A bioatividade de nanoformulações de nim e de extratos de outras Meliaceae foi avaliada, em tomateiro, em laboratório e em casa de vegetação, visando ao controle de Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Incialmente foram testadas 22 nanoformulações (incluindo nanocápsulas e nanoesferas) e os extratos em hexano, em diclorometano e em etanol de folhas e ramos de Trichilia pallida Swartz, Trichilia catigua A. Juss, Trichilia claussenii C. DC, Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer e Toona ciliata M. Roemer. O óleo de nim Organic Neem® também foi utilizado nos bioensaios com as nanoformulações e como controle foram utilizadas água destilada e/ou acetona. A partir desses bioensaios, selecionaram-se as nanoformulações NC40 aquoso e NC40 pó (NC40=nanocápsulas de poli- -hidroxibutirato) e os extratos etanólicos de T. ciliata e de T. catigua, que foram avaliados em relação ao efeito sobre o desenvolvimento e longevidade do inseto e em relação aos modos de ação (translaminar, sistêmico e de contato) e ao poder residual. O efeito dos tratamentos selecionados sobre os entomopatógenos Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. e Phothorimaea operculella granulovírus (PhopGV) foram avaliados in vitro e in vivo, respectivamente. A seguir, foi avaliada a possível interação dos derivados vegetais com os entomopatógenos. Finalmente, foi avaliada a seletividade ao parasitoide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, segundo as recomendações da IOBC. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que, entre os tratamentos testados, constatou-se bioatividade com oito nanoformulações e com os extratos de G. guidonia em diclorometano; T. ciliata em hexano, em diclorometano e em etanol; T. catigua em hexano, em diclorometano e em etanol; T. claussenii em etanol e T. pallida em hexano. A fase do inseto mais afetada foi a larval, no entanto a oviposição das fêmeas foi diminuída quando as plantas foram tratadas com o extrato etanólico de T. ciliata. Constatou-se efeito translaminar e sistêmico para as nanoformulações e para o óleo de nim. A ação de contato variou com o modo de exposição e com a idade das lagartas. O efeito residual do óleo de nim e da nanoformulação NC40 aquoso foi de sete dias, enquanto para NC40 pó foi de três dias. As nanoformulações e os extratos etanólicos de T. ciliata e de T. catigua foram compatíveis com o fungo e com o granulovírus. Quando os entomopatógenos foram misturados aos derivados vegetais observou-se que o nim reduziu drasticamente a sobrevivência larval na mistura com os dois entomopatógenos, sendo o maior efeito causado pelo derivado vegetal. Na mistura dos entomopatógenos com o extrato de T. ciliata, observou-se maior redução da sobrevivência larval com PhopGV. No bioensaio de seletividade a T. pretiosum, constatou-se que apenas o óleo de nim afetou a capacidade de parasitismo, sendo levemente nocivo. Para NC40 aquoso e extrato de T. ciliata não foram constatados efeitos sobre o parasitismo e sobre o desenvolvimento do parasitoide. / The bioactivity of neem nanoformulations and extracts of other Meliaceae was evaluated in tomato plants in the laboratory and in greenhouse aiming to control Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917). Initially, 22 nanoformulations were tested (including nanocapsules and nanospheres) in addition to the hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol extracts of leaves and branches of Trichilia pallida Swartz, Trichilia catigua A. Juss, Trichilia claussenii C. DC, Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer and Toona ciliata M. Roemer. The neem oil Organic Neem® was also used in the bioassays with the nanoformulations and distilled water and/or acetone were used as controls. From these bioassays the aqueous NC40 and powdered NC40 (NC40 = Poly- -hydroxibutirate nanocapsules) nanoformulations as well as the ethanolic extracts of Toona ciliata and Trichilia catigua were selected. These treatments were evaluated regarding their effect on insect development and longevity, mode of action (translaminar, systemic and contact) and residual action. The effects of the selected treatments on the entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Then the possible interaction between plant derivates and entomopathogens was evaluated. Finally, a selectivity bioassay to the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley was evaluated according to IOBC recommendations. The results obtained demonstrate that among these treatments eight nanoformulations and the extracts of G. guidonia in dichloromethane; T. ciliata in hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol; T. catigua in hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol; T. claussenii in ethanol and T. pallida in hexane showed bioactivity on the insect. The most affected insect stage was the larva, but oviposition was reduced when these plants were treated with T. ciliata ethanolic extract. The nanoformulations and neem oil presented translaminar and systemic effect. Contact action varied with exposure mode and caterpillar age. The residual effect of neem oil and aqueous NC40 nanoformulations was seven days while for powdered NC40 was three days. The nanoformulations and the ethanolic extracts of T. ciliata and T. catigua were compatible with the fungus and the granulovirus. When the entomopathogens were mixed to the plant derivates, neem drastically reduced larval survival in the mixture with both entomopathogens and the plant derivate produced a greater effect than the entomopathogen. In the mixture of entomopathogens with T. ciliata extract there was a greater reduction of larval survival with PhopGV. In the T. pretiosum selectivity bioassay only the neem oil was slightly harmful and affected parasitism capacity. For aqueous NC40 and T. ciliata extract no effects over parasitism or parasitoid development were seen.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a crucial role in improving the growth of a vast majority of plants. Past researchers have discovered that agricultural practices have a significant negative effect on the diversity of AMF. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are reported to enhance plant nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, and soil aggregate formation which are key aspects of productive low-input farming. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of four pesticides on the ability of AMF to colonize the roots of okra plants (Abelmoschus esculentus). The pesticides being tested include two synthetic chemicals (glyphosate and carbaryl) and two organic chemicals (neem oil and citrus oil). The tested parameters included crop yield, plant biomass, leaf matter CNP, and the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization in roots. The results of this study show that the organic chemicals had no significant effect on AMF colonization while the synthetic chemicals did have somewhat of a negative effect on colonization.

Les graines de neem et de dattier du désert ont été caractérisées et leurs perspectives de fractionnement orientées. Un procédé de fractionnement des graines de neem en extrudeur bi-vis a été étudié en vue d’une production et d’une valorisation intégrée de ses fractions: huile, coextrait d’azadirachtine, protéines et lipides, et raffinat d’extrusion. La mise en oeuvre de l’eau et des mélanges hydroéthanoliques (jusqu’à 75% d’éthanol) comme solvants d’extraction avec une configuration de l’extrudeur bi-vis définissant quatre zones (une zone d’alimentation, une zone de broyage, une zone d’extraction solide-liquide et une zone de séparation solide/liquide), permet d’extraire au filtrat 83 à 86% de l’azadirachtine, 86 à 92% des lipides et 44 à 74% des protéines de la graine et de produire un raffinat essentiellement fibreux, contenant au plus 8% de lipides, 12% de protéines et 0,82 g/kg d’azadirachtine. Une des meilleures voies de traitement de la suspension que constitue le filtrat brut est la séparation solide-liquide par centrifugation. Ce procédé de séparation permet d’obtenir une émulsion diluée contenant 42 à 64% des lipides et jusqu’à 41% des protéines de la graine. La décantation centrifuge permet de le réaliser efficacement, mais elle peut présenter des inconvénients pour le traitement de grands volumes. Considérée comme sous-produit du traitement du filtrat brut, la phase insoluble peut contenir 24 à 48% des lipides, 32,9 à 47% des protéines et 10 à 13% de l’azadirachtine de la graine. L’eau s’est avérée être le meilleur solvant de ce procédé de fractionnement. Le pressage des graines de neem suivi de l’extraction aqueuse ou hydroalcoolique dans le même extrudeur bi-vis permettent d’exprimer jusqu’à 32% de l’huile de la graine et de récupérer 20% de l’huile de la graine sous forme claire, avec très peu d’azadirachtine, en assurant de meilleurs rendements en azadirachtine et en protéines au filtrat brut. Deux voies de traitement des filtrats ont été étudiées : celle conduisant à une émulsion d’azadirachtine et celle conduisant à l’obtention d’une poudre lyophilisée d’azadirachtine. La valorisation du raffinat d’extrusion, fibreux, a été orientée vers la production d’agromatériaux par thermopressage. Un schéma de bioraffinage de la graine de neem pour la valorisation de ses constituants a été ainsi mis en place. / Neem and desert date seeds were characterized and their fractionation perspectives oriented. A process of fractionation of neem seeds in twin-screw extruder has been studied for the purpose of production and integrated valorization of its fractions: oil, co-extract of azadirachtin, proteins and lipids, and extrusion raffinate. The use of water and water/ethanol mixtures (up to 75% ethanol) with a twin-screw extruder configuration defining four zones (a feed zone, a grinding zone, a solidliquid extraction zone and a solid / liquid separation zone), allows to extract from the filtrate 83 to 86% of the azadirachtin, 86 to 92% of the lipids and 44 to 74% of the proteins of the seed thereby producing a raffinate essentially fibrous containing at most 8% lipids, 12% proteins and 0.82 g/kg azadirachtin. One of the best ways of processing the suspension that is the crude filtrate, is a solid-liquid separation by centrifugation. This separation process makes it possible to obtain a diluted emulsion containing 42 to 64% of the lipids and up to 41% of the proteins of the seed. A centrifugation achieves it effectively, but this separation process can have disadvantages in the treatment of large volumes. Considered as a by-product of the treatment of crude filtrate, the insoluble phase can contain 42 to 64% of the lipids, 32.9 to 47% of the proteins and 10 to 13% of the azadirachtin of the seed. Water has proven to be the best solvent in this fractionation process. The pressing of the neem seeds followed by the aqueous or hydroalcoholic extraction in the same twin-screw extruder makes it possible to extract up to 32% of the oil of the seeds and to recover 20% of the seed oil in clear form, with very little azadirachtin, ensuring better extraction yields of azadirachtin and proteins to the crude filtrate. Two treatment pathways of the filtrates were studied: one leading to an emulsion of azadirachtin and another to a freeze-dried powder of azadirachtin. The valorization of the fibrous extrusion raffinate has been oriented towards the production of agromaterials by thermopressing. A biorefinery scheme of the neem seed for the valorization of its constituents has thus be implemented.

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The work introduces three exponents of Indian spirituality of the 20th Century. The first chapter deals with the life and teaching of Bhagawan Nityananda who shows various features of the Kashmir shaivism philosophy that is briefly described in the apendix of this chapter. There are examined the main elements of the Nityananda teaching {--} purity of mind and emotions, faith, meditation, siddha yoga and shaktipat. The second chapter introduces the personage and teaching of Neem Karoli Baba. Significant features of his teaching are the emphasis on the love to God and to fellow humans, detachment, service to others, meditation. Part of the chapter is dedicated to his relation to Christ. The third chapter deals with the legendary Indian saint Sai Baba of Shirdi. Although he died in 1918, his populariry in India has steadily grown and he is adored by both, hindus and muslims. His teaching shows many elements of sufism, bhakti yoga and jnana yoga. One of the leading ideas of this work is to show that the personages and teachings of these masters are universal. They prove in their lives not only the existence of the supersensory, spiritual world, but also the unity of people in the relation to this world.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-27T15:29:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tereza Cristina de Assis.pdf: 813581 bytes, checksum: 8b96b058018eb3373d6a748191e4e45c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-27T15:29:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tereza Cristina de Assis.pdf: 813581 bytes, checksum: 8b96b058018eb3373d6a748191e4e45c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The expressive increase in production of tropical flowers in Pernambuco indicates the State rising interest in ornamentals. This study had the objectives of: 1) screening plant parasitic nematodes in Zingiberales (Etlingera elatior, Zingiber spectabilis, Alpinia purpurata, Musa coccinea, Tapeinoquilos ananassae e Heliconia spp.) producing areas of Pernambuco, 2) predicting number of samples for nematodes monitoring at different acceptable error levels, 3) studying the effect of resistance abiotic inductors on nematode comunity associated with plant roots and soil, 4) evaluating enzymes activity in E. elatior, and 5) evaluating enzymes production in A. purpurata infected with Meloidogyne incognita. Samples (soil and roots of nematode parasited plants) were collected in producing areas from 2002 to 2004. Populational density of plant parasitic nematodes were evaluated and used to predict number of samples for monitoring. The study of induction resistance was carried out in one and two years old plants of a commercial area, fromSeptember to December in 2005. Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), potassium silicate and neem cake were used as inductors, being analyzed free living and plant parasitic nematodes population density, area under nematode population density curve (AUNPDC), reproduction factor (RF), diameter of plant stem, β-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase activity. Enzymatic activity of esterase, phosphatase and peroxydase was evaluated in A. purpurata infected with M. incognita. Pratylenhus sp., Rotylenchulus sp., Meloidogyne spp., Helicotylenchus sp. and Criconemella sp. were frequents in most of samples. Symptoms of root-knot nematodes were verified in 100 % of the growing areas, being levels of Meloidogyne spp. considered high, up to 375 nematodes per 300 cm3 soil and 6090 nematodes per 20 g of roots, considering different areas and hosts. Among Meloidogyne species, M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. javanica were detected. Data analysis indicatedthat at least 11, 20, 10, 18 and 10 samples per area are recommended for monitoring the genus Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus and Criconemella, respectively, at 20 % error. The associations M. arenaria with E. elatior, Rotylenchulus sp. with A. purpurata, Heliconia spp. and M. coccinia, and Criconemella sp. with A. purpurata consisted of the first occurrence report in Pernambuco, Brazil. ASM was the best resistance inductor, reducing M. incognita population density, AUNPDC and FR with results similar to the nematicide control, but with no influence on free living nematodes in soil. Fitotoxic symptoms were not verified in any treatment. The action of ASM seems to be more related with peroxidases production than the β-1,3-glucanases activity in the plant. Among all of the inductors evaluated, ASM was the most effective inducing resistance against M. incognita in E. elatior. Enzymatic production was higher in A. purpurataparasited than in the controls. The acid phosphatase activity was high in contrast with the low esterase and peroxydase activity expressed in parasited plants. / O aumento expressivo na área plantada com ornamentais tropicais em Pernambuco reflete o crescente interesse pela floricultura no Estado. Este estudo teve por objetivos: 1) realizar levantamento de fitonematóides em áreas produtoras de Zingiberales em Pernambuco, 2) estimar o número de amostras recomendado para monitoramento, 3) avaliar os efeitos de indutores abióticos de resistência sobre a nematofauna associada à rizosfera, 4) avaliar a atividade de enzimas em plantas de bastão do imperador (Etlingera elatior), 5) analisar a produção de enzimas em plantas de alpínia (Alpinia purpurata) sob parasitismo de Meloidogyne incognita. No período de 2002 a 2004, foram visitadas 10 áreas produtoras de Zingiberales ornamentais (Etlingera elatior, Zingiber spectabilis, Alpinia purpurata, Musa coccinea, Tapeinochilos ananassae e Heliconia spp.), no estado de Pernambuco. Em cada propriedade, foram coletadas raízes de plantas parasitadas por fitonematóides e solo da rizosfera. Após processamento das amostras, foram determinadas as densidades populacionais dos gênerosde nematóides presentes e estimado o número recomendado de amostras para monitoramento, considerando diferentes níveis de erro aceitável. O estudo com indutores foi desenvolvido em plantio comercial, com plantas cultivadas por um e dois anos, no período de setembro a dezembro de 2005. Acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM), silicato de potássio e torta de nim foram utilizados como indutores. Foram analisadas a densidade populacional de nematóides parasitos e de vida livre, curva de densidade populacional dos nematóides, área abaixo da curva da densidade populacional(AACDP), fator de reprodução (FR), diâmetro do pecíolo e atividade das enzimas β-1,3-glucanase e peroxidase. No estudo de enzimas em plantas de alpínia, sob parasitismo de M. incognita foram determinadas as atividades da esterase, fosfatase ácida e peroxidase. No levantamento, constatou-se ocorrência freqüente dos gêneros: Pratylenhus, Rotylenchulus,Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus e Criconemella. Sintomas da meloidoginose foram constatados em 100 % das áreas de plantio, com os níveis populacionais médios de Meloidogyne spp. elevados, alcançando 375 espécimes/300 cm3 de solo e 6090 espécimes/20 g de raízes, considerando diferentes hospedeiros e áreas. Entre as espécies de Meloidogyne foram detectadas M. incognita, M. arenaria e M. javanica. As estimativas do número de amostras indicaram que pelo menos 11, 20, 10, 18 e 10 amostras por área são recomendadas para monitoramento dos gêneros Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus e Criconemella, respectivamente, considerando um nível de erro de 20 %. As associações M. arenaria com E. elatior, Rotylenchulus sp. com A. purpurata, Heliconia spp. e M. coccinia, e Criconemella sp. com A. purpurata constituíram os primeiros relatos da ocorrência em Pernambuco. ASM reduziu a densidade populacional, AACDP e FR de M. incognita, apresentando resultados semelhantes aos obtidos pelo nematicida, destacando-se dos demais tratamentos, sem no entanto influenciar negativamente as populações de outros nematóides presentes no solo. Não foram verificados sintomas de fitotoxidez em nenhum dos tratamentos realizados. A ação do ASM mostrou-se mais relacionada com a produção de peroxidases do que com a atividade de β-1,3-glucanases em plantas de bastão do imperador. A produção de enzimas foi maior em A. purpurata parasitada do que na testemunha. A maior atividade foi verificada pela enzima fosfatase ácida, enquanto esterase e peroxidase expressaram fraca atividade em plantas parasitadas.