Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / English Abstract: This research project examines the syntax of negative sentence constructions in Sesotho and explores implications of the empirical data on negation within the framework of the Minimalist Program. According to Minimalist Program, language consists of a lexicon and Computational System where the operations Merge and Move generate sets of structural descriptions, it is driven by the principle of economy, which entails that movement should take place only when necessary for the purpose of Case feature checking. It is also concerned with the expansion of syntactic structures in terms of X-bar theoretic properties, where functional category gives full categorical status. This project further considered the morphology of negation in Sesotho where Sesotho data is refined within the Lexeme-morpheme base morphology, where bound grammatical morphemes such as the negative morphemes in Sesotho are defined in terms of morphological spelling operations. Within these two theoretical frameworks, sentence constructions which realize negation by means of negative morphemes over a full range of tense, aspect and mood distinctions were examined, including sentence construction that realize negation in subordinate clauses as well as those that entail issues of topic and focus, and scope of negation. Constituent negation, with constituents such as subjects, objects and adjuncts is also investigated. Various ways of negating constituents in Sesotho were examined: they are cleft sentences, pseudo-cleft sentences, sentence construction with locative AgrS [ ho ] and sentence constructions with subject inversion as well as sentences where constituents are negated within the VP. All these methods were considered with regard to noncopulative and copulative verbs. The issue of focus which entails plain focus, restrictive and contrastive foci, the issue of topic, which entails stage topics, modified topics and multiple topics are investigated and interpreted within the Focus Structure theory, a theory which assigns focus structures to sentences of the language. Negative sentences are assigned two focus structure viz. main focus structure and the subordinate focus structure. Finally, this study also looks into the scope of negation in Sesotho, where negative criterion (Neg-criterion) stipulates various positions of negative morphemes or words which in turn determines the scope of negation. Scope of negation is also examined in terms of focus, with constituents such as NP's, NP Lac's and NP's in subordinate clauses. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsingsprojek ondersoek die sintaksis van konstruksies met negatiewe sinne in Sesotho en gaan die implikasies na van die empiriese data oor ontkenning binne die raamwerk van die Minimalistiese Program. Volgens die Minimalistiese Program, bestaan taal uit In leksikon en In rekenaarsisteem waar die bewerkinge Saamsmelt en Skuif versamelings strukturele beskrywings genereer, dit word aangedryf deur die beginsel van ekonomie wat inhou dat Skuif slegs plaasvind wanneer dit nodig is vir die doel van die nagaan van die Kasus kenmerk: dit het ook te doen met die uitbreiding van sintaktiese strukture in terme van die teoretiese kenmerke van die X-balk, waar die funksionele kategorie volle kategoriale status verkry. Dié projek het ook verder die morfologie van ontkenning in Sesotho oorweeg waar die Sesotho data verfyn is binne die Lekseem-Morfeem Basis Morfologie, waar grammatikale morfeme soos die negatiewe morfeme in Sesotho gedefinieer word in terme van morfologiese spellingsbewerkings. Binne hierdie twee teoretiese raamwerke, is daar ondersoek ingestel na sinskonstruksies wat negatief realiseer deur middel van negatiewe morfeme binne In volledige reeks van onderskeidinge van tyd, aspek en modus, insluitende sinskonstruksies waar die negatief realiseer in die bysin, asook daardie negatiewe wat gaan oor sake soos Topiek en Fokus, en die omvang van ontkenning. Konstituent ontkenning is ondersoek waaronder konstituente soos onderwerpe, voorwerpe en adjunkte. Verskeie wyses om konstituente in Sesotho te ontken is ondersoek, naamlik: klef en pseudo-klef sinne, sinskonstruksie met die lokatiewe kongruensie [ho] en sinskonstruksies met subjeksinversie asook sinne waar konstituente ontken word binne In werkwoordfrase. AI hierdie wyses is nagegaan met nie-kopulatiewe en kopulatiewe werkwoorde. Die probleem van fokus is ondersoek wat insluit eenvoudige fokus, beperkende en kontrastiewe fokus, asook die probleem van topiek wat verskeie soorte topiek insluit. Hierdie ondersoek is gedoen en uiteindelik geïnterpreteer binne die Fokus Sruktuur teorie, In teorie wat fokusstrukture toeken aan sinne van In taal. Negatiewe sinne word twee fokusstrukture toegeken, naamlik: die hoof fokus struktuur en die onderskikkende fokus struktuur. Laastens het die studie ook gekyk na die omvang ('scope') van ontkenning in Sesotho waar die negatiewe kriterium verskeie posisies van negatiewe morfeme of woorde stipuleer wat dan weer die omvang van ontkenning bepaal. Die omvang van ontkenning is ook ondersoek in terme van fokus waar kontrastiewe fokus die uitbreiding van omvang bepaaloor konstituente soos naamwoordfrases, lokatiewe naamwoordfrases en naamwoordfrases in onderskikkende klouse.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES. / Bibliography: leaves 256-259. / by Marcia Christine Linebarger. / Ph.D.

The innate immune system is at the interface between the host's immune system and the initial contact with HIV. Understanding the correlates of innate immune protection against Human Immunodeficiency Virus is an important goal for development of effective anti-HIV therapies or vaccines. Not all exposures to HIV end in infection. The innate immune system has been linked to the reduced susceptibility of HIV-exposed seronegative (HESN) female commercial sex workers in Kenya by a number of studies. This thesis is a comparison of Toll-like receptor (TLR) responses in different immune cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HESN and HIV negative (susceptible) female commercial sex workers (CSWs). This study tested the hypothesis that higher TLR8 responsiveness in PBMCs of HESN to ssRNA analogous to HIV's genetic material, would result in higher effector responses capable of making HIV target cells more refractory in vitro, compared to susceptible controls. The results showed that PBMCs of HESN were often hypo-responsive to TLR4 and TLR7 stimulations evidenced by often reduced cytokine responses to the corresponding ligands, but hyper-responsive to TLR8 following stimulation with ssRNA analogous to HIV's genetic material. The 'dichotomy' in TLR responsiveness of HESN PBMCs was associated with differential expression of cognate TLRs in PBMCs, and altered activation of TLR signalling pathways. The opposing pattern of TLR7 and TLR8 responsiveness corresponded to the ability of HIV to infect target cells in vitro; where pre-treatment of PBMCs with TLR7 enhanced HIV replication whereas TLR8 stimulation inhibited HIV replication. The differences in outcomes of the HIV infection assays were associated with distinct cytokine profiles, where TLR7 stimulation induced robust type I IFNs responses without proinflammatory TNF-α and IL-12 cytokine responses,while TLR8 stimulations produced type II IFN responses accompanied by robust proinflammatory responses in both groups. The cytokine milieu of HESN PBMCs prior to and following TLR4 and TLR8 stimulations was more tightly regulated, but was associated with higher activation of CD8+, NK cells, monocytes but not blood DCs. These results demonstrate that the lower activation or 'quiescent' state of HESN PBMCs did not limit the ability of their cells to recognize ssRNA analogous to HIV derived genetic material and mount potent responses capable of limiting HIV infection in vitro, supporting the overall hypothesis tested. This thesis contributes to the growing knowledge on the dichotomous outcomes between TLR7 and TLR8 treatments with respect to HIV infection that could be instrumental in the design of novel HIV inventions such as vaccines or microbicides. / May 2016

published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts

No description available.

Le travail de thèse présenté dans ce mémoire, est consacré à l'étude des interactions interfaciales entre une espèce active électrochimiquement (l'étain) et une matrice (le borophosphate) capable d'absorber les variations volumiques dues à la formation électrochimique des diverses compositions Li-Sn (« buffer »). L'objectif de cette étude est de comprendre la nature des réactions ayant lieu avec l'introduction du Li dans le matériau composite. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé une étude détaillée d'un composite de référence mis au point dans des études précédentes Sn-0,4 BPO4 ; nous avons évalué l'influence du type de matrice et de la voie de synthèse sur son comportement global. Le matériau composite a pu être décrit comme possédant une interface vitreuse contenant de l'étain oxydé (SnII) qui lui donne la structuration suivante : Elément actif Sn0(1-w)/SnIIwBxPyOz/BPO4 Phase support Interphase. Des études in situ operando complémentaires en diffraction des rayons X et spectrométrie Mößbauer ont permis d'analyser le comportement électrochimique du matériau composite : un premier processus correspond à l'extrusion d'une petite partie d'étain métallique de la zone interfaciale qui augmente la conductivité électronique du composite ; il est suivi par une réorganisation de l'interface avec extrusion de tout le contenu en étain et la formation des premières compositions Li-Sn. Enfin, le cyclage galvanostatique se poursuit grâce à la formation de plusieurs compositions Li-Sn riches en étain (Li2Sn5 et LiSn) et puis enrichies en lithium (Li13Sn5 et Li7Sn2). / The Phd work, presented in this manuscript, is devoted to the study of the interface interactions between an electroactive species (tin) and a matrix (borophosphate). The latter has a buffer role and is thus able to absorb the volume variations taking place during the Li-Sn electrochemical reaction.The aim of this study is to understand the nature of the reactions occurring during lithium introduction in the composite. In order to do that, a detailed study of a previously studied reference composite (Sn-0,4 BPO4) has been undertaken. The effect of some modified matrixes as well as the synthesis route has also been evaluated. The composite material can be described as having a glassy interface containing some oxidized tin (SnII) which leads to the following global structure: Active element Sn0(1-w)/SnIIwBxPyOz/BPO4 Buffering phase Interphase. A complementary in situ operando study (X-ray diffraction and Mößbauer spectroscopy) gave the possibility to analyze the electrochemical behavior of the material. A first process corresponds to a small tin extrusion from the interfacial zone. This contributes to the increase of the electrical conductivity of the composite material which is followed by the interphase reorganization with the extrusion of the whole tin content. Li-Sn reactions take place then, with the galvanostatic cycling going on between the tin rich compositions (Li2Sn5 and LiSn) and the lithium rich ones (Li13Sn5 and Li7Sn2).

published_or_final_version / Language Studies / Master / Master of Arts

Orientador: Messias Modesto dos Passos / Banca: Antonio Cézar Leal / Banca: Wolmar Apparecida Carvalho / Banca: Sueli Ângelo Furlan / Banca: Maria Eugênia Moreira Costa / Banca: Helder Henrique de Faria / Resumo: Para muitos autores, as unidades de conservação da natureza, ou áreas protegidas, são ou serão os últimos baluartes da conservação estrita da biodiversidade, sendo esta razão, não excludente de outras, a principal motivadora para a existência de uma gestão verdadeiramente eficaz, que conduza ao alcance dos objetivos para os quais elas são criadas. A avaliação da eficácia de gestão através de procedimentos metodológicos estruturados com base na utilização de indicadores é uma importante ferramenta de suporte à gestão, pois possibilita a coleta periódica e sistemática sobre a qualidade da gestão, facilita a priorização de assistências e investimentos pontuais e a realimentação do sistema gerencial. Nesta pesquisa, verificou-se a eficácia de gestão de unidades de conservação de São Paulo adotando-se e adaptando-se um procedimento metodológico desenvolvido originalmente na Costa Rica, posteriormente adaptado à realidade das unidades de conservação de vários países da América Latina. Os princípios do procedimento são o uso de indicadores e critérios estritos para a qualificação, associados a uma escala de valoração geral. O universo do estudo envolveu 59 áreas gerenciadas pelo Instituto Florestal de São Paulo, sendo 41 do grupo de proteção integral e 18 do grupo de uso sustentável, totalizando 69% do total das UCs e quase 90% da superfície total sob a guarda da organização, representando 782.622,25ha. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se a bibliografia disponível sobre o sistema em análise, oficinas de avaliação coletiva, entrevistas e visitas a áreas previamente selecionadas. A análise dos indicadores e das ameaças demonstraram as debilidades da organização e a fragilidade com que a gestão de muitas unidades de conservação é levada a termo... (Resumo completo clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: For many authors, the conservation units (UCs) or protected areas are or will be the last bastions of the strict conservation of biodiversity, being this reason (not exculpatory of others) one of the main reasons for the existence of a truly effective management, that leads to the reach of the objectives for which they are created. The evaluation of the effectiveness management through structuralized procedures on the basis of the use of pointers is an important tool of support to the management, therefore it makes possible the periodic and systematic collection on the quality of the management, it makes easier and gives priority to help and prompt investments and the feedback of the management system. In this research adopting themselves developed methodological procedure from Costa Rica, later adapted to the reality of the protected areas of some countries from Latin America. The principles of the procedure are the strict use of indicators and criteria for the qualification, associates to a scale of general valuation. The universe of the study involved 59 protected areas managed for the Forest Institute of São Paulo, being 41 of the group of integral protection and 18 of the group of sustainable use, totalizing 69% of the total of UCs and almost 90% of the total surface under the guard of the organization, representing 782.622,25ha. For the data collection, has been used available bibliography on the system in analysis, workshops of collective evaluation, interviews and technical visits the areas previously selected. The indicators and the threats analysis had demonstrated to the debility of the organization and the fragility with that the management of many units of conservation is taken the term. The majority of the UCs had the management classified as inferior and medium standards of quality, demonstrating as many negative aspects as positive, unfortunately reigning the first ones... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Doutor

Brazilian cultural heritage is dispersed in archives, museums and libraries, all memory centers with a common focus: to collect conservation and make society memory available to its users and researchers. In archives the medium are many, manuscript documents, audiovisual, sound and bibliographical materials. The present study concentrated to investigate a specific documental medium, the glass negative. Invented in 1848, the glass negative was the main documental medium for photographic images until 1888 when the flexible negative film was invented. Therefore, visual information sources about the Brazilian history from the second half of the XIX Century still exists because at that time the existing medium for image sensitization was the glass plate. It was in this medium, that images from the end of Brazil Empire and early Republic of Brazil were produced, using heavy wood photography cameras, the so called Lambe-lambe . The importance of this documental medium glass negative as a research source for Brazilian and World history was proven after incursions in literature and research in Brazilian photographic heaps. It was found that photography is a powerful mean of visual communication besides its value as information source and documental heritage. This premise imposes the cultural institutions that custody these documental type the need to define specific policies to them. Under the light of conservation, access and diffusion which constitute the theoretical reference and chronologically determining the invention of the different photographic processes, this study analyzed conservation and access policies that are adopted by photographic documentation centers that custody glass negative heaps, based in the policies from two cultural institutions with similar heap, objectives and institutional goals but, with climatic differences due to its geographical location, the South and Northeast regions of Brazil. It was ratified the importance of the archivist functions: preservation and preventive conservation to the long term duration of documents; the access, the need to create research instruments that guarantee access to the images content and, cultural editorial and educative diffusion. Involving all this, there is the need of continuous planning programs the policies. As a result of this study and to meet the requirements of a Vocational Masters Program, we produced a Guide with the adequate procedures to preserve photographic documents, especially in the glass negative medium, that aims at orientating archivists, conservators, historians, librarians, museum experts and other professionals about the correct procedures for preventive conservation, preservation and image restoration of information kept in this documental medium. / Parte do patrimônio cultural brasileiro encontra-se disperso em arquivos, museus e bibliotecas, todos centros de memória com um objetivo comum: coletar, preservar e colocar a memória da sociedade à disposição de usuários e pesquisadores. Nos arquivos, os suportes materiais são os mais diversos: documentos manuscritos, audiovisuais, sonoros, bibliográficos. Este estudo deteve-se a investigar, dentro do universo dos acervos fotográficos, um suporte documental específico o negativo de vidro. Inventado em 1848, o negativo de vidro foi o principal suporte documental das imagens fotográficas no mundo até 1888, quando foi inventado o negativo em película flexível. Portanto, as fontes visuais de informação sobre a história brasileira da segunda metade do século XIX existem porque neste período o suporte existente para a sensibilização da imagem era a chapa de vidro. Foi nela que as imagens do final do Brasil Império e do início do Brasil República foram produzidas, por pesadas câmeras fotográficas de madeira - as famosas lambe-lambe. A importância do suporte documental negativo de vidro como fonte de pesquisa sobre a história mundial e brasileira foi comprovada mediante incursões na literatura e investigações em acervos fotográficos brasileiros. Verificou-se que a fotografia constitui-se em poderoso veículo de comunicação visual, além de seu valor como fonte de informação e como patrimônio documental. Esta premissa, por sua vez, impõe as instituições culturais custodiadoras deste tipo documental a necessidade de definir políticas específicas para as mesmas. À luz dos conceitos sobre preservação, acesso e difusão, os quais se constituíram nos referenciais teóricos; e situando cronologicamente a invenção dos diversos processos fotográficos, esse estudo analisou políticas de preservação e acesso adotadas por centros de documentação fotográfica detentoras de negativos de vidro com base naquelas identificadas em duas instituições culturais com semelhanças nos acervos preservados e nos objetivos e metas institucionais, porém, com diferenças climáticas devido a sua localização geográfica - nas regiões Sul e Nordeste do Brasil. Ratificou-se a importância das funções arquivísticas: a preservação e conservação preventiva para aumento da longevidade dos documentos; o acesso - a necessidade de elaboração de instrumentos de pesquisa para garantir o alcance ao conteúdo das imagens; e a difusão cultural, editorial e educativa. Permeando tudo isto, a necessidade da existência de programas como planejamentos contínuos as políticas. Como fruto deste estudo foi produzido o produto final exigido em mestrados profissionalizantes - um manual contendo os procedimentos adequados para a preservação do documento fotografia, especificamente no suporte documental negativo de vidro, que pretende orientar arquivistas, conservadores, historiadores, bibliotecários, museólogos e outros profissionais, nas ações pertinentes a conservação preventiva, preservação e restauração de imagens sobre este suporte documental.

A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF INFORMATICS AND DESIGN OF THE CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MAGISTER TECHNOLOGIAE PHOTOGRAPHY CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2013 / This study deals with the pitfalls and standards associated with the digitisation of photographic artefacts in formal collections. The popularity of the digital medium caused a rapid increase in the demand for converting images into digital files. The need for equipment capable of executing the task successfully, the pressure on collection managers to display their collections to the world and the demand for knowledge needed by managers and operators created pressure to perform optimally and often in great haste. As a result of the rush to create digital image files to be displayed and to be preserved, the decisions that are being made may be questionable. The best choice of file formats for longevity, setting and maintaining standards to guarantee quality digital files and consultation with experts in the field of digitisation as well as attention to best practices are important aspects which must be considered. In order to determine the state of affairs in countries with an advanced knowledge and experience in the field of digitisation, a comprehensive literature study was done. It was found that enough information exists to enable collection managers in South Africa to make well informed decisions to ensure a high quality of digital collection. By means of questionnaires, a survey was undertaken amongst selected Western Cape image preservation institutions to determine the level of knowledge of the managers who are required to make informed decisions. The questionnaire was designed to give insight into choices being made regarding the technical quality, workflow and best practice aspects of digitisation. Comparing the outcome of the questionnaires with best practices and recommended standards in countries with an advanced level of experience it was found that not enough of this experience and knowledge is used by local collection managers although readily available. In some cases standards are disregarded completely. The study also investigated by means of questionnaires the perception of the digital preservation of image files by fulltime photographic students and volunteer members of the Photographic Society of South Africa. It was found that uncertainty exist within both groups with regard to file longevity and access to files in five to ten year's time. Digitisation standards are set and maintained by the use of specially designed targets which enable digitising managers to maintain control over the quality of the digital content as well as monitoring of equipment performance. The use of these targets to set standards were investigated and found to be an accurate and easy method of maintaining control over the standard and quality of digital files. Suppliers of digitising equipment very often market their equipment as being of a high quality and being able to fulfil the required digitisation tasks. Testing selected digitising equipment by means of specially designed targets proved however that potential buyers of equipment in the high cost range should be very cautious about suppliers' claims without proof of performance. Using targets to verify performance should be a routine check before any purchase. The study concludes with recommendations of implementing standards and it points to potential future research.