Abstract Brain disorders such as epilepsy, dementia and other mental illnesses induce increasing costs on health care systems with aging populations. The most effective treatment of these disorders would be either prevention or intervention of the disorder before irreversible damage develops. However, despite the increased interest in different brain diseases, many of them are still detected too late. One reason for this is the lack of appropriate functional imaging modality that can critically sample the targeted physiological phenomenon. Furthermore, it has been shown that one imaging modality is not enough to cover brain functionality properly; a multimodal approach is required. The main goal of this thesis was to validate near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for brain measurement and to integrate it into a multimodal neuroimaging setup that can critically sample basic human physiological phenomena. A novel key element was the combined use of NIRS with ultra-fast magnetic resonance encephalography (MREG), electroencephalography (EEG), continuous non-invasive blood pressure and anesthesia monitoring as a synchronous system. This unique multimodal neuroimaging set-up with a new functional magnetic resonance imaging sequence, MREG, can sample human brain physiology at 10 Hz sampling rate without cardiorespiratory aliasing. The implemented setup was successfully used in scanning multiple patient and control populations. With the help of critical sampling rate, non-stationarity between the measured signals reflecting brain pulsations could be detected. Combined NIRS and EEG showed the capability to monitor therapeutic opening of the blood-brain barrier during treatment of central nervous system lymphoma for the first time in humans. Furthermore, our multimodal neuroimaging setup enabled the mapping of the recently described brain avalanches and glymphatic pulsation mechanisms of the brain. In conclusion, the ultra-fast multimodal laboratory with integrated NIRS offers novel and more comprehensive views on basic brain physiology. The measures from this thesis also have the potential to offer new, quantitative biomarkers for the detection of different brain disorders prior to irreversible damage. / Tiivistelmä Aivosairaudet kuten epilepsia, dementia ja muut mielenterveyden häiriöt aiheuttavat kasvavissa määrin kuluja ikääntyvien ihmisten terveydenhuollossa. Näiden tautien tehokkain hoitokeino olisi joko ennaltaehkäisy tai varhainen havaitseminen ennen peruuttamattomien kudosvaurioiden kehittymistä. Lisääntyneestä kiinnostuksesta huolimatta monet aivosairaudet havaitaan edelleen liian myöhään. Osasyy tähän on sopivan toiminnallisen kuvausmenetelmän puuttuminen, jolla voitaisiin kuvata haluttu fysiologinen ilmiö riittävän nopeasti. Onkin osoitettu, ettei yksittäinen kuvausmenetelmä riitä aivojen toiminnan riittävän tarkkaan ymmärtämiseen, vaan siihen tarvitaan eri menetelmien yhdistämistä. Tämän väitöskirjatutkimuksen päätarkoituksena oli arvioida lähi-infrapunaspektroskopian (NIRS) soveltuvuutta aivojen toiminnan mittaamisessa sekä integroida se osaksi multimodaalista neurokuvantamisjärjestelmää. Uutena elementtinä NIRS:iä käytettiin yhdessä ultranopean magneettiresonanssienkefalogrammin (MREG), aivosähkökäyrän (EEG), jatkuva-aikaisen kajoamattoman verenpaineen mittauksen ja anestesiamonitoroinnin kanssa samanaikaisesti, ajallisesti synkronoituna. Yhdessä uuden toiminnallisen magneettikuvaussekvenssin, MREG:n, kanssa tällä ainutlaatuisella multimodaalisella neurokuvantamisjärjestelmällä voidaan kuvata ihmisen aivojen perusfysiologiaa 10 Hz näytteistysnopeudella ilman sydämen sykkeen ja hengityksen laskostumista. Toteutetulla multimodaalisella mittausjärjestelmällä tehtiin useita onnistuneita kuvauksia eri potilasryhmillä ja terveillä koehenkilöillä. Kriittisen näytteistämisen ansiosta voitiin havaita epästationaarisuutta aivojen pulsaatioita heijastelevien signaalien välillä. NIRS:n ja EEG:n samanaikainen mittaaminen mahdollisti ensimmäistä kertaa ihmisen veriaivoesteen aukeamisen monitoroinnin keskushermostolymfoomapotilaiden hoidossa. Lisäksi multimodaalinen neurokuvantamisjärjestelmä mahdollisti hiljattain havaittujen aivojen vyöryjen (engl. avalanches) ja glymfaattisten pulsaatioiden kartoittamisen. Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, että väitöskirjatyön aikana toteutettu multimodaalinen laboratorio yhdessä NIRS:n kanssa mahdollistaa aivojen perusfysiologian edistyksellisen ja tarkan tutkimisen. Nyt kehitetyt mittarit saattavat myös tarjota uusia, kvantitatiivisia biomarkkereita eri aivosairauksiin ennen vakavien vaurioiden syntymistä.

Near Infrared (NIR) and Photoacoustic (PA) Imaging are promising imaging modalities that provides functional information of the soft biological tissues in-vivo, with applica-tions in breast and brain tissue imaging. These techniques use near infrared light in the wavelength range of (600 nm - 900 nm), giving an advantage of being non-ionizing imaging modality. This makes the prolong bed-side monitoring of tissue feasible, making them highly desirable medical imaging modalities in the clinic. The computation models that are deployed in these imaging scenarios are computationally demanding and often require a high performance computing systems to deploy them in real-time. This the-sis presents three computationally e cient models for near-infrared and photoacoustic imaging, without compromising the quality of measured functional properties, to make them more appealing in clinical scenarios. The attenuation of near-infrared (NIR) light intensity as it propagates in a turbid medium like biological tissue is described by modi ed the BeerLambert law (MBLL). The MBLL is generally used to quantify the changes in tissue chromophore concen-trations for NIR spectroscopic data analysis. Even though MBLL is e ective in terms of providing qualitative comparison, it su ers from its applicability across tissue types and tissue dimensions. A Lambert-W function-based modeling for light propagation in biological tissues is proposed and introduced, which is a generalized version of the Beer-Lambert model. The proposed modeling provides parametrization of tissue properties, which includes two attenuation coe cients o and . The model is validated against the Monte Carlo simulation, which is the gold standard for modeling NIR light propagation in biological tissue. Numerous human and animal tissues are included to validate the proposed empirical model, including an inhomogeneous adult human head model. The proposed model, which has a closed form (analytical), is rst of its kind in providing accurate modeling of NIR light propagation in biological tissues. Model based image reconstruction techniques yield better quantitative accuracy in photoacoustic (PA) image reconstruction, especially in limited data cases. An exponen-tial ltering of singular values is proposed for carrying out the image reconstruction in photoacoustic tomography. The results were compared with widely popular Tikhonov regularization, time reversal, and the state of the art least-squares QR based reconstruc-tion algorithms for three digital phantom cases with varying signal-to-noise ratios of data. The exponential ltering provided superior photoacoustic images of better quanti-tative accuracy. Moreover, the proposed ltering approach was observed to be less biased towards regularization parameter and did not come with any additional computational burden as it was implemented within the Tikhonov ltering framework. It was also shown that the standard Tikhonov ltering becomes an approximation to the proposed exponential ltering. The model based image reconstruction techniques for photoacoustic tomography re-quire an explicit regularization. An error estimate minimization based approach was proposed and developed for the determination of regularization parameter for PA imag-ing. The regularization was used within Lanczos bidiagonalization framework, which provides the advantage of dimensionality reduction for a large system of equations. The proposed method was computationally faster than the state of the art techniques and provided similar performance in terms of quantitative accuracy in reconstructed im-ages.The estimate can also be utilized in determining suitable regularization parameter for other popular techniques such as Tikhonov,exponential ltering and `1 norm based regularization methods.

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an emerging non-invasive optical neuro imaging technique that monitors the hemodynamic response to brain activation with ms-scale temporal resolution and sub-cm spatial resolution. The overall goal of my dissertation was to develop and apply NIRS towards investigation of neurological response to language, joint attention and planning and execution of motor skills in healthy adults. Language studies were performed to investigate the hemodynamic response, synchrony and dominance feature of the frontal and fronto-temporal cortex of healthy adults in response to language reception and expression. The mathematical model developed based on granger causality explicated the directional flow of information during the processing of language stimuli by the fronto-temporal cortex. Joint attention and planning/ execution of motor skill studies were performed to investigate the hemodynamic response, synchrony and dominance feature of the frontal cortex of healthy adults and in children (5-8 years old) with autism (for joint attention studies) and individuals with cerebral palsy (for planning/execution of motor skills studies). The joint attention studies on healthy adults showed differences in activation as well as intensity and phase dependent connectivity in the frontal cortex during joint attention in comparison to rest. The joint attention studies on typically developing children showed differences in frontal cortical activation in comparison to that in children with autism. The planning and execution of motor skills studies on healthy adults and individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) showed difference in the frontal cortical dominance, that is, bilateral and ipsilateral dominance, respectively. The planning and execution of motor skills studies also demonstrated the plastic and learning behavior of brain wherein correlation was found between the relative change in total hemoglobin in the frontal cortex and the kinematics of the activity performed by the participants. Thus, during my dissertation the NIRS neuroimaging technique was successfully implemented to investigate the neurological response of language, joint attention and planning and execution of motor skills in healthy adults as well as preliminarily on children with autism and individuals with cerebral palsy. These NIRS studies have long-term potential for the design of early stage interventions in children with autism and customized rehabilitation in individuals with cerebral palsy.

Orientadores: Juliana Azevedo Lima Pallone, Priscilla Efraim / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T22:17:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hashimoto_JulianaCampos_D.pdf: 1464157 bytes, checksum: dc1a53f725dfb7e2dbc0a615838c0c73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O desenvolvimento da cacauicultura no Brasil apresenta vários desafios no que se refere ao reconhecimento da qualidade e padronização da produção. Dois aspectos relevantes relacionados a essas dificuldades foram abordados nesta pesquisa. O primeiro aspecto trata da falta de informação referente à composição química das amêndoas de cacau produzidas em diferentes estados brasileiros e às características sensoriais dos produtos derivados. A este respeito, amostras de diferentes regiões produtoras (Bahia-BA, Pará-PA, Rondônia-RO e Costa do Marfim-CM) foram analisadas quanto a parâmetros físicos e químicos relevantes para a qualidade desta matéria prima, incluindo-se: número de amêndoas em 100 g, prova de corte, porcentagem de casca, pH, acidez, teores de umidade, lipídios, proteína, compostos fenólicos totais, teobromina e cafeína. A avaliação física das amêndoas de cacau por meio da prova de corte permitiu concluir que todas as amostras apresentaram padrão comercial satisfatório, porém, evidenciou-se a falta de padronização na etapa de pré-processamento. Diferenças significativas em relação à umidade, acidez, compostos fenólicos totais, teobromina e cafeína foram verificadas, as quais podem afetar diretamente a qualidade dos produtos derivados. A avaliação sensorial de chocolates elaborados a partir das amêndoas de origens distintas (BA, PA, RO, CM e Espírito Santo-ES) mostrou diferenças significativas entre as amostras, as quais foram percebidas tanto pelo painel sensorial treinado quanto pelo grupo de consumidores. As amostras de chocolates BA e CM mostraram diferenças importantes no perfil sensorial, enquanto as amostras RO e PA apresentaram similaridades e características intermediárias em relação às demais. Quanto à aceitação global, pequenas diferenças foram observadas, sendo que a amostra PA apresentou valor médio superior ao do chocolate BA, provavelmente devido à maior intensidade dos gostos ácido e amargo na amostra BA. O segundo aspecto abordado neste estudo trata da falta de métodos analíticos rápidos e objetivos para a avaliação da qualidade de amêndoas de cacau. Portanto, os dados das análises físico-químicas das 81 amostras de amêndoas de cacau obtidos na primeira etapa da pesquisa foram utilizados para a construção de modelos de calibração multivariada por meio da correlação com os espectros de reflectância difusa medidos na região do infravermelho próximo (10000-4000 cm-1). Nove modelos de regressão por Quadrados Mínimos Parciais foram desenvolvidos para a previsão de diversos parâmetros de composição química (umidade, porcentagem de casca, pH, acidez, lipídios, proteínas, compostos fenólicos totais, concentração de teobromina e cafeína) pela análise direta das amostras moídas e peneiradas, sem preparo adicional e geração de resíduos. Com exceção da concentração de cafeína, todos os parâmetros foram previstos com erros relativos médios menores que 10,2%, os quais são aceitáveis quando comparados aos coeficientes de variação dos métodos de referência usualmente utilizados. Dessa forma, os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o emprego da Espectroscopia no Infravermelho Próximo, aliada a quimiometria, é viável e indicado para o controle de qualidade de amêndoas de cacau em diversas etapas da cadeia produtiva / Abstract: The development of cocoa culture in Brazil presents several challenges with respect to recognition of the quality and production standardization. Two important aspects related to these difficulties were addressed in this study. The first aspect is the lack of information on the chemical composition of cocoa beans produced in different Brazilian states and sensory characteristics of derivatives. In this regard, samples from different producing regions (Bahia-BA, Pará-PA, Rondônia-RO and the Ivory Coast-CM) were analyzed for physical and chemical parameters relevant to the overall quality of this raw material, which included: bean count, cut test, pH, acidity and shell, moisture, total lipid, protein, phenolic compounds, theobromine and caffeine contents. Physical evaluation of cocoa beans by means of the cut test showed that all samples presented satisfactory commercial standard, however, revealed a lack of standardization in the post-harvesting practices. Significant differences in moisture, acidity, total phenolic compounds, theobromine and caffeine were found, which can directly affect the quality of derivatives. The sensory evaluation of chocolates manufactured with cocoa beans from different origins (BA, PA, RO, CM and Espírito Santo-ES) showed significant differences between the samples, which were identified by both the trained sensory panel as the consumers. BA and CM chocolate samples showed important differences in the sensory profile, while the RO and PA samples presented similarities and intermediate characteristics in relation to the others. The overall acceptance presented little differences with the PA chocolate scored higher than the BA chocolate, probably due to the more intense acidic and bitter tastes in the BA sample. The second subject discussed in this study is the unavailability of rapid and objective analytical methods for assessing the quality of cocoa beans. For this, the physicochemical data of 81 cocoa bean samples acquired in the first stage of this research, were used for the construction of multivariate calibration models by correlation with diffuse reflectance spectra measured in the near infrared region (10000-4000 cm-1). Nine Partial Least Squares regression models were developed allowing the prediction of various chemical parameters (moisture, pH, acidity, total lipids, protein, shell content, total phenolic compounds, concentration of theobromine and caffeine) through direct analysis of samples milled and sieved without any additional preparation. With the exception of caffeine concentration, all of the parameters were predicted with relative errors smaller than an average of 10.2%, which is acceptable when compared to the coefficients of variation of the reference methods usually used. Thus, the results obtained demonstrate that the use of NIR in conjunction with chemometrics is feasible and recommended for the quality control of cocoa beans in various stages of the production chain / Doutorado / Ciência de Alimentos / Doutora em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientador: Rodrigo Sequinel / Coorientador: Danilo Luiz Flumignan / Banca: Edilene Cristina Ferreira / Banca: Erica Regina Filletti Nascimento / Banca: Mária Cristina Breitkreitz / Banca: Heron Dominguez Torres da Silva / Resumo: Segundo dados, de 2017, da Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), os postos de combustíveis são responsáveis pela contaminação ambiental de 72% das 5942 áreas contaminadas cadastradas no estado de São Paulo. A contaminação de solos e águas subterrâneas por combustíveis fósseis causam imensos danos ambientais devido à alta toxicidade dos constituintes destes combustíveis, além de apresentarem propriedades carcinogênicas e elevada permanência no solo. O monitoramento ambiental em áreas de risco potencial de contaminação, como postos de combustíveis, é realizado através da análise de hidrocarbonetos totais do petróleo (TPH), entre outros hidrocarbonetos individuais. Estas análises são realizadas através de métodos cromatográficos em fase gasosa que requerem etapas de extração com solventes halogenados, purificação e, muitas vezes, pré-concentração. O elevado custo e o tempo demandado para a quantificação de TPH em solo tornam-se barreiras para o crescimento do monitoramento e acompanhamento de processos de remediação das áreas contaminadas. Desta forma, este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos mais rápidos e de menor custo para a identificação e quantificação de TPH em solo através da espectroscopia na região do infravermelho próximo (NIR). Três métodos NIR foram desenvolvidos: (i) sem preparo de amostra; (ii) após extração por hexano; e (iii) após extração por etanol. Os modelos de classificação foram desenvolvidos pelo método de análise dis... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: According to the Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo (CETESB), the gas stations are responsible for the environmental contamination of 72% of the 5942 contaminated areas registered in the state of São Paulo. Contamination of soils and groundwater by fossil fuels causes immense environmental damages due to their high toxicity, carcinogenic properties and high permanence in the soil. Environmental monitoring in areas of potential contamination risk, such as gas stations, is carried out through the analysis of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), among other individual compounds. These analyzes are performed by gas chromatographic methods which require some sample preparation steps, such as extraction with halogenated solvents, purification, and often preconcentration. The high cost and time demanded for the quantification of TPH in the soil become barriers for the growth of the monitoring program and remediation processes of the contaminated areas. Therefore, this work aimed at the development of faster and lower cost analytical methods for the identification and quantification of TPH in soil through near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Three NIR methods were developed: (i) without sample preparation; (ii) after hexane extraction; and (iii) after extraction with ethanol. The classification models were developed by partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) method and the calibration models by partial least squares (PLS) method. In the development of the models... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

La complexité remarquable du sol et son importance pour un large panel de services écosystémiques présentent des défis majeurs pour évaluer les processus pédologiques. En dépit des progrès importants accomplis au cours des cinquante dernières années dans la caractérisation des propriétés hydriques, les méthodes analytiques demeurent coûteuses et chronophages. La spectroscopie proche infrarouge (SPIR) a été largement utilisée comme technique rapide, non destructive et peu coûteuse pour prédire différentes propriétés du sol y compris la teneur en eau. Toutefois, moins d’attention a été accordée à l’évaluation des propriétés hydriques et leurs variations en fonction des propriétés physiques du sol. L’objectif principal de ce travail est d’analyser la validité et la pertinence de la SPIR dans l’évaluation des propriétés hydriques et leur relation avec les caractéristiques du sol.Dans cette étude nous nous sommes focalisés sur la largeur à mi-hauteur de la bande d’absorption proche de 1920 nm pour identifier un nouvel indice spectral, noté SWSI pour caractériser l’état hydrique du sol. Nos résultats montrent une relation linéaire entre SWSI et la teneur en eau du sol (R2 >0.9). Ils ont monté aussi que SWSI est pertinent pour étudier les effets de la texture, de la teneur en carbone organique et des pratiques agricoles sur les propriétés de rétention en eau du sol. En outre, en utilisant les paramètres de cette relation linéaire, nous proposons une nouvelle approche pour caractériser les propriétés hydriques et la qualité physique des sols. En comparaison avec des méthodes clas / The remarkable complexity of soil and its importance for a wide range of ecosystem services present major challenges to the assessment of soil processes. Although major progress in characterizing water retention properties has occurred in the last fifty decades, analytical methods remain costly and time-consuming. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely used as a rapid, non-destructive and cost-effective technique to predict different soil properties, including soil water content. However, less attention has been paid to assessing soil water retention properties and its variations depending on soil physical properties. The main objective of this work is to analyze the relevance and accuracy of NIRS for assessing soil water retention properties as they are related to soil characteristics.In this study, we focused on the full width at half maximum of the absorption band near 1920 nm to identify a new NIRS index (Soil water spectral index, SWSI) which can be used to characterize the soil water retention properties. Our results show a linear relation between SWSI and soil water content (R2 >0.9). They also shown that SWSI to be relevant to study the effects of texture, organic carbon content and agricultural practices on soil water retention properties. Furthermore, using the parameters (slope and intercept) of this linear relation, we propose a new approach to characterize water retention properties and physical quality of soils. Therefore, NIRS approach performs better or similar in assessing soil water retention properties and soil quality compared to conventiona

La planète Mars a connu une période où l'eau liquide était durablement stable. Outre les vestiges morphologiques d'une activité hydrologique en surface, l'interaction chimique de l'eau avec la croûte basaltique s'est traduite par la formation d'argiles et de sels hydratés en surface et en profondeur. Ces minéraux hydratés ont été détectés à la surface de Mars en 2004 grâce à l'instrument OMEGA, l'imageur hyperspectral infrarouge proche embarqué sur la sonde européenne Mars Express. Leur étude permet de reconstruire l'histoire de l'activité aqueuse sur Mars et de caractériser une période ancienne où l'environnement a pu être favorable à l'apparition d'une chimie pré-biotique. Ce travail de thèse s'intéresse aux environnements aqueux de Mars en couplant les données minéralogiques des imageurs hyperspectraux embarqués OMEGA/Mars Express et CRISM/Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter avec la morphologie. De nouveaux outils de traitement et d'analyse des données sont développés et ont permis la détection et la caractérisation spectrale de plus d'un millier de dépôts de minéraux hydratés sur Mars, fournissant une vue d'ensemble de l'altération. Celle-ci a eu lieu principalement dans la première partie du Noachien et a surtout formé des phyllosilicates ferro-magnésiens de la famille des vermiculites et smectites. Une importante diversité minérale est par ailleurs constatée avec une dizaine de familles minérales différentes, traçants des conditions géo-chimiques variées. Placés dans leur contexte géologique, certaines détections permettent de proposer l'existence passée d'un système hydrologique sur l'ensemble de la planète qui a donné naissance à un cycle des argiles similaire au cycle terrestre. Il apparait par ailleurs que les cratères d'impact sont le contexte privilégié des minéraux hydratés, mais le lien entre ces derniers et les processus d'impact demeure ambigu. La découverte d'un cycle des argiles est compatible avec l'hypothèse d'une planète potentiellement habitable au Noachien mais qui devra être vérifiée par l'exploration in-situ. / The planet Mars has experienced an era during which water was stable in its liquid state. In addition to morphological evidence for aqueous activity, the chemical interaction of water with the basaltic crust has led to the formation of hydrated clays and salts both on the surface and at depth. These hydrated minerals were first detected on the surface of Mars in 2004 with the OMEGA near infrared imaging spectrometer, onboard European probe Mars Express. Their study allows us to piece together the aqueous activity on Mars and to better understand an early era when the environment may have been conducive to prebiotic chemistry. This work focuses on the aqueous environments on Mars by coupling mineralogy data from the spaceborne imaging spectrometers OMEGA/Mars Express and CRISM/Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to the surface morphology. The development of new data processing and analysis tools have led to the detection and spectral inquiry of over a thousand hydrated mineral exposures on Mars, thus providing a broad view of the aqueous alteration. The latter mostly took place during the Noachian era and formed primarily iron-magnesium bearing phyllosilicates of the vermiculite and smectite groups. In addition, great mineral diversity is found, implying varied geo-chemical formation conditions. Placed in their geological context, these detections show the likely existence of a past hydrological cycle on Mars which sustained a clay cycle similar to Earth's. It was also found that impact craters are the most common morphological context for these minerals, although the link between them remains unclear. The discovery of a clay cycle on Mars bodes well for the past habitability potential on Mars, but will need to be verified through in-situ exploration.

No description available.

Repeat sprint ability has been investigated thoroughly, however optimal training methodology to improve RSA remains elusive. Both kinetic and physiological viewpoints have been used to scrutinize aspects of RSA including, initial sprint performance (anaerobic power), maximal cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), lactate threshold, anaerobic capacity (mean power), muscle activation (EMG), and local muscle oxygenation kinetics. To our knowledge no study has utilized maximal strength levels as a separate factor among a homogenous group of cardiorespiratory fitness individuals (as determined by peak VO2 during RSA). The purpose of this study was to better understand the relationship between maximal strength, muscular characteristics, and cycling RSA- respective to muscle oxygenation responses. Fifteen participants completed fifteen 10-second maximal effort sprints on a cycle ergometer interspersed with 30-seconds passive recovery. Respiratory, muscle oxygenation, and kinetic responses were monitored continuously and evaluated relationships with maximal strength and muscular architecture as determined by isometric mid-thigh pull and ultrasonography respectively. A series of 2 x 15 mixed design, group x time, ANOVA’s were used to evaluate the effects of group and or sprint on muscle oxygenation kinetics. Strong individuals were found to have significantly greater levels of muscle oxygenation usage, recovery and the respective rates; p = 0.01, p = 0.02, p

No description available.