The self-regulation of exercise for the purposes of disease prevention and rehabilitation is a complex process that includes temporary lapses from exercise adherence. Research is lacking in the understanding of the cognitive experiences associated with lapsing and the impact of possible negative thoughts, emotions, and self-evaluations on future exercise self-regulation. Using a Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) framework, the primary purpose of the present experimental study was to examine the impact of potential negative reactions to exercise lapse experiences on exercise self-regulatory cognitions (i.e., decisional struggle, exercise self-regulatory efficacy, action planning, and willingness to self-regulate) using an experimental message designed to induce negative thoughts and affect about exercise lapsing. A secondary purpose of the study was to examine the potential moderating influences of the relatively unexplored construct of emotional self-efficacy on possible negative reactions. Forty-four adult participants were recruited from two exercise therapy programs run by the local health region to participate in this study. Participants filled out baseline measures of demographics, exercise self-regulatory efficacy (exercise SRE), and emotional self-efficacy at the first meeting. At the second meeting, participants were randomly assigned to read either an information control message or a negative lapse message. After reading the message, participants responded to affect measures and recorded their acute exercise thoughts. Next, self-regulatory cognitions were measured including decisional struggle, exercise SRE, action planning, and willingness to self-regulate. There were no significant differences between experimental groups on any of the measures, F(9, 34) = .80, Wilks ë = .825, p = .619. Possible explanations for these nonsignificant results are discussed. Given the opportunity to compare the present results to past research on acute positive and negative exercise thoughts by Gyurcsik and colleagues, and to potentially extend these findings to a population of exercise therapy maintainers, post hoc analysis of related research questions was carried out. Groups of positive and negative thinkers were formed based on the measure of acute thoughts. The omnibus MANOVA comparing positive and negative thinkers on social-cognitive measures was significant, F(8, 31) = 2.72, Wilks ë = .588, p = .021. As hypothesized, positive thinkers were found to have higher positive affect (p = .03), lower decisional struggle (p = .006), higher exercise SRE (p = .013), and higher willingness to self-regulate (p = .003). Positive thinkers also exercised more frequently than negative thinkers both at the program, F(1, 36) = 9.5, p = .004, and independently, F(1, 36) = 5.4, p = .026. Results are discussed in relation to SCT and past research on acute exercise thoughts. Limitations of the original experiment are discussed in terms of the negative lapse message. Future research is discussed both for the study of negative reactions to lapsing and for positive and negative thinking related to exercise.

The self-regulation of exercise for the purposes of disease prevention and rehabilitation is a complex process that includes temporary lapses from exercise adherence. Research is lacking in the understanding of the cognitive experiences associated with lapsing and the impact of possible negative thoughts, emotions, and self-evaluations on future exercise self-regulation. Using a Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) framework, the primary purpose of the present experimental study was to examine the impact of potential negative reactions to exercise lapse experiences on exercise self-regulatory cognitions (i.e., decisional struggle, exercise self-regulatory efficacy, action planning, and willingness to self-regulate) using an experimental message designed to induce negative thoughts and affect about exercise lapsing. A secondary purpose of the study was to examine the potential moderating influences of the relatively unexplored construct of emotional self-efficacy on possible negative reactions. Forty-four adult participants were recruited from two exercise therapy programs run by the local health region to participate in this study. Participants filled out baseline measures of demographics, exercise self-regulatory efficacy (exercise SRE), and emotional self-efficacy at the first meeting. At the second meeting, participants were randomly assigned to read either an information control message or a negative lapse message. After reading the message, participants responded to affect measures and recorded their acute exercise thoughts. Next, self-regulatory cognitions were measured including decisional struggle, exercise SRE, action planning, and willingness to self-regulate. There were no significant differences between experimental groups on any of the measures, F(9, 34) = .80, Wilks ë = .825, p = .619. Possible explanations for these nonsignificant results are discussed. Given the opportunity to compare the present results to past research on acute positive and negative exercise thoughts by Gyurcsik and colleagues, and to potentially extend these findings to a population of exercise therapy maintainers, post hoc analysis of related research questions was carried out. Groups of positive and negative thinkers were formed based on the measure of acute thoughts. The omnibus MANOVA comparing positive and negative thinkers on social-cognitive measures was significant, F(8, 31) = 2.72, Wilks ë = .588, p = .021. As hypothesized, positive thinkers were found to have higher positive affect (p = .03), lower decisional struggle (p = .006), higher exercise SRE (p = .013), and higher willingness to self-regulate (p = .003). Positive thinkers also exercised more frequently than negative thinkers both at the program, F(1, 36) = 9.5, p = .004, and independently, F(1, 36) = 5.4, p = .026. Results are discussed in relation to SCT and past research on acute exercise thoughts. Limitations of the original experiment are discussed in terms of the negative lapse message. Future research is discussed both for the study of negative reactions to lapsing and for positive and negative thinking related to exercise.

I en single case experimental design (SCED) av crossover typ med fyra deltagare med insomni undersöktes möjligheten till att manipulera mängden negativa tankar innan insomning genom tillämpningen av två olika tankeexperiment, savoring och framkallad ruminering. Bland resultaten fanns signifikanta samband mellan mängd negativa tankar innan insomning och sömnkvalité, insomningslatens och antal uppvaknanden. Samband fanns även mellan mängd negativa tankar och obehag över tankarna. Dock visade det sig att experimenten inte påverkade mängden negativa tankar innan insomning då de sömnrelaterade faktorerna varierade oberoende av experiment. Variationen i de olika skattningarna på måtten gjorde att inga slutsatser kunde dras kring vad som orsakade sömnbesvären hos deltagarna eller vilken roll mängden negativa tankar hade för dessa. Resultatet diskuteras i förhållande till tidigare forskning. / The possibility of manipulating the amount of negative thoughts before sleep onset in four subjects with insomnia was investigated in a single case crossover experimental design (SCED). The attempt to change the amount of thoughts consisted of two experimental conditions, savoring and induced rumination. Significant correlations were found between the amount of negative thoughts before sleep onset and quality of sleep, sleep onset latency and number of awakenings. There were also correlations between the amount of negative thoughts and distress related to the thoughts. The experiments did, however, not influence the amount of negative thoughts before sleep onset. Conclusions concerning causal factors of the sleep difficulties and the impact of the amount of negative thoughts were made impossible by the large variability in the scores. The results are discussed in relation to previous research.

Målet med studien är att genom ett transdiagnostiskt perspektivförklara hur stress i skolan leder fram till depressiva symptom. Ifokus är ungdomar i 13-15 års ålder där jag undersöker omungdomars upprepade negativa tankar verkar som mediatorer ellerkopplingar mellan stress (i skolan, samt i relationer med kamrateroch lärare i skolan) och depressiva symptom. För ändamåletanvänds data från en pågående studie vid Örebro Universitet omvälmående bland årskurs 7 och 8 elever och jag genomför entvärsnittsanalys. Medierinsanalyser visade att ungdomarsupprepade negativa tankar förklarar mycket av association mellanstress i skolan och depressiva symptom. Slutsatsen för denna studieär att för att påverka ungdomars depressiva symptom behöver viidentifiera de sätt som ungdomar ser på sig själva och sin omvärld. / Goal for the study is that through transdiagnostic approach explainhow stress at school leads to depressive symptoms. Focus is onyoung people in the 13-15 of age where I examine whetheradolescents repetitive negative thoughts acts as mediators orconnections between stress (at school, and in relationships withpeers and teachers at school ) and depressive symptoms. For thispurpose I’m using data from an ongoing study at ÖrebroUniversity of well-being among 7 and 8 grade students and Iconduct a cross-sectional analysis . Mediationanalysis showed thatyoung peoples repetitive negative thoughts explain much of theassociation between stress at school and depressive symptoms. Theconclusion of this study is that to influence young people'sdepressive symptoms, we need to identify the ways that youngpeople see themselves and their world.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is an impairing mental illness and has a core component of emotional dysregulation. Evidence suggests the emotional cascade model describes how this emotional dysregulation leads to engaging in risky and life-threatening behaviors, such as non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Specifically, this model describes rumination as a cognitive component that links the emotional and behavioral dysregulation. The current study aimed to expand the model by investigating how individuals with heightened BPD traits engage in NSSI and in cognitive strategies to cope with their negative affect. Specifically, it was investigated whether behaviors like suicide attempts and cognitions differentiated between those with mild/moderate and severe NSSI. Criterion for severe NSSI was hospitalization or medical care because of NSSI. Participants (N = 292) were screened to endorse a history of NSSI and then self-selected to take a self-report survey through Mturk. Correlations and a binomial logistic regression were completed. Results indicated suicide attempts, BPD symptoms, and anger rumination differentiated mild/moderate and severe NSSI. Evidence reinforces the strong relationships between NSSI, suicide attempts, and BPD. Additionally, it reinforces anger rumination as a potential cognitive mechanism in NSSI. Future research can continue to test this model and include other potential thought processes to increase efficiency in assessment and treatment of BPD and NSSI.

Components of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) include emotion and cognitive dysregulation. The Emotional Cascade Model (Selby & Joiner, 2009; Selby et al., 2009) suggests negative affect and the cognitive process of rumination could be interchangeably increasing over time, leading to maladaptive behaviors. The current study evaluated negative thinking styles (i.e., anger rumination, sadness rumination, worry, catastrophizing) and thought control strategies (i.e., brooding, reflection, thought suppression) in relation to BPD traits using path analyses in a college student sample (N = 204). Results indicated anger rumination, sadness rumination, and worry indirectly predicted BPD traits through thought suppression, brooding, and reflection. However, catastrophizing did not directly predict any variable. Furthermore, reflection negatively and indirectly predicted BPD traits, while thought suppression and brooding had a positive and indirect effect on BPD traits. Understanding cognitions more in-depth could be influential in the assessment and treatment of BPD. Strengths, limitations, and future directions are discussed.