Studien undersöker om det är någon skillnad mellan en ny generation av Global Navigation Satellite Systems-instrument (GNSS) vad avser noggrannhet vid positionsbestämning och huruvida det är någon tidsskillnad i användande av de olika instrumenten. I studien jämförs det instrument som används idag av Lantmäteriet, Leica Viva CS15 och GS15, med nyare Trimble GeoExplorer 6000 XR. GeoExplorern kan användas antingen med en inbyggd antenn eller med en extern antenn för att ta emot satellitsignaler. Båda konfigurationerna är undersökta i studien.Studien genomfördes genom att etablera två lokala stomnät med satsmätning, för att få "facit"-punkter att jämföra GNSS-mätningarna mot. Näten transformerades in i SWEREF 99 12 00 med hjälp av statisk GNSS-mätning. Därefter mättes alla punkter i näten in 30 gånger per punkt med vart och ett av GNSS-instrumenten, för att få ett statistiskt säkert underlag.Resultatet visar att Trimble med extern antenn generellt hade minst spridning (0,009-0,020 meter i dolt nät och 0,008-0,013 meter i öppet nät) men den hade överlag ett något större avstånd från "facit"-punkten än Leican (0,016-0,088 meter i dolt nät och 0,032-0,054 meter i öppet nät). Leica-instrumentet hade istället mer spridning (0,021-0,142 meter i dolt nät och 0,014-0,032 meter i öppet nät) men mindre avvikelse från "facit"-punkten (0,006-0,076 meter i dolt nät och 0,019-0,059 meter i öppet nät). Trimble med intern antenn hade störst spridning (0,021-0,038 meter i dolt nät och 0,013-0,048 meter i öppet nät) och avvek också mest från "facit"-punkten (0,026-0,083 meter i dolt nät och 0,024-0,068 meter i öppet nät).En tidsstudie genomfördes också genom att mäta tiden det tog från att instrumentet var påslaget tills att det var färdigt att mätas med, det vill säga tills initieringen var färdig. Tidsstudien resulterade i att Leica Viva var i genomsnitt 12 % snabbare då omgivningen var fri från hinder, och i genomsnitt 21 % snabbare då närområdet var bevuxet med träd och buskar.Slutsatsen av projektet är att instrumenten är likvärdiga vad gäller kvalitet på mätningar och tidsåtgång. Den stora skillnaden finner vi i vikt och tyngdpunkt på instrumenten, där Trimble med intern antenn har den lägsta vikten. / This study examines whether there is any difference in a new generation of Global Navigation Satellite System instruments (GNSS) in the accuracy of positioning and whether there is any time difference when using the different instruments. The study compares the instruments used today by Lantmäteriet, the Leica Viva CS15 and the GS15, with the Trimble GeoExplorer 6000 XR. The GeoExplorer can be used either with an integrated or an external antenna to receive satellite signals, both configurations are investigated in this study. The study was carried out by establishing two core networks with set measurements, to obtain "true" coordinates to compare against the measurements made with the GNSS-instruments. The networks were transformed into SWEREF 99 12 00 using static GNSS surveying. Then each point was measured 30 times by each of the GNSS instruments, in order to get statistically reliable data. The result shows that Trimble with an external antenna generally had the best precision (0,009-0,020 meters in the shrouded network and 0,008-0,013 meters in the open network) but had less accuracy (0,016-0,088 meters in the shrouded network and 0,032-0,054 meters in the open network), in other words a greater distance from the "true" coordinate. The Leica instrument had a lower precision (0,021-0,142 meters in the shrouded network and 0,014-0,032 meters in the open network), but better accuracy (0,006-0,076 meters in the shrouded network and 0,019-0,059 meters in the open network). Trimble with the internal antenna had the lowest precision (0,021-0,038 meters in the shrouded network and 0,013-0,048 meters in the open network) and accuracy (0,026-0,083 meters in the shrouded network and 0,024-0,068 meters in the open network). A time course study was also conducted by measuring the time it took from the point where the instrument was turned on, to when the initialization was completed. The result of the time study was that the Leica Viva was about 12 percent faster when the environment was free of obstacles, and around 21 percent faster when the immediate area was more forest like with trees and bushes. The conclusion of the project is that the instruments are equivalent in terms of quality of measurements and time. The big difference is found in the weight and center of gravity of the instruments, where Trimble with internal antenna has the lowest weight.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science (Environmental Sciences). September 2015. / African elephants (Loxodonta africana) are still being poached and hunted and this could potentially affect their movement. As a keystone species, crucial to maintaining ecosystem function and therefore food webs, it is important to understand the effects hunting may have on their movements. This study was undertaken in the Associated Private Nature Reserves adjacent to the Kruger National Park, where elephants are hunted. I looked at changes in daily displacement distance and distance from hunting and natural mortality events to determine if elephants were affected by hunting events, up to what distance, and to determine whether elephants reacted in the same way to hunting and natural mortality events. I found that elephants are only affected by hunting events when within 1 km of the event, which is consistent with the literature. When considering natural mortality events, they actually diverted movements towards the event location, which is also consistent with literature. These results, however, are based on a very small sample size. In addition, the time of day of the events was not recorded by the wardens of the reserve, and this provided a further limitation for the data analysis and interpretation.

<p>Specijalni rezervati prirode &quot;Gornje Podunavlje&quot;, &quot;Karađorđevo&quot;, &quot;Koviljsko - petrovaradinski rit&quot;, &quot;Obedska bara&quot;, i &quot;Stari Begej - Carska bara&quot; predstavljaju upečatljive primere vlažnih stani&scaron;ta Vojvodine. Raznovrsni prirodni resursi predodredili su ove prostore za privredni razvoj u okviru &scaron;umarstva, ribarstva, lovstva, ali i turizma. Sve to proizvodi&nbsp; snažan pritisak na za&scaron;tićene ekosisteme. Intenzivni uticaji na ove prostore realizovani su i u pro&scaron;losti, pre progla&scaron;enja za&scaron;tite. Zbog svega, ovo je pravi momenat da se počne razmi&scaron;ljati o njihovom održivom kori&scaron;ćenju, kako bi i buduće generacije mogle, u istoj ili većoj meri, da koriste resurse specijalnih rezervata prirode. Održivi razvoj bi mogao bitno da pomogne proces za&scaron;tite prirode koja je od su&scaron;tinskog značaja za ova vlažna stani&scaron;ta.</p> / <p>Special nature reserves &quot;Gornje Podunavlje, &quot;Karadjordjevo&quot;, &quot;Koviljsko - petrovaradinski rit&quot;, &quot;Obedska bara&quot;, and &quot;Stari Begej - Carska bara&quot; present outstanding examples of wetlands in Vojvodina. Diverse natural resources have earmarked these areas for economic development within forestry, fishing, hunting and tourism. All of these activities have protection of nature has been declared. Because of all this, it is the right moment to start thinking about using special nature reserves sustainably, so as to let future generations use their rosources to a greater extent. Sustainable development could significantly help the process of the protection of nature, which is of essential importance for these wetlands.</p>

Leisure activities and outdoor recreation are valuable aspects of people's everyday life. With more people living in cities than ever, access to natural areas is becoming a more relevant issue, and many protected nature areas serve both to preserve biodiversity and make nature accessible to a wider public. Living at a distance to nature increases the need for transportation and previous research show that travel connected to leisure activities, and to outdoor activities in particular, is carried out by car to a higher extent than other travel. With increasing climate change, a shift towards more sustainable transportation is needed. While much research and work has been put into shifting everyday travel to public transport, there is a lack of research and a bigger resistance to change when it comes to leisuretravel. This study investigates the possibility of traveling with bus to nature reserves around Umeå, Sweden, by combining public transport data with data on nature reserves. The analyses are carried out in ArcGIS Pro, using Network Analyst models Route and Service area for six different times on a Saturday between 10.00 am and 11.40 am. The results show that, out of 69 nature reserves in a 50 km radius from the city centre, 24 are reachable within 90 minutes and ten of them within 60 minutes. Further, the study discusses the possibility to exercise popular outdoor activities in these nature reserves. The most common activities are walking and hiking and the findings show that six of the ten nature reserves have roads, paths or tracks that make these activities possible.

The first part is characterized by a pond ecosystem and National Nature Reserve Řežabinec in terms of its historical development and creation. Are mentioned methods , the method and system of protection of the site. The paper describes a method of fish farming during the period of the individual plans of care farming in the last five years and the water conditions in the area . The ecosystem is assessed on the basis of available data in the literature to me In our own work we focus on monitoring water chemistry and state recovery tank , especially in terms of development and biomass of zooplankton species representation in the course of one growing season. He also details the fishing and agricultural management and water management conditions in the locality. Marginally judging submerged and littoral vegetation and the presence of water birds. This work demonstrated the dependence of the size of the fish stock on the frequency of a generic representation of zooplankton and the positive impact of lower stocking on the development and stability of the entire ecosystem. Contributes to the stability and sensitive farming in the last period.

Magister Artium - MA / Recent years have seen an upsurge of interest from governments and development organisations in adopting the Public Private Partnership (PPP) approach when developing and operating ecotourism projects. A PPP is a contract between a public sector institution and a private party, in which the private party assumes substantial financial, technical and operational risk in the design, financing, building and operation of a project (South African National Treasury 2004). Countries such as India, China and Kenya have developed numerous projects through PPPs. Protected Areas have followed suit in adopting the PPP approach, to be able to focus on their core business, namely conservation. To date, relevant research on PPP ecotourism projects, specifically pro-poor tourism approach is fragmented, limited in scope, and lacks examples that can assist practitioners in embedding pro-poor tourism principles in the PPP methodology. Academically, studies are largely evaluations that compare progress against projects’ defined objectives or broad based sustainable tourism goals. However, this study is an assessment of a tourism development from a pro-poor tourism perspective. Thus, this study interrogated the extent to which ecotourism PPP at De Hoop is pro-poor. Furthermore, the study sought to establish if rural local communities living in and near De Hoop PPP benefit and how their benefits can be enhanced. Pro-poor tourism indicators are used in this study as a theoretical base to evaluate De Hoop PPP.