Healthcare is an important arena for improvement and innovation by the use of e-health solutions. But many obstacles exist, such as insufficiency in interoperability and usability. One reason for this problematic situation is that the development process has been inadequate. Swedish healthcare serves under regulations for public procurement. Hence, almost every e-health solution has to be procured to prevent an orientation towards illegal direct award of contracts. Specifying requirements that explain what the customer and users needs and why, is one of the most critical parts of that process. The customer gets what asked for, but often the requirements are on a high level of interpretation and not explicit or traceable enough. This prevents interoperability and usability from being a vital part of the prioritizing activity. Today knowledge about requirement processes and traceability is fragmented, and often more based on ideal models than on practical, real life experiences. The aim of this work is therefore to understand how traceability is managed and how it can be improved. I investigate who is most suitable to perform the “traceability activity” and, maybe even more important, the skill needed to fulfil that task. With a practice-based and ethnographical approach several studies have been conducted in different healthcare settings in Sweden, all closely connected to the design- and development process in e-health projects. The research shows that traceability maintains the relation between needs and solutions by providing a reality check for every step in the procurement and development. To accomplish that, requirements must be made explicit and interpretable for different stakeholders. The actors best suited for this “traceability activity” must have a holistic approach and know how to identify needs and relate them to the context. This demands a domain-specific knowledge about the healthcare setting and understanding how the organisation works practically and politically. It is crucial to also be skilled at usability, design, development and procurement. In addition, implementing IT in healthcare cannot be separated from business development. I argue that it is time to update the way healthcare development is managed and by whom. First, healthcare management must pay more attention on usability and the crucial role that healthcare professionals have as change leaders and needfinders to strengthening existing initiatives. Second, the design community must match existing initiatives and roles in healthcare with the designers’ special knowledge to support innovation and design processes.

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Context: Current unsustainable practices have resulted in the depletion of natural resources and a prevailing material scarcity. Urban Mining has emerged in this context and suggests the “mining” of cities or other sources in urban areas to retrieve valuable resources. It raises the topic of how urban mining as a market segment of the construction industry is like today and in the future.  Objective: The thesis sets out to study what firms in the urban mining market segment desires in terms of needs and priorities. Furthermore, what could be prioritized in the future (2030), what future scenarios could be expected and what implications these can have on organizations within the segment and on the construction industry.  Method: A foresight methodology was applied as a framework for the research design. Interview with representatives from 10 firms, including observations of their operations, resulted in a number of mutual needs shared across the urban mining segment. These were prioritized in relative importance based on a questionnaire of 67 respondents representing 44 different firms in Sweden. A combination of these studies and a review of technology trends further enabled the extrapolation of future scenarios.  Results: The findings shows that firms within the urban mining market segment prioritizes and emphasizes needs related concerns in optimization, cost control, safety, environmental and social care today. Needs related to safety, environmental and social care are indicated to remain top prioritized as a result of the future market circumstances. A holistic and lifecycle approach in urban mining practices was deemed of low priority today but was indicated to grow significantly in relative importance in the future.  Conclusion: Technology, urbanization and globalization indicates stricter and more competitive market circumstances in the future. Especially related to safety, lifecycle consideration, environmental, and social care. The research suggests that firms concerned and those operating within the urban mining segment may need to undergo transformational changes in their organization to meet what the market segment expects in the future. Moreover, the findings opens up the possibility for actors and stakeholders concerned with the construction industry to proactively go into a desired future by knowing how the future market could unfold. / Stanford University, ME310: Urban Mining

In response to the Ageing of our Society, a new paradigm is evolving that promotes healthy ageing and independency through self-care and wellbeing. The role of the living environments is crucial in the Ageing Society to promote wellbeing. Besides, elderly contribution through social participation is essential for their integration and inclusion in society. This thesis explores the case of Cooperative Housing for elderly in Sweden, a concept that promotes the participation of elderly in the design of their habitats. The research is oriented towards a smoother inclusion of elderly in participatory processes aimed at developing sustainable and need-satisfying habitat solutions for elderly. To do this the author explored how the concepts of PSS, Design Thinking, Human Needs and Needfinding could inform the design of those participatory processes. Based on the results of interviews, questionnaires and three case studies on Cooperative Housing, a set of three distinguished types of recommendations was developed to guide the design of future participatory processes: overarching models, process enablers and specific methods and tools for each of the process phases. Mainly, the discussion focuses on the concepts of PSS, human needs-centered design and sustainability, and how those can enable a smoother inclusion of elderly. / Joaquin Collar 8 8ºE, 01002 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain +34690666663

Summary Kruthusen Företagsfastigheter AB is a company that rent industrial facilities, mainly to smaller companies and startup companies. Most of their facilities today are already rented which creates the opportunity to expand and build new facilities. The problem is that the building methods and materials commonly used today will require a rent that is unaffordable for these companies. Therefore a new way of creating these facilities is needed to be able to reduce costs, to allow a lower rent.  In the current facilities big costs are connected with companies’ changing facilities which often require reconstruction or similar. Some needs extra bathrooms, other need a kitchen and a few do not need any of it. Therefore, to save a lot of money on reconstruction a common area will be built where there will be a dressing room with showers, WC and a kitchen. There are many different ways to save energy which also reduces costs. Research has been made to see if there are other alternatives to heat the building. District heating is available in the area where the new facility will be built. District heating is considered a sustainable choice and therefore was selected. Heat losses for the new building were calculated to estimate if it is enough to target operational costs to be able to secure a low rent. The result was that a high amount of the heat losses can be reduced but it is not enough to allow affordable rents. The total cost of the building could not be estimated by us. This is the reason why other measures like common areas cannot be proven to lower the rent to the targeted value. If the concept is affordable will be known when the concept is sent to a construction company for cost estimation. The final building will include a common area in the middle connected with the entrance and 10 industrial facilities for renting that will be 8x13 square meters. To make it easier for the customers a parking lot will be built in front of the building. On the back side every company will have an area for their work-related vehicles. Also a spot for containers will be included for extra storage for each renting company. / Sammanfattning Kruthusen Företagsfastigheter AB är ett företag som hyr ut lokaler till främst mindre och nystartade företag. Idag är nästan alla av deras lokaler redan uthyrda vilket möjliggör utbyggnad av nya lokaler. Problemet med detta är att användning av dagens byggnadsmetoder och material kommer ge en väldigt dyr hyra, som dessa små företag inte kan betala. Därför behövs det nya sätt som fokuserar på att få ner kostnader när dessa typer av lokaler ska byggs, för att få en låg hyra. I dagens lokaler tillkommer stora kostnader i ombyggnader eller liknande när företag byter lokaler. Vissa har behov av extra badrum, andra behöver tillgång till kök och några behöver inte tillgång till något. För att undvika de största kostnaderna i samband med detta kommer en gemensam avdelning byggas där det finns omklädningsrum med dusch, toaletter och kök. Det finns många sätt att spara energi på som också minskar kostnader. En undersökning har gjorts för att se om det finns några andra alternativ till uppvärmning av lokalerna. Fjärrvärme är tillgängligt i det valda området för byggnaden, därför valdes detta som värmekälla då det anses vara ett hållbart alternativ. Värmeförluster beräknades för den nya byggnaden för att uppskatta om det är tillräckligt att fokusera på driftkostnader för att erhålla en låg hyra. Resultatet blev att en väldigt hög andel av värmeförlusterna kunde minskas, men det var inte tillräckligt för att ensamt säkerställa en låg hyra. Den totala kostnaden för byggnaden kunde inte uppskattas av oss. Detta är anledningen till att andra åtgärder som gemensamma utrymmen inte kan bevisas vara tillräckligt för att få en låg hyra. Först när ett byggföretag har gjort sin kostnadsuppskattning kommer det visa sig om konceptet är tillräckligt konstandseffektivt. Den slutgiltiga byggnaden kommer bestå av en gemensam avdelning i mitten sammanlänkat med entrén och 10 industrilokaler i storleken 8x13 meter för uthyrning. För att underlätta för kunder finns det en parkering framför byggnaden. På baksidan finns det utrymme för varje företag att ha sina fordon. Det kommer även finnas utrymme för containrar som extra utrymme för företagen.

Many literatures have shown that needs last longer than any specific solutions, so understanding of customer needs seems a crucial factor in early Product-Service System (PSS) development. Nowadays, many western companies, especially manufacturing focused companies, have realized the difficulty of understanding market needs. In this thesis, a new Value-Driven Needfinding methodology for manufacturing company to apply in certain markets was investigated. To further demonstrate the implementation of the proposed methodology, a case study involving Volvo Construction Equipment exploring value-orient needs in Chinese market is showed. At the end, by providing the scenarios comparison, a PSS conceptual design will be illustrated to show the utilization of the customer needs, then opportunities for company future provision towards sustainability based on early PSS development will be discussed. / Providing added value to standalone products by adding services is at the core of Product-Service Systems (PSS) offered in manufacturing companies. Providing PSS requires a change not only in the way products are sold, but also in the way they are designed and developed. The way of understanding and capturing customer needs often fall outside the early phase of designing integration solution in traditional manufacturing company. The aim of the thesis is to investigate the needfinding for early phase of PSS design, methods and tools proposed to improve the need collection and analysis process. This academic work was performed through the close collaboration with Volvo Construction Equipment which is looking for opportunities to provide Product-Service System in the Chinese market. The thesis group firstly reviewed theory of needfinding, and then the importance of value was brought out. The methodology of Value-Driven Needfinding (VDN) was introduced to facilitate the early PSS development. By deriving needs from an adding value standpoint, this methodology is not only focused only on needs intended as “Voice of the customer” but rather as needs expressed as “Value Adding Activities”. Thus, these value-based needs can reveal some functions for potential system solution development. A case study involved with Chinese customers’ needs is described to demonstrate the application of VDN. Two scenarios comparison were presented to evaluate the sustainable influence between provision of current solutions and new PSS solution. During discussion part, the application of VDN, the Chinese market preferences and the contribution of VDN for early PSS design from sustainable perspectives are discussed. At the end, three conclusions supported the contirbution of VDN applied for manufacturing company to carry out PSS development at early stage are showed. / 0736278002, Pohlmesgatan 27 B lgh 1208 371 40

We  are  heading  into  a  world  that  is  becoming  more  and  more  digital.  In  the  future  markets,  customers   will   demand   that   some   sort   of   technical  support  is  available  when  they  make  purchases.   This   put   a   big   responsibility   on   companies  that  have  to  satisfy  that  need.  The  wallpaper  industry  has  not  incorporated  many  efficient  support  tools  to  facilitate  the  product  selection at Swedish retailers. This results in that customers  experience  many  issues  when  they  search for new wallpapers. Through a needfinding process, where customers   were   observed   at   retailers,   eight   primary  customer  needs  could  be  established  in  the  project.  These  were  ranked  after  their  relative   importance.   The   results   showed   that   the  most  important  needs  to  satisfy  was  to  give  customer’s  inspiration  and  help  them  visualize  wallpapers  in  environments.  In  two  workshops,  around  100  ideas  on  how  a  system  that  could  satisfy  these  needs  was  generated  in  a  number  of brainstorming sessions. These ideas were then culled   with   various   evaluation   methods   such   as  rating  matrixes,  inventory  methods  and  by  clustering the ideas. At the end of the evaluation process,  four  concepts  remained  with  different  levels of technical demands and implementation requirements.  The  decision  of  which  concept  that was going to be further developed was then made by Midbec. The final system is a service that allows customer to   visualize   chosen   wallpapers   in   a   digital   environment.  The  system  contains  a  screen  with  a connected hand scanner that will be integrated in  Midbec’s  store  interior  and  QR-barcodes  that  is  applied  to  each  wallpaper.  When  a  barcode  is  decoded,  either  with  the  scanner  or  with  a  smartphone, the user connects to Midbec’s newly developed   online   wallpaper   tool   where   the   wallpaper can be seen in different environments. The   benchmarking   showed   that   no   studies   of    effective    wallpaper    displays    has    been    made.  Several  areas  where  new  systems  can  be   implemented   to   support   customers   and   promote  wallpapers  more  effectively  was  found  throughout  the  process.  This  means  that  there  are many possibilities to develop and implement new  designs  in  the  industry.  As  a  conclusion,  this  project  showed  that  a  needfinding  process  should  focus  on  incorporating  the  user  to  the  highest possible level to ensure that reliable data is collected. Another conclusion is that customers experience   many   different   issues   in   today’s   wallpaper  selection  process.  Again,  this  shows  that  there  is  potential  to  develop  systems  that  can improve today’s wallpaper industry. / Vi går mot en värld som blir allt mer digital. I den framtida marknaden kommer kunder kräva att något sorts tekniskt  hjälpmedel  finns  tillhands  när  de  gör  sina  inköp.  Detta  ställer  krav  på  företagen  som  måste  tillfredsställa  det  behovet.  Tapetindustrin har inte integrerat många     effektiva  verktyg  för  att  underlätta  produktvalet  hos  svenska  återförsäljare.  Detta  resulterar  i  att  kunderna  upplever  många  svårigheter  när  de  letar efter nya tapeter. Genom en behovsidentifieringsprocess,    där    kunder  observerades  hos  återförsäljare,  kunde  åtta  primära  kundbehov  fastställas  i  projektet.  Dessa  rankades  efter  deras  relativa  betydelse.  Resultatet  visade  att  de  viktigast  behoven  att  tillfredsställa  är  att  ge  kunderna  inspiration  och  hjälpa  de  att  visualisera  tapeter  i  miljöer.  I  två  workshops genererades cirka 100 idéer i ett antal brainstorming  sessioner  på  hur  ett  system  som  tillfredsställer dessa behov kan se ut. Dessa idéer sorterades sedan med olika utvärderingsmetoder som     betygsmatriser,     inventerings     metoder     och  genom  att  gruppera  idéerna.  I  slutet  av  utvärderingsprocessen   återstod   fyra   koncept   med olika grad av tekniska och implementerings krav.   Beslutet   om   viket   koncept   som   skulle   vidareutvecklas togs sedan av Midbec. Det  slutgiltiga  systemet  är  en  tjänst  som  tillåter  kunderna att visualisera valda tapeter i en digital miljö.   Systemet   inkluderar   en   skärm   med   en   tillhörande   handskanner   som   är   integrerad   i   Midbec’s   butiksmiljö   samt   QR-koder   som   är   applicerade  på  varje  tapet.  När  en  kod  avläses,  antigen med skannern eller med en smartphone, kopplas     användaren     till     Midbec’s     nyligen     framtagna onlinetjänst där tapeten kan ses i olika miljöer. Förstudien  visade  att  inga  tidigare  studier  på  effektiva  tapetskyltningar  har  genomförts.  Flera  områden   där   nya   system   kan   implementeras   för  att  stödja  kunderna  och  framhäva  tapeter  mer  effektivt  framkom  under  projektet.  Detta  betyder   att   det   finns   många   möjligheter   för   att  utveckla  och  implementera  nya  designer  i  branschen.  Som  en  slutsats  visade  detta  projekt  att      en      behovsidentifieringsprocess      borde      inkludera  användaren  så  mycket  som  möjligt  för  att  säkerställa  att  tillförlitliga  data  samlas  in.  Ännu  en  slutsats  är  att  kunder  upplever  många  olika   svårigheter   i   dagens   tapetvalsprocess.   Återigen visar detta på att det finns potential för att utveckla nya system som kan förbättra dagens tapetbransch.

The current concerns about global warming are increasing the demands for electric vehicles (Ou- chi, Bando, Kodani, Hirata & Mubin, 2012).With the increasing demands, electric boats have now come into focus (Sierzchula, 2014). However, there is yet to be developed standards for charging of electric boats.This is where this thesis project comes in, as this thesis is a part of the E-Sea Power project,which is a project to develop a new and safe standard for charging of electric boats.The thesis project was completed at the company No Picnic in Stockholm, through the work of my final master degree course, in the education of Industrial Design Engineering, taught at Luleå Uni- versity of Technology. The objective of the thesis project was to provide a basis for the facilitation of the standardization of chargers for boats, with the possibility of full-scale tests. Where the final aim of the project was to develop both a normal charger standard and a quick charger that is to be mounted in a harbor, being able to utilize the harbor’s own electricity grid.Where in this context, a normal charger is a slower charger that charges with the users own cord and where a quick charger is a fast charger which has a built-in charger cord and handle. The project was divided into need, design, and function to make it structured and easy to follow, going through the design phases Immersion, Ideation, and Implementation.Throughout the project the current state was firsts analyzed, going on to several brainstorming and evaluation techniques and then ending with the building of final CAD prototypes, of both a normal charger and a quick charger, through the use of the software Solidworks, Keyshot, Photoshop and Maxwell.The projects focus has been on finding creative and ergonomic new solutions, with good user experience and accessibility. The final result of the project is two modular new chargers, with belonging to the same product family. Both a quick charger, which has had the thesis main focus and a normal charger, which has also been developed. The quick charger is a tall charging post that has a built-in lamp consisting of four fluorescent lamps and a, on the outside hanging, charging cord mounted at the top.The charger has two component houses which house necessary components. One that houses the CCS charger female and infor- mation label and one that houses the screen, IR sensor and emergency stop. The main feature of the final quick charger is its charging arm, which bends down with a hidden hinge, enabling the required total reach of 5 meters, while helping lift the charging cord for the user and giving the best possible light were the user is. The normal charger is also a charging post with the same type of house as the quick charger. How- ever the charger post is much shorter and it has only one house, which houses two Type 2 females instead of one CCS female.The normal charger also has a different lamp consisting of small LEDs, so that the user is not disturbed by its brightness at its lower hight, but still gaining enough light during use, where the surrounding light is lacking. / Den nuvarande oron för global uppvärmning ökar kraven på el-fordon (Ouchi, Bando, Kodani, Hirata & Mubin, 2012). Med de ökande kraven har nu de elektriska båtarna kommit i fokus (Sier- zchula, 2014). Det har emellertid ännu inte utvecklats standarder för laddning av elektriska båtar. Det är här det här master projektet kommer in, då detta projekt ingår i E-Sea Power-projektet, som är ett projekt för att utveckla en ny och säker standard för laddning av elektriska båtar. Projektet slutfördes på företaget No Picnic i Stockholm, genom mitt examensarbete, vid utbildningen civil- ingenjörsutbildningen i teknisk design, undervisad vid Luleå tekniska universitet. Målet med projektet var att skapa en grund för att underlätta standardiseringen av laddare för båtar, med möjlighet till fullskaliga tester. Där det slutliga målet med projektet var att utveckla både en normalladdare standard och en snabbladdare som ska monteras i en hamn och kunna utnyttja ham- nens egna elnät. I det här sammanhanget är en normalladdare en långsammare laddare som laddar med användarens egen kabel och en snabbladdare är en snabb laddare som har en egen inbyggd kabel med ett handtag. Projektet var uppdelat i behov, design och funktion för att göra det strukturerat och lätt att följa. Det gick även igenom designfaserna Immersion, Ideation och Implementation. Hela projektet bör- jade med analyseradet av det nuvarande tillståndet och fortsatte sedan med diverse brainstorming och utvärderingstekniker och slutade sedan med byggandet av slutliga CAD-prototyper, både av en normalladdare och en snabbladdare, med hjälp av programmen Solidworks, Keyshot, Photoshop och Maxwell. Projektets fokus har varit att hitta kreativa och ergonomiska nya lösningar med bra användarupplevelse och tillgänglighet. Det slutliga resultatet av projektet är två modulära nya laddare, som tillhör samma produktfamilj. Både en snabbladdare, som har haft huvudfokus och en normalladdare, som också har utvecklats. Snabbladdaren är en hög laddningsstolpe som har en inbyggd lampa som består av fyra lysrörslam- por och en utvändigt hängande laddningssladd monterad på toppen. Laddaren har två komponent- hus ett som rymmer CCS laddarens hona och informationsetikett och ett som rymmer skärmen, IR sensorn och nödstoppet. Huvudfunktionen hos den slutliga snabbladdaren är dess laddarm som böjer sig ned med ett dolt gångjärn, vilket möjliggör den totala räckvidden på 5 meter, samtidigt som den hjälper till att lyfta laddkabeln åt användaren och ger bästa möjliga ljus där användaren är. Den vanliga laddaren är också en laddstolpe med samma typ av hus som snabbladdaren. Laddstolpen är dock mycket kortare och den har bara ett hus, som rymmer två Type 2-honor i stället för en CCS-hona. Normalladdaren har också en annan lampa än snabbladdaren som består av små lysdio- der, så att användaren inte störs av ljusstyrkan vid dess lägre placering, men fortfarande får tillräckligt med ljus vid användning, där det omgivande ljuset är bristande.