Magister Curationis / The aim of the study was to explore the reasons why health workers reported their occupationally acquired needle stick injury. The secondary reasons for this study was to be able to identify the factors that contributed to the choice to report as well as the feelings health workers experienced during and after the injury. Methodology A qualitative research design with a phenomenological approach was used to gain understanding around why health workers reported the needle stick injury. Data was collected through a semi- structured interview. Population The 89 health workers at a Secondary Hospital in the Cape Town Metropole Health district who reported an occupational injury from 2001 to 2004. Sample Nine health workers were interviewed. Findings From the nine participants only six had needle stick injuries, while the other three had other blood and body fluid occupational exposures. The most common reason for reporting was that the health workers wanted to ensure their own physical well-being. Health workers and their families experienced emotional turmoil after the needle stick injury. / South Africa

Magister Curationis - MCur / Background: Health care workers who sustain needle stick injuries are at risk of contracting blood-borne pathogens, e.g. Human Immunodeficiency Virus,Hepatitis B virus or Hepatitis C virus. Needle stick injuries are viewed as occupational hazards that can lead to health care workers developing acute or chronic diseases, which may lead to disability or death. Due to these healthrelated risks, health care workers are encouraged to adhere to universal precautions and standard operating procedures. In South Africa, the Occupational Health and Safety Act promulgated in 1993 required institutions draw up protocols in line with the regulations of the Act. However, if the health care workers do not comply with the protocols they may not be compensated for contracting a disease, e.g. Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection, following needle stick injuries. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore the health care workers’ perceptions of the needle stick injury protocol at a level 2 hospital in Cape Town. Research design: A qualitative approach was used to make sense of health care workers’ compliance to the protocols when sustaining a needle stick injury. An exploratory descriptive, contextual design was used to carry out an in-depth investigation of the phenomenon. Sample: The study was done at Mowbray Maternity Hospital, a level 2 obstetric hospital in Cape Town. The researcher made use of convenience, purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the research data. Data collection: During the data collection phase, ethical considerations towards participants were ensured to include, among others, anonymity, autonomy and confidentiality of information. Data analysis: It included the following steps: reading and rereading,coding, displaying, reducing and interpreting the data. Findings: Some health care workers do not view sustaining a needle stick injury as risky enough to report the injury or even go for follow-up testing. This risky behaviour can have detrimental effects on their health. There is also a lack of knowledge about the institutional needle stick injury protocol. Recommendations: It is recommended to have educational and training sessions for all health care workers and new employees to familiarise them with the needle stick injury protocol and policies of the institution; to provide adequate management support 7 following work related injuries and to make health care workers aware of the consequences of non-compliance to institutional protocol.

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style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / ">This study has reveled the levels of knowledge and compliance towards Universal Precautions and examined the factors that are influential in having a positive and negative effect on their adoption by healthcare practitioners in practice. Despite acceptable knowledge regarding the potential for infection and mechanisms to prevent these infections, this study has found out that health care workers are not as compliant with universal precautions as they need to be. The findings that compliance correlated directly with knowledge, with in-service training and with availability of protective equipment, provide important indications for future interventions. Therefore a regular on job refreshing training program on Universal Precautions, a written guideline and reminder poster on Universal Precautions and personal protective equipment need to be made available for all health care providers in every department of the hospital for better compliance. <span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style="">&nbsp / </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p>&nbsp / </p>

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style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / ">This study has reveled the levels of knowledge and compliance towards Universal Precautions and examined the factors that are influential in having a positive and negative effect on their adoption by healthcare practitioners in practice. Despite acceptable knowledge regarding the potential for infection and mechanisms to prevent these infections, this study has found out that health care workers are not as compliant with universal precautions as they need to be. The findings that compliance correlated directly with knowledge, with in-service training and with availability of protective equipment, provide important indications for future interventions. Therefore a regular on job refreshing training program on Universal Precautions, a written guideline and reminder poster on Universal Precautions and personal protective equipment need to be made available for all health care providers in every department of the hospital for better compliance. <span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style="">&nbsp / </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p>&nbsp / </p>

Magister Public Health - MPH / This study has reveled the levels of knowledge and compliance towards Universal Precautions and examined the factors that are influential in having a positive and negative effect on their adoption by healthcare practitioners in practice. Despite acceptable knowledge regarding the potential for infection and mechanisms to prevent these infections, this study has found out that health care workers are not as compliant with universal precautions as they need to be. The findings that compliance correlated directly with knowledge, with in-service training and with availability of protective equipment, provide important indications for future interventions. Therefore a regular on job refreshing training program on Universal Precautions, a written guideline and reminder poster on Universal Precautions and personal protective equipment need to be made available for all health care providers in every department of the hospital for better compliance.

Bakgrund: Inom sjuksköterskeyrket föreligger risk för eventuell stickskada vid hanteringen av medicinteknisk utrustning. Erhållen stickskada innebär en ökad risk för blodburen smitta, psykologiska besvär och långt gångna rädslor som riskerar att drabba sjuksköterskor och sjuksköterskestudenter på livsövergripande plan.  Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva erfarenheter bland legitimeraade sjuksköterskor och sjuksköterskestudenter som drabbats av stickskador i den kliniska verksamheten.  Metod: En litteraturstudie med kvalitativ metod genomfördes. 11 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats identifierades genom sökning i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl för att besvara studiens syfte. Artiklarna granskades och analyserades med hjälp av SBU:s granskningsmall vilket resulterade i två teman: Fysisk och psykosocial påverkan och påverkan på professionen.  Resultat: Studieresultatet visade att stickskador har en stor påverkan på sjuksköterskor och sjuksköterskestudenters liv i sin helhet. Ångest, oro och frustration upplevdes hos deltagarna i samtliga studier. Dels på grund av rädslan att bli smittade med Hepatit B, Hepatit C eller HIV och dels på grund av bristande stöd från omgivningen men även kopplingen till socialt stigmatiserande beteenden.  Konklusion: Sjuksköterskor och sjuksköterskestudenter riskerar att utsättas för en stickskada i sitt vardagliga arbete. Rädslan och oron för blodsmitta och den psykosociala påverkan kan leda till en känsla av sårbarhet och tveksamhet till yrkesvalet. / Background: Within the nursing profession, there is always a risk of a possible needlestick injury when handling a medical technical equipment. Suffering a needlestick injury means an increased risk of blood-borne infections, psychological problems and far-reaching fears that risk affecting nurses and nursing students on a lifelong level.  Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe experiences among licensed nurses and nursing students who suffer from needlestick in clinical practice. Method: A literature study with qualitative method was implemented. 11 scientific articles with a qualitative approach were identified by searching the PubMed and Cinahl databases to preserve the purpose of the study. The articles were reviewed and analyzed by using SBU's review template, which resulted in two themes: Physical and psychosocial impact and impact on the profession. Results: The study results showed that needlestick injuries have a major impact on the lives of nurses and nursing students in its entirety. Anxiety, worry and frustration were experienced by the participants in all studies. Partly because of the fear of being infected with Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C or HIV and partly because of a lack of support from the enviroment but also the connection to socially stigmatized behaviours. Conclusion: Nurses and nursing students are at risk of being exposed to blood-borne infections by needlestick injuries in their everyday work. The fear and concern about blood-borne infection and the psychosocial impact can lead to feelings of vulnerability and hesitation about the choice of profession.

This study describes the personal experience of heath care workers after a needle stick injury. The process of enquiry is embedded in a post modernistic ecosystemic perspective to elicit common themes in the health care workers’ (HCW) experiences of a Needle stick injury (NSI). Themes that emerged related mainly to the participants experience after having had a NSI. In the HCW environment HIV/AIDS is very well known disease. It is ironic that the HCW system at large is in denial regarding the dangers which the HCW’s face on a day to day basis working in a ‘mine field’ where every patient is a potential life threat to the HCW. From an ecosystemic stance one can clearly see the ecological principle at play. The HCW system seems to be stuck in a negative feedback process as the status quo is maintained by the defence/coping mechanisms. Adaptation seems to be limited. This inability to compensate leads to the disillusionment of the HCW who has to use ‘acceptable’ defence/coping mechanisms to deal with the trauma of being threatened by HIV/AIDS. The researcher found it constructive to use psychodynamic language, as defence mechanisms are psychodynamic concepts, to describe the process of the HCW system. As Keeney (1983) said that we are not surrounded, in a world of opposition, but rather in a realm of both/and dichotomies. The one cannot exit without, nor be discarded for, the other. Therefore, it could be suggested that an understanding of both systems and psychodynamic concepts may be a helpful tool in understanding and describing the processes of human interaction within an ecosystemic framework. / Dissertation (MA (Counselling Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Psychology / unrestricted

Background: Jet injectors are advantageous over needle injectors by eliminating sharps hazards. The Government Accountability Office estimates 29% preventable sharp injuries with an estimated direct cost of more than $500 million out of the CDC's reported incidence of 385,000 needle stick injuries per year among US hospital healthcare workers. Yet the forces required to set and trigger devices using spring mechanisms for medication delivery have not been explored. This laboratory experiment measured forces exerted by healthcare workers (HCWs) using a particular jet injector approved by FDA in 2011. Objectives: In order to quantify the ergonomic impact on HCWs using a needle-free injector, the first objective was to evaluate the dynamic forces required to activate the trigger injector button and the reset station for the injector, with their respective means, for each of the parameters studied. The second objective was to compare these forces to those required to use four previously analyzed retractable intramuscular syringes with needles. Finally, the third objective was to assess potential psychophysics ergonomic impact on HCWs with use of these devices to formulate future design changes and recommendations for manufacturers and HCWs, respectively. Methods: This laboratory experiment was conducted through a multi-disciplinary team approach. It included a total of 136 trials (10 validation trials, 116 experimental trials and 10 padded trials for soft tissue simulation), which were conducted using the PharmaJetTM Injector. A force gauge and a load cell were integrated into the triggering setup and reset station, correspondingly, enabling force measurements to be obtained directly from the human-machine interfaces. These force data allowed for observations of force profiles in time by the healthcare worker as researcher while preparing for and administering injections. Data collection used three software applications for force conversions and data manipulation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analytical results by using ANOVA for the trigger injector & reset station with multiple comparison tests for parametric and non-parametric distributions, respectively. Results: The descriptive results indicated an average force for triggering the injector in the 116 trials was 15.92 lbs. (70.8 N) with a range of 9.77-26.46 lbs. (43.46-117.69 N). The measured forces for the reset station ranged from 5.35-82.78 lbs. (5.35-368.22 N) with an average of 25.32 lbs. (112.62 N) (SD 12.36). Spurious findings presented with tensile forces to fill the syringes resulting in hand strain in the first metacarpal joint after repetitive pinprick motion. The analytical results showed an ANOVA for trigger injector with a parametric-normal distribution with an F (2,133) Ratio 10.0472, p- value (F) 0.0001<0.05, showing statistical significance and with a Tukey's comparison test showing a significant difference in between the means of the padded trials vs. the validation & experimental trial groups. The ANOVA for the reset station showed a Kruskal Wallis H-statistic of 0.2568, p-value (H) 0.8795>0.05 presenting NO statistical significance with a Dunn's comparison test confirming NO difference in between the medians or mean ranks of all three groups. Conclusions: Triggering the injector and resetting the station required considerable effort in comparison to activating 4 retractable intramuscular syringes with needles from our previous studies, the range of mean forces were 3.63-17 lbs (16.19-77.53 N) for those syringes with the trigger injector maximum voluntary force of 71 N being above the recommend 56.6 N.The jet injector required more force per effort than 2 (4.4x) syringes & similar to other 2 syringes (0.9x) previously tested when considering the compression forces related with the trigger injector. Additional vector forces (displacement & gripping of reset station) could increase the cumulative effort affecting different musculoskeletal components when the whole components of the procedure are taken into account. Suggestions for the manufacturer regarding design changes to facilitate HCWs' use of this device are warranted, since some of the summation forces during the 12 mini-steps could be avoided to achieve a higher efficiency. This information may be useful for health care facilities when choosing devices to protect their workers from ergonomic injuries.

This study aimed to provide evidence on knowledge of attitudes toward standard precautions (SPs) and its practice of Healthcare Workers (HCWs) in government and private hospitals in Botswana. It utilised descriptive cross-sectional methodology. A range of significant findings were revealed. Good practice of SPs was noted more amongst the HCWs in government than in private hospitals. Knowledge of SPs amongst HCWs in government hospital was significantly and positively correlated to good practice of SPs. Registered Nurses (RNs) had better knowledge of SPs than HealthcareAssistants (HCAs).There was no significant difference between RNs and HCAs practice of SPS and attitudes toward the same. No significant difference in the knowledge, attitudes and practice of SPs was noted between General Practitioners (GPs) and RNs. No significant difference in the knowledge, attitudes and practice of SPs was observed between GPs and HCAs. The study findings have implications for the application of SPs in practice / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

This study aimed to provide evidence on knowledge of attitudes toward standard precautions (SPs) and its practice of Healthcare Workers (HCWs) in government and private hospitals in Botswana. It utilised descriptive cross-sectional methodology. A range of significant findings were revealed. Good practice of SPs was noted more amongst the HCWs in government than in private hospitals. Knowledge of SPs amongst HCWs in government hospital was significantly and positively correlated to good practice of SPs. Registered Nurses (RNs) had better knowledge of SPs than HealthcareAssistants (HCAs).There was no significant difference between RNs and HCAs practice of SPS and attitudes toward the same. No significant difference in the knowledge, attitudes and practice of SPs was noted between General Practitioners (GPs) and RNs. No significant difference in the knowledge, attitudes and practice of SPs was observed between GPs and HCAs. The study findings have implications for the application of SPs in practice / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)