Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2018-06-26T17:18:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Marcos Nader Amari.pdf: 2871707 bytes, checksum: 3efad844cbd1d0ff8bf2b8b2f91c88ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-26T17:18:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Marcos Nader Amari.pdf: 2871707 bytes, checksum: 3efad844cbd1d0ff8bf2b8b2f91c88ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-18 / O presente estudo tem como objetivo comparar a estratificação de risco gestacional do Programa Rede Mãe Paranaense e sua relação com os internamentos dos recém-nascidos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal. Realizou-se um estudo quantitativo, longitudinal, epidemiológico, do tipo coorte, com acompanhamento dos internamentos dos recém-nascidos em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal do Hospital Universitário Regional dos Campos Gerais no ano de 2016. Foi utilizado um instrumento de coleta de dados, aplicado aos pais, após o aceite do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Também se obtiveram dados por análise documental em prontuários médicos. Os dados obtidos foram planilhados em Excel, e para análise estatística foi utilizado o Programa STATA. O público-alvo foi constituído de 70 recém-nascidos que foram internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, sendo comparados com a estratificação gestacional de suas mães. A população materna foi composta de mulheres brancas (76%) com nível fundamental e médio de escolaridade e com idade média de 25 anos. O nível de escolaridade encontrado foi o fundamental e médio. As faixas salariais obtidas com maior frequência, de acordo com os critérios do IBGE, foram até 4 salários mínimos. Os partos atuais foram em sua maioria hospitalares e com discreto predomínio dos partos vaginais. Cerca de 100% das gestantes fizeram consultas de pré-natal, sendo que 68% realizaram mais de 5 consultas durante a gestação. Em relação à população dos recém-nascidos, 58% foram de prematuros, quando comparados a 42% de termos. Aproximadamente 46% nasceram com apgar maior que 8 no primeiro minuto. O peso de nascimento variou de 670 até 4385 gramas. A média de internamento foi de 20 dias, variando de 14 dias no paciente a termo e 23 dias no paciente prematuro. Com relação à comparação dos internamentos em relação à estratificação gestacional 65,72% foram as de risco habitual. Realizou-se uma correção da estratificação encontrada no estudo, a qual foi chamada estratificação corrigida. A correção aplicada foi pela raça, idade e número de partos anteriores e presença de aborto. Realizou-se análise de associação de risco e embora tenha sido encontrada uma razão de risco em alguns casos, com valores menores que 1, simulando uma proteção para algumas exposições, o valor de p não foi significativo. O mesmo não ocorreu para o desfecho diagnóstico, onde o valor de p foi de 0,01 e 0,05 para a estratificação encontrada e corrigida. A causa de internamento mais frequente foi a respiratória (p= 0,001) e a hipóxia, nos recém-nascidos prematuros e de termo, respectivamente. Em análise de regressão linear observou-se que o aumento de uma semana na idade gestacional dos prematuros, aumenta a nota de apgar do primeiro minuto. Muitos estudos ainda devem ser realizados sobre o assunto, no intuito de mobilizar gestores de saúde sobre estas novas Políticas Publicas de Saúde a fim de minimizar óbitos neonatais evitáveis. / The objective of this study is to compare the gestational risk stratification of the Parana’s Mother Network Program and its relationship with the hospitalizations of newborns in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. A quantitative, longitudinal, epidemiological study of the cohort type was carried out, with follow up of hospitalizations of newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit of the Hospital Universitário Regional dos Campos Gerais in the year 2016. It was used a data collection instrument, applied to the parents, after the acceptance of the Free and Informed Consent Term. Data can also be obtained by documentary analysis in medical records. The data obtained were mapped on Excel, and statistical analysis was carried out using the STATA Program. The target group consisted of 70 newborns who were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and compared with the gestational stratification of their mothers. The maternal population was composed of white women (76%), with a primary and secondary schooling level and with an average age of 25 years. The salary bands found most frequently, according to the IBGE criteria, were up to 4 minimum wages according to the IBGE criteria. The current deliveries were mostly hospital and with a discreet predominance of vaginal deliveries. About 100% of pregnant women had prenatal consultations, and 68% performed more than 5 consultations during pregnancy. In relation to the newborn population, 58% were premature, as compared to 42% of full-terms. Approximately 46% were born with Apgar score greater than 8 in the first minute. The birth weight ranged from 670 to 4385 grams. The mean hospitalization was 20 days, ranging from 14 days in the full-term patient to 23 days in the preterm patient. Regarding the comparison of hospitalizations in relation to gestational stratification, 65,72% were those at usual risk. A correction in the study of the stratification was performed, which was called corrected. The correction applied was by race, age and number of previous deliveries and presence of abortion. A risk association analysis was performed and although a risk ratio was found in some cases, with values lower than 1, simulating protection for some exposures, the p value was not significant. The same did not occur for the diagnostic outcome, where the p-value was 0,01 and 0,05 for the stratification found and corrected. The most frequent cause of hospitalization was the respiratory rate (p= 0,001) and hypoxia, in premature newborns and full-term, respectively. In linear regression analysis, it was observed that the increase in a week on gestational age of premature infants increases the apgar of the first minute. Many studies must be conducted on the subject, in order to mobilize health managers on these new Public Health Policies in order to minimize preventable neonatal deaths.

Background: The survival rates for very low birthweight (VLBW; birthweight ≤1500 g) children are increasing, but they run a greater risk than controls of developing neurosensory disabilities and other functional problems during childhood. However, there is a great need for more knowledge regarding long-term outcome to adulthood in VLBW subjects. Aims: To evaluate long-term outcomes in a regional cohort of VLBW children born in 1987-88 regarding hospital readmissions, morbidity, neurological conditions, cognitive function, reading skills, school achievements, behaviour, growth, general health, and social functioning in relation to gender, neonatal risk factors, disability and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) findings. Study design: Prospective longitudinal case-controlled long-term regional follow-up. Material and Methods: A total of 86 (80.4%) children (47 boys out of 60 and 39 girls out of 47 live-borns) survived the neonatal period and were recruited to the follow-up study. A total of 86 term controls (45 boys and 41 girls) were included from the newborn period. Readmissions, hospital diagnoses, need of habilitation and child psychiatric care were checked in registers to 15 years of age. The VLBW children were enrolled in the follow-up study at 40 weeks gestational age and at 4, 9, and 15 years of age in assessing neurological conditions. At 15 years of age, the groups were assessed in cognition (WISC III), reading skills, school outcome, behaviour, vision and growth. Fifty-nine (69%) VLBW children were examined using cerebral MRI. Physical and mental health, weight and height, education, and socio-economic situation were assessed at 20 years of age in 77/85 VLBW and 69/84 control subjects by means of postal questionnaires. Results: VLBW boys had three times more readmissions compared with control boys (p=0.003). Gestational age below 30 weeks, birthweight less than 1000 g, and mechanical ventilation were neonatal risk factors for readmissions. Five (5.8%) children had moderate/severe cerebral palsy, 5 (5.8%) had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and 1 was blind due to retinopathy of prematurity. VLBW children were inferior in neurological function in comparison with controls at 40 weeks of gestational age and 4 and 15 years of age. Fourteen of 56 (25%) VLBW children without overt disability had abnormal MRI findings. Mechanical and/or intraventricular haemorrhages (IVH) were significantly related to less favourable neurological outcome. VLBW children performed significantly lower than their controls on a few reading variables and on WISC III. Half of them had IQ lower than 85. Ten VLBW children with IQ < 70 had not been clinically identified earlier and a majority of these children attended mainstream school. Small head circumference correlated with low IQ. Mechanical ventilation and IVH correlated with lower IQ and poorer reading skills. At 20 years of age, the VLBW subjects did not differ significantly from the controls in self-perceived health, education, occupation and way of living. Conclusions: Most VLBW subjects were without major health problems up to 20 years of age and had attended mainstream schools. The presence of IVH and mechanical ventilation during the neonatal period negatively influenced health outcomes. VLBW children without overt neurological disability performed somewhat less well in neurological examinations in comparison with controls. VLBW children achieved poorer results in cognitive tests, but reading skills made a catch-up to 15 years of age. A majority of VLBW subjects managed transition to adulthood similar to that of controls. / Bakgrund: Överlevnaden för nyfödda barn med mycket låg födelsevikt (1500 g eller lägre; VLBW) har ökat avsevärt under de senaste årtionden och man finner nu att ca 90 % av barnen skrivs ut från neonatalavdelningar. Risken för cerebral pares (CP) har visat sig vara ökad jämfört med barn födda i fullgången tid. Studier visade att VLBW-barn som kommit upp i skolåldern hade högre frekvens av läs- och skrivsvårigheter, oftare behövde specialundervisning, samt hade högre grad av beteendeproblem jämfört med klasskamrater. Uppföljningsstudier var tidigare mestadels gjorda på populationer från större sjukhus, kontrollgrupp saknades eller inlemmades efter flera år, uppföljningstiden var kort och flera viktiga områden av barnets utveckling var ofullständigt undersökta. I Sverige saknades en studie med långtidsuppföljning av VLBW-barn födda under en tidsperiod då alltfler barn hade börjat erhålla andningshjälp med respirator. Socioekonomiska förhållanden i Sverige kan inte heller helt och hållet jämföras med flertalet andra länder. Syfte: Den här avhandlingens syfte var att studera hur det går för VLBW-barn upp till 15 års ålder avseende sjuklighet, motoriska funktioner, kognitiva funktioner, skolprestationer och beteende, samt vid 20 års ålder avseende hälsotillstånd, sysselsättning och boende. Undersökningsresultaten relaterades till nyföddhetsfaktorer och fynd vid magnet resonans-undersökning (MRI) av hjärnan vid 15 års ålder. Material och metoder: 86 överlevande VLBW-barn samt 86 barn födda i fullgången tid från 1/2 1987 till 30/4 1988 i sydöstra sjukvårdsregionen (Jönköpings, Kalmar och Östergötlands län) har ingått i studien. Uppgift om antalet sjukhusinläggningar och huvuddiagnos inhämtades från Slutenvårdsregistret, Epidemiologiskt centrum, Socialstyrelsen. Uppgifter om antalet barn med CP, ADHD, mental retardation och barnpsykiatriskt vårdbehov inhämtades från habiliteringscentraler och barnpsykiatriska kliniker i regionen. Information om skolbetyg från 9:e årskursen och skolgång inhämtades från kommunerna. Neurologiska och motoriska undersökningar utfördes på barn utan synligt handikapp enligt särskilda protokoll såväl neonatalt som vid 4, 9 och 15 års ålder. Vikt och längd, kognitiv test (WISC III), lästester och MRI undersökning (enbart VLBW-barn) gjordes vid 15 års ålder. Barn och föräldrar fick fylla i formulär om beteende. Vid 20 års ålder (december 2007) fick deltagarna tre frågeformulär: ett studiespecifikt med frågor om hälsa, vikt och längd, användning av tobak och alkohol, gymnasiestudier, nuvarande sysselsättning och boende; SF-36, som belyser fysisk kapacitet, allmän hälsa, vitalitet och psykiskt välbefinnande; samt KASAM (känsla av sammanhang), som belyser hur man upplever sitt eget sätt att fungera, uppdelat i begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet. Resultat: VLBW-barn (mest pojkar) vårdades oftare på sjukhus under första levnadsåren jämfört med kontroller. Infektioner och neurologiska sjukdomar dominerade för både VLBW-pojkar och -flickor. Fem (5.8 %) VLBW-barn hade måttlig/svår CP och fem hade ADHD. Hjärnblödning eller respiratorbehandling under nyföddhetsperioden var de faktorer som oftast var relaterade till sämre hälsotillstånd. Det var ingen skillnad i antal barn med behov av barnpsykiatrisk vård mellan grupperna. Det var ingen skillnad i summering av 9 slutbetyg mellan grupperna, men VLBW-pojkar hade lägre betyg i matematik och teknologi jämfört med sina kontroller. VLBW-barnen var lättare och kortare, men skillnaderna var störst mellan VLBW-flickor och deras kontroller. VLBW-barnen (fr.a. pojkarna) presterade lägre i neurologiska undersökningar, samt i kognitiva test. Tio av tolv av barnen som hade IQ under 70 var tidigare inte kända. Det fanns skillnader mellan grupperna i lästester, men signifikant enbart i ett test. Jämfört med lästester vid 9 års ålder hade VLBW-barnen gjort en upphämtning. Det framkom inga skillnader i beteende mellan grupperna, men VLBW-flickor uppgav färre beteendeproblem än sina kontroller. Vid 20 års ålder framkom inga skillnader i självuppskattad hälsa eller behov av vårdkontakter och läkemedel mellan grupperna. Tobaksanvändning var lika i grupperna, men fler i VLBW-gruppen var icke-användare av alkohol. Det var ingen signifikant skillnad i andel som gått ut gymnasiet, nuvarande sysselsättning eller boendeform mellan grupperna. Det var inga signifikanta skillnader i resultat på SF-36 och KASAM mellan grupperna. Konklusion: Hjärnblödning och respiratoranvändning under nyföddhetsperioden var de faktorer som hade störst inverkan på VLBW-barnens hälsotillstånd upp till 20 års ålder. CP och ADHD förekom hos relativt få, men lågt IQ var vanligt. VLBW-pojkar hade större sjukvårdsbehov, presterade lägre i neurologiska test och hade lägre skolbetyg än sina kontroller. VLBW-gruppen skilde sig inte från kontroll-gruppen avseende beteendeproblem. Självuppskattad hälsa vid 20 år skilde sig inte mellan grupperna. Särskilda uppföljningsprogram för VLBW-barn är nödvändigt där kognitiva tester ingår vilka bör utföras före skolstart.

Advancements in clinical care have led to a growing cohort of preterm-born individuals now entering adulthood. Before birth, such adults were often exposed to a suboptimal intrauterine environment, and after delivery, key developmental stages that would normally occur in utero during the third trimester had to take place under ex utero physiological conditions. Through detailed cardiovascular phenotyping, this thesis investigates the cardiovascular changes in preterm-born young adults, utilising a cohort of individuals with data collection since recruitment at birth. The detailed perinatal information was first used to design nested case-control studies to investigate the effects of early lipid and glucocorticoid exposure on long-term cardiovascular physiology in individuals born preterm. It was demonstrated that intravenous lipid administration leads to an artificial elevation of total cholesterol levels in immediate postnatal life, which is associated with long-term changes in aortic and left ventricular function proportional to the degree of cholesterol elevation. Additionally, exposure to antenatal glucocorticoids relates to a regional increase in aortic arch stiffness in young adulthood, as well as changes in glucose metabolism. It was then shown that young adults born preterm have increased left ventricular mass, out of proportion to blood pressure, and a unique three-dimensional left ventricular geometry, with reduced systolic and diastolic function compared to term-born controls. Similarly, they also show distinct differences in the right ventricle, with increased right ventricular mass and a proportion having clinically impaired right ventricular systolic function. Finally, it was demonstrated that preterm-born individuals have increased circulating levels of antiangiogenic factors in young adulthood, which relate to capillary rarefaction and blood pressure elevation. These findings are of considerable public health relevance given that nearly 10% of births are now preterm. Understanding whether modification of these variations in cardiovascular structure and function prevent the development of cardiovascular disease in this growing subgroup of the population will be of future interest.