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Making the assumption that diphenylhydantoin has a lowering or cancelling effect on excess electricity in the brain, it is the purpose of this study to determine the effect of diphenylhydantoin in a stressful learning situation.

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Light and electron microscopical techniques were employed to make qualitative and quantitative observations on peripheral nerve morphology. Sural nerve biopsies from 4 groups of diabetic patients with different syndromes of polyneuropathy and 6 non-diabetic controls were evaluated. Observations indicated that unequal rates of successful fibre regeneration may underlie an apparent difference in myelinated fibre (MF) loss between painful and painless diaebetic polyneuropathy. MF and unmyelinated fibre (UF) degeneration/regeneration per se are unlikely to be the cause of neuropathic pain in diabetic polyneuropathy since evidence of each was present in patients with remission from painful symptoms and in patients with painless neuropathy. Axonal atrophy may have a role in neuropathic pain generation. Abnormal endoneurial capillary morphology was manifest in all the diabetic patients. Alterations in capillary basement membrane thickness were interdependent with the type and extent of neuropathological change and the clinical expression of the neuropathy. Two patients presented with intractible vomiting due to diabetic gastropathy. The findings of a study of their anterior and posterior abdominal vagus nerves, obtained as biopsy specimens at vagotomy and gastroenterostomy to prevent stomal ulceration, were compared with those of 2 diabetic and 2 non-diabetic patients undergoing vagotomy for duodenal ulceration. Autovagotomy, and its causative role in gastropathy, was not supported since there was persistence of intact and regenerating fibres and evidence of similar MF and UF changes in both groups of diabetic patients. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were employed to make a comparison of the effects of conventional insulin therapy (CIT) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy (CSII) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. CSII was superior to CIT in diurnal and circadian blood glucose homeostasis and in ameliorating a diabetes-related deficit in body weight and skeletal length. Although CSII performed better, neither form of therapy was completely successful in reversing the effects of untreated-diabetes on parameters indexing MF morphology in the tibial nerve. Potentially serious degenerative changes in MFs following the initiation of either form of insulin therapy were found to correlate with the number of detected hypoglycaemic episodes. Normal maturation of MFs in the sural nerve involved the formation of a proximo-distal taper for fibre and axon size. MFs and axons in diabetic rats did not assume a size taper. The effect of diabetes was manifest proximally in the nerve with no evidence of selective involvement of axon or Schwann cell. Male albino Lewis rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin and used to study the effect of early (within 3 weeks= EIT) and delayed (after 6 months= DIT) pancreatic islet transplantation on MF morphology. Optimal diurnal and circadian blood glucose control was achieved for 6 months following EIT and DIT. A body weight deficit in diabetic rats was ameliorated by EIT but not DIT. EIT completely prevented the occurrence of abnormal fibre and axon morphology in the tibial nerves of diabetic rats. DIT completely reversed a deficit in fibre size but not axon size. If these observations were applicable to man the best therapeutic option would be for candidates to receive islet transplantation soon after the onset of diabetes. The occurrence of neuropathy might then be prevented.

Thesis for Master of Science in Medicine at the School of Anatomical Sciences 5/11/2015 / In forensic anthropology, the estimation of sex is important for eliminating half of the possible identities the skeletal remains may have, as a result, sexing standards were set from fully dentate mandibles. Edentulous mandibles were excluded from studies that set these standards. Thus, this study intended to determine the effect of tooth loss on accurately estimating sex from the mandibular morphology of black South Africans. The mandibles sampled included 79 (31 males and 48 females) full dentition and 117 (57 males and 60 females) variable degrees of tooth loss mandibles from the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Human Skeletons. Outlines of the non-alveolar regions of the mandibles were digitised. The alveolar regions were rated according to the level of resorption that had occurred. A two block partial least square was performed to determine the effect of tooth loss on the mandibular morphology and a two sample permutation test was conducted to determine the sexing accuracies from all sampled mandibles. Tooth loss had a significant effect on the mandibular morphology. The overall accuracies determined were 85.5% from mandibles with tooth loss and 63.3% from full dentition mandibles. The overall mandible morphology is sexually dimorphic irrespective of the presence of tooth loss. The main factor that may affect the outcome was the mandibular mechanics in males and females. The results suggest that mandibles with high levels of tooth loss could be used in studies of identification. Further studies may want to set sexing standards from both dentate and edentate mandibles.