Cette interrogation sur le blocus franco britannique porte sur l’efficacité du blocus, les mesures prises pour le mettre en oeuvre, sur sa réalité et sur sa régularité. Puis une fois ses approches traitées, on s’est intéressé à la mise en placedu blocus, aux tentatives de le forcer, à la collecte d’informations, à la diffusion de l’information, à la mise en place des réseaux d’informations. Ainsi à travers les décisions prises par l’Etat-major de la marine, on s’intéresse à la collecte del’information par les consulats, puis, relayée par les ambassades et les attachés navals, à l’information en elle-même pour savoir comment elle a contribué à la capture des navires ennemis. Différents aspects sont étudiés pour savoir comment lamarine allemande de commerce a réussi à adopter des stratégies pour contourner le blocus allié. Il convient aussi de s’intéresser aux neutres qui accueillent ces navires bloqués pour connaitre leurs regards sur des problèmes extérieurs. Les éléments spatio-temporels sont déterminants pour comprendre les dynamiques du blocus et les différentes politiques et moyens mis en oeuvre par les différents acteurs du conflit. Ainsi grâce à ces études, on tire un bilan des succès et des échecs de ce premier blocus naval à dimension mondiale en soulignant les éléments permettant sa réussite comme en soulignant ses failles / This questioning of the Anglo-French blockade applied to its effectiveness, the measures taken to keep it regularly. Once a study’s treated, This work is on the setting up of the blockade, on the attempts to cross it, on the datagathering, on thecirculation of the information, on the netting of a net information and on the efficiency of the blockade. Trough the decisions taken by the naval headquarters, I interested in the gathering of information coming from the consulate, serst to the embassies and the naval attaché. Her information by itself to know how it was leading to the capture of the enemy vessels. Various aspects are considered to know how the German Merchant Navy has succeeded to get around the allied blockade. It focuses also on Neutrals attitude toward the blockade, to know now their managed in front of this problem. The elements in time as well as in space are decisive for the comprehension of the blockade dynamics and the different politics and methods used by the actors of conflict. Theses study enables understand the success and this failures of the first world size naval blockade

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of History / Mark P. Parillo / ABSTRACT Historians of the integration of the American military and African American military participation have argued that the post-World War II period was the critical period for the integration of the U.S. Navy. This dissertation argues that World War II was “the” critical period for the integration of the Navy because, in addition to forcing the Navy to change its racial policy, the war altered the Navy’s attitudes towards its African American personnel. African Americans have a long history in the U.S. Navy. In the period between the French and Indian War and the Civil War, African Americans served in the Navy because whites would not. This is especially true of the peacetime service, where conditions, pay, and discipline dissuaded most whites from enlisting. During the Civil War, a substantial number of escaped slaves and other African Americans served. Reliance on racially integrated crews survived beyond the Civil War and the abolition of slavery, only to succumb to the principle of “separate but equal,” validated by the Supreme Court in the Plessy case (1896). As racial segregation took hold and the era of “Jim Crow” began, the Navy separated the races, a task completed by the time America entered World War I. The Navy paid the price in lost efficiency to maintain the policy. After the war, the Navy chose to accept African Americans solely for duty as messmen and stewards. Matters changed in World War II. The Navy eventually lifted its restrictions on African American enlistment and promotions, commissioned its first African American officers, and finally committed itself to a program of integration. The increased interaction between whites and African Americans had also led to white officers and policymakers re-assessing the value of African American sailors, a crucial sine qua non for the actualization of integration in the postwar years.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:14:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5410.pdf: 2286811 bytes, checksum: 5992c36bb680140d19c9b5e348cfea97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-20 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This work aims to analyze the technological modernization of the Brazilian Navy in the period between 1942 and 1970. Despite starting the Second World War without conditions of defending the country, the Brazilian Navy has modernized with American support, equipping it with modern anti-submarine equipment within the concept of hemispheric defense. At the end of the conflict and start of the Cold War, U.S. politics for the Latin America changed, and the Brazilian Navy stopped receiving modern military equipment from that country. Nevertheless, most Brazilian officers continued supporting the principles of the hemispheric defense, which mean subordination, strategic and intellectual, to the U.S. Navy. For much of the following decades, despite the changes in the foreign policy and investments in scientific and technological research in Brazil, the Brazilian Navy continued subordinated to the concept of hemispheric defense, with an obsolete fleet and unable to get modern ships. In late 1960s, the Brazilian Navy begins to face difficulties in acquiring modern weapons because of changes in the U.S. politics, culminating in the acquisition of British frigates, which despite having great emphasis on anti-submarine warfare, mark the recovery of shipbuilding in Brazil, the beginning of the withdrawal of the material and intellectual dependence on the U.S. and a major technological leap in the Brazilian Navy. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a modernização tecnológica da Marinha Brasileira no período entre 1942 e 1970. Apesar de iniciar a Segunda Guerra Mundial sem condições de defender o país, a Marinha se modernizou, com recursos norteamericanos, equipando-se com moderno equipamento antissubmarino, dentro da concepção de defesa hemisférica. Ao final do conflito e início da Guerra Fria, a política dos EUA para a América Latina mudou, e a Marinha parou de receber equipamentos militares modernos daquele país. Apesar disso, a maioria dos oficiais continuou apoiando os princípios de defesa hemisférica, o que significava a subordinação, estratégica e intelectual, à marinha norte-americana. Durante grande parte das décadas seguintes, a despeito das mudanças na política externa e investimentos na pesquisa científica e tecnológica no Brasil, a Marinha continuou subordinada à concepção de defesa hemisférica, com uma frota obsoleta e sem conseguir navios modernos. Já no final dos anos de 1960, a Marinha começa a enfrentar dificuldades na aquisição de armamentos por mudanças na política norte-americana, que culminam na aquisição de fragatas britânicas, que apesar de ainda terem grande ênfase na guerra antissubmarino, marcam a retomada da construção naval no país, o início do afastamento da dependência material e intelectual dos EUA e num importante salto tecnológico na Marinha.

U.S. naval expansion is considered to be inevitable. When it is discussed at all, especially in recent scholarly works, it merits at most a few paragraphs briefly mentioning that in the late nineteenth century the United States constructed a modern navy. It is portrayed as if U.S. leaders mostly favored greatly expanding the nation’s naval power and that little to no serious opposition existed among government leaders. Naval expansion, however, fundamentally altered U.S. foreign policy. It represented one of the most significant shifts in the Gilded Age, an era often thought of as a forgettable period in U.S. politics with no major political events taking place. If anything, naval expansion should be the single most discussed political decision to come out of this period and President Benjamin Harrison should be remembered for his role in this development. After all, there are few presidential actions from this period that continue to greatly affect U.S. policy today, and Harrison and his fellow naval expansionists deserve more than a footnote in history.