a necessary – but not sufficient – condition for its realization.

Doctorat en Langues et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished