Com o intuito de reduzir a incidência de acidentes no trânsito, em 19 de junho de 2008 foi promulgada a Lei n 11.705, que enrijece as penalidades aplicadas às pessoas que dirigem sob efeito de bebidas alcoólicas. O presente trabalho trata do impacto sobre a demanda por cervejas subsequente à aprovação da referida lei, cujas punições nela declaradas representam uma internalização de custos que o indivíduo infrator impõe à sociedade. Nesse sentido, buscando inibir o comportamento nocivo à sociedade, a lei gerou incentivos para a queda na demanda por cervejas - bebida alcoólica mais consumida entre os brasileiros. O impacto sobre a compra desses produtos é mostrado neste trabalho, também são estimadas uma função de demanda e elasticidades a partir de um modelo Nested com o objetivo de obter-se um imposto que produziria efeitos equivalentes sobre a queda na quantidade vendida. / In order to reduce the incidence of traffic accidents, the Law No. 11,705 was enacted in June 19, 2008, hardening the penalties applied to people who drive under influence of alcohol. This paper deals with the impact on the demand for beers subsequent to the approval of that law, which stablished punishments in due to internalization of costs that the offender individual imposes on society. In this sense, seeking to inhibit the harmful behavior to society, the law created incentives for the drop in demand for beer - the most consumed alcohol drinking in Brazil . The impact on the purchase of these products is shown in this paper, the demand elasticities estimated from a nested model in order to obtain a tax that would produce the equivalent effect of the fall in the quantity demanded.

Com o intuito de reduzir a incidência de acidentes no trânsito, em 19 de junho de 2008 foi promulgada a Lei n 11.705, que enrijece as penalidades aplicadas às pessoas que dirigem sob efeito de bebidas alcoólicas. O presente trabalho trata do impacto sobre a demanda por cervejas subsequente à aprovação da referida lei, cujas punições nela declaradas representam uma internalização de custos que o indivíduo infrator impõe à sociedade. Nesse sentido, buscando inibir o comportamento nocivo à sociedade, a lei gerou incentivos para a queda na demanda por cervejas - bebida alcoólica mais consumida entre os brasileiros. O impacto sobre a compra desses produtos é mostrado neste trabalho, também são estimadas uma função de demanda e elasticidades a partir de um modelo Nested com o objetivo de obter-se um imposto que produziria efeitos equivalentes sobre a queda na quantidade vendida. / In order to reduce the incidence of traffic accidents, the Law No. 11,705 was enacted in June 19, 2008, hardening the penalties applied to people who drive under influence of alcohol. This paper deals with the impact on the demand for beers subsequent to the approval of that law, which stablished punishments in due to internalization of costs that the offender individual imposes on society. In this sense, seeking to inhibit the harmful behavior to society, the law created incentives for the drop in demand for beer - the most consumed alcohol drinking in Brazil . The impact on the purchase of these products is shown in this paper, the demand elasticities estimated from a nested model in order to obtain a tax that would produce the equivalent effect of the fall in the quantity demanded.

The pecan weevil, Curculio caryae Horn, is an obligate nut feeder of all North American hickory (Carya) and a key pest of the pecan, C. illinoinensis Koch. This study investigated population structure of the pecan weevil. Gene flow and genetic variation was estimated for 90 pecan weevil specimens sampled from the entire Carya range. Cladistic and nested clade analyses, as well as an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (mtDNA COI) were performed. The data indicate C. caryae diverged from its sister species, C. nasicus approximately 4.3 million years before present (mybp). Six-hundred and forty equally parsimonious trees of 31 haplotypes demonstrated high genetic diversity across all pecan weevil samples, and significant regional subdivision. Three clades recovered in the parsimony and nested clade analyses were strongly associated with western, eastern and central localities sampled within C. caryae's range. The current distribution of C. caryae and population structure were explained by past glaciation events. Lineage divergence between the western and eastern populations occurred during the Pleistocene (approx. 1.1 million years ago), and a more recent divergence occurred between C. caryae populations east and west of the Appalachian mountain range (870,000 yrs. ago). Haplotypes were segregated by region, but further sampling is necessary to test for gene flow among these regions.

"Complex Event Processing (CEP) has become increasingly important for tracking and monitoring anomalies and trends in event streams emitted from business processes such as supply chain management to online stores in e-commerce. These monitoring applications submit complex event queries to track sequences of events that match a given pattern. While the state-of-the-art CEP systems mostly focus on the execution of flat sequence queries, we instead support the execution of nested CEP queries specified by the (NEsted Event Language) NEEL. However the iterative execution often results in the repeated recomputation of similar or even identical results for nested sub- expressions as the window slides over the event stream. This work proposes to optimize NEEL execution performance by caching intermediate results. In particular a method of applying selective caching of intermediate results called Continuous Sliding Caching technique has been designed. Then a further optimization of the previous technique which we call the Semantic Caching and the Continuous Semantic Caching have been proposed. Techniques for incrementally loading, purging and exploiting the cache content are described. Our experimental study using real- world stock trades evaluates the performance of our proposed caching strategies for different query types."

Partial Least Squares (PLS) has been shown to be a versatile regression technique with an increasing number of applications in the areas of process control, process monitoring and process analysis. This Thesis considers the area of nonlinear PLS; a nonlinear projection based regression technique. The nonlinearity is introduced as a univariate nonlinear function between projections, or to be more specific, linear combinations of the predictor and the response variables. As for the linear case, the method should handle multicollinearity, underdetermined and noisy systems. Although linear PLS is accepted as an empirical regression method, none of the published nonlinear PLS algorithms have achieved widespread acceptance. This is confirmed from a literature survey where few real applications of the methodology were found. This Thesis investigates two nonlinear PLS methodologies, in particular focusing on their limitations. Based on these studies, two nonlinear PLS algorithms are proposed. In the first of the two existing approaches investigated, the projections are updated by applying an optimization method to reduce the error of the nonlinear inner mapping. This ensures that the error introduced by the nonlinear inner mapping is minimized. However, the procedure is limited as a consequence of problems with the nonlinear optimisation. A new algorithm, Nested PLS (NPLS), is developed to address these issues. In particular, a separate inner PLS is used to update the projections. The NPLS algorithm is shown to outperform existing algorithms for a wide range of regression problems and has the potential to become a more widely accepted nonlinear PLS algorithm than those currently reported in the literature. In the second of the existing approaches, the projections are identified by examining each variable independently, as opposed to minimizing the error of the nonlinear inner mapping directly. Although the approach does not necessary identify the underlying functional relationship, the problems of overfitting and other problems associated with optimization are reduced. Since the underlying functional relationship may not be established accurately, the reliability of the nonlinear inner mapping will be reduced. To address this problem a new algorithm, the Reciprocal Variance PLS (RVPLS), is proposed. Compared with established methodology, RVPLS focus more on finding the underlying structure, thus reducing the difficulty of finding an appropriate inner mapping. RVPLS is shown to perform well for a number of applications, but does not have the wide-ranging performance of Nested PLS.

No description available.

Generellt sätt misslyckas människor ofta att göra korrekta bedömningar baserade på principerna för sannolikhetsteori, vilket kan leda till det så kallade konjunktionsfelet. Konjunktionsfelet innebär att två kombinerade subkategorier anses mer troligt än en huvudkategori. “Nested-set”-hypotesen föreslår att konjunktionsfelet kan motverkas genom att ta hänsyn till relationen mellan kategorier och subkategorier. Denna uppsats ämnar undersöka om konjunktionsfelet minskar med ökad insikt om “nested-set”-strukturen med hjälp av få ledtrådar. Sextio deltagare fördelades randomiserat i två grupper med olika mycket ledtrådar om “nested-set”-strukturen. Resultaten indikerar att två ledtrådar om “nested-set”-strukturen är tillräcklig med information för att göra signifikant fler korrekta sannolikhetsbedömningar. En ledtråd var inte tillräcklig.  Konklusionen är att vi med hjälp av tillräckligt många ledtrådar kan förstå relationen mellan kategori- och subkategori och således fatta korrekta beslut utifrån sannolikhetslära. / Generally, people often fail to make accurate judgments according to the principles of probability theory which can lead to the so called conjunction fallacy. The conjunction fallacy consists of assigning a higher probability to two combined subcategories than one main category. The “nested-set” hypothesis proposes that the conjunction fallacy can be countered by accounting for the relationship between categories and subcategories. This thesis aims to investigate if the conjunction fallacy is reduced by giving participants few clues that reveal the set structure. Sixty participants were randomly divided into two groups with different clues about the “nested-set” structure. The results indicated that two clues about the nested set structure were enough information to make significantly more accurate probability estimates. One clue was not enough. Our conclusion is that with enough clues we are able to understand the relation between category and sub category and thus make correct decisions based on probability theory.

Trichomonads are anaerobic flagellated protists that are either parasites or commensals. They frequently inhabit digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts of vertebrates, including domestic cats and dogs. In these hosts, four trichomonad species has been described: Tetratrichomonas canistomae and Tetratrichomonas felistomae that are commensals of the host oral cavity; Pentatrichomonas hominis, a commensal of intestinal tract that could be found in dogs and cats but also in other mammals including humans; and pathogenic Tritrichomonas foetus that causes, in addition to cattle infection, feline intestinal trichomonosis. Although, trichomonads in dogs and cats are probably of cosmopolitan distribution we have no information about their presence in Czech Republic. The first aim of this study was to distinguish types of trichomonads present in the oral cavity of dogs and cats and to get preliminary epidemiological data. The second aim was to demonstrate the presence of Tritrichomonas foetus in cats and dogs in the Czech Republic and to identify potential risk factors for the disease. Cultivation and nested PCR were used to determine the presence of trichomonads in dogs and cats. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on ITS1-5.8rRNA-ITS2 gene sequence was used to identify species of isolated...

Submitted by GUSTAVO FELIPPELLI null (gusvetfelippelli@gmail.com) on 2017-03-15T14:33:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_GUSTAVO_FELIPPELLI_Repositório.pdf: 2645589 bytes, checksum: 3a8e871dd6537ad45d24dd55468d41f9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-15T16:55:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 felippelli_g_dr_jabo.pdf: 2645589 bytes, checksum: 3a8e871dd6537ad45d24dd55468d41f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-15T16:55:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 felippelli_g_dr_jabo.pdf: 2645589 bytes, checksum: 3a8e871dd6537ad45d24dd55468d41f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-03 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose cosmopolita, importante em medicina veterinária e humana por ocasionar abortos e doenças congênitas em diversas espécies. A viabilidade da transmissão sexual do Toxoplasma gondii em vacas, sorologicamente negativas para a infecção por T. gondii, submetidas à inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) com sêmen criopreservado e contaminado com taquizoítos de T. gondii, por meio das técnicas (RIFI, bioprova e nested PCR). Inicialmente, utilizou-se a bioprova (em inoculação camundongos) objetivando avaliar a sobrevivência de taquizoítos de T. gondii em sêmen, criopreservado em DMSO (2,5%, 5,0%, 7,5%, 8,0% e 10,0%) e congelado em nitrogênio líquido (-196°C). Foram selecionadas 10 vacas em idade reprodutiva, soronegativas: Brucella abortus, Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii. Os animais foram submetidos ao protocolo de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) e tratados com dose única de estreptomicina (25mg/Kg) contra leptospirose. Das 10 vacas, cinco foram inseminadas com sêmen convencional (Glicerol 3%) e mantidas como grupo controle. As outras cinco foram inseminadas com sêmen criopreservado com DMSO (8%), contendo 1x106 taquizoítos de T. gondii. Nas datas experimentais 1, 3, 5, 7, 12, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 50, 56, 63, 70, 77 e 100 dias pós-inoculação (IATF), exames clínicos, hematológicos e sorológicos e moleculares (nested PCR) foram realizados. A soroconversão ocorreu em quatro fêmeas bovinas, pertencentes ao grupo que receberam sêmen infectado com taquizoítos de T. gondii (Amostra RH). Decorridos 21 dias pós-inseminação artificial foi possível diagnosticar em uma vaca (nº 1008), deste mesmo grupo, recíproca crescente de títulos sorológicos variando de 64 até 256 (28º, 35º, 42º DPIA). A partir do 49º até o 100º DPIA, os títulos foram decrescendo de 128 a 64, caracterizando um processo de cronificação (títulos IgG anti-T. gondii ≥64). Outras três fêmeas bovinas (nº 1108, nº 2018 e nº 3462) apresentaram títulos sorológicos (64) a partir do 56º até 100º DPIA, Apenas uma fêmea do grupo infectado não apresentou soroconversão durante todo estudo. Nenhum animal pertencente ao grupo controle apresentou anticorpos (IgG) contra T. gondii ao longo de todo experimento. No 100º DPIA, sete vacas que não estavam gestantes pelo exame ultrassonográfico, de ambos os grupos foram eutanasiadas e necropsiadas. Foram colhidos tecidos (cérebro, retina, pulmão, fígado, baço, linfonodos mesentéricos, musculatura – Longissimus dorsi, ovário e útero). Foi possível diagnosticar a presença do parasito por meio do bioensaio e nested PCR. O parasitismo tissular por T. gondii (bioensaio e nested PCR) foi diagnosticado em retina, musculatura, cérebro e fígado pertencentes às vacas nº 1008, nº 2018, nº 0813, nº 1108 e nº 3462. Em síntese, estes resultados sugerem a viabilidade da transmissão, via IATF Toxoplasma gondii em bovinos. / FAPESP: 2013/16040-1

The Klamath-Siskiyou Ecoregion of northern California and southern Oregon has extremely high biodiversity, but conservation centers on the protection of habitat for the northern spotted owl. A network of late successional reserves has been established without consideration of potential for protecting overall biodiversity, including genetic diversity. Mitochondrial DNA sequences are used to examine the population structure of Acrotrichis xanthocera (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae) sampled from five late successional reserves within the Klamath-Siskiyou Ecoregion and five comparison sites from northern California. Measures of gene flow, phylogenetic analysis, and nested clade analysis are employed to infer historical demographic and phylogeographic processes. Results show that A. xanthocera populations have undergone past range expansion, but gene flow is currently limited. Individual late successional reserves do not adequately protect the genetic variation in this species. Although further research is needed, these results are likely to be congruent for other edaphic arthropod species. Improvement of the late successional reserve system is warranted for maximum protection of the genetic diversity of soil arthropod populations.