Orientador: Eduardo Strachman / Banca: Claudio Cesar de Paiva / Banca: Paulo Furquim de Azevedo / Resumo: Na presente dissertação buscamos estudar de maneira profunda uma característica comum a regimes democráticos proposta pela Escola da Escolha Pública. Determinados ramos desta Escola de Pensamento afirmam que os políticos trocam votos entre si buscando apoio futuro para seus projetos. Utilizando a metodologia de Análise de Redes Sociais, buscamos primeiramente mapear a atuação e os contatos dos Senadores da República Federativa do Brasil dentro das comissões fixas desta casa de leis no período compreendido pela 52ª Legislatura. Após este mapeamento procuramos criar meios de análise para responder a questão proposta pelos ramos da escola citada, ou seja, desejamos responder a questão teórica da existência ou não do logrolling no Senado Brasileiro. Anteriormente a análise empírica e resposta aos problemas propostos, apresentaremos a devida introdução teórica compreendida por uma revisão de literatura sobre os temas pertinentes, sejam eles puramente teóricos a respeito da troca de apoio, sejam eles analíticos a respeito do sistema político brasileiro / Abstract: In this dissertation we aimed to study in a profound way one common feature of democratic regimes proposed by the School of Public Choice. Certain branches of this school of thought claim that politicians swap votes between them seeking support for their future projects. Using the method of social networks analysis, we first map the activities and contacts of the Senators of the Federative Republic of Brazil within the fixed committees of this house of laws in the period by the 52nd Legislature. After this analysis we seek to create means to answer the question proposed by the branches of the school mentioned above, ie, we wish to answer the following question: can we see logrolling in the Brazilian Senate? Previously the empirical analysis and response to problems posed, we present the necessary theoretical introduction understood by reviewing the literature on relevant subjects, whether they are purely theoretical with respect to the exchange of support, or analytical about the brazilian political system / Mestre

The study of complex brain networks, where the brain can be viewed as a system with various interacting regions that produce complex behaviors, has grown tremendously over the past decade. With both an increase in longitudinal study designs, as well as an increased interest in the neurological network changes that occur during the progression of a disease, sophisticated methods for dynamic brain network analysis are needed. We first propose a paradigm for longitudinal brain network analysis over patient cohorts where we adapt the Stochastic Actor Oriented Model (SAOM) framework and model a subject's network over time as observations of a continuous time Markov chain. Network dynamics are represented as being driven by various factors, both endogenous (i.e., network effects) and exogenous, where the latter include mechanisms and relationships conjectured in the literature. We outline an application to the resting-state fMRI network setting, where we draw conclusions at the subject level and then perform a meta-analysis on the model output. As an extension of the models, we next propose an approach based on Hidden Markov Models to incorporate and estimate type I and type II error (i.e., of edge status) in our observed networks. Our model consists of two components: 1) the latent model, which assumes that the true networks evolve according to a Markov process as they did in the original SAOM framework; and 2) the measurement model, which describes the conditional distribution of the observed networks given the true networks. An expectation-maximization algorithm is developed for estimation. Lastly, we focus on the study of percolation - the sudden emergence of a giant connected component in a network. This has become an active area of research, with relevance in clinical neuroscience, and it is of interest to distinguish between different percolation regimes in practice. We propose a method for estimating a percolation model from a given sequence of observed networks with single edge transitions. We outline a Hidden Markov Model approach and EM algorithm for the estimation of the birth and death rates for the edges, as well as the type I and type II error rates. / 2018-07-25T00:00:00Z

abstract: This study examined the enactment of a high school district's college-going mission. Treating mission enactment as a case of policy implementation, this study used the lens of complexity theory to understand how system actors and contexts influenced variation and adaptation. Data collection methods included observations, interviews, focus groups, and surveys of various system actors including district staff, principals, counselors, teachers, and students. This study used a mixed methods analytic inductive technique and Social Network Analysis to describe the mission's implementation. Findings reflect that the mission was a vaguely defined value statement; school staff reacted to the mission with limited buy-in and confusion about what it really meant in practice. The mission lacked clear boundaries of what constituted related programs or policies. Consequently, in this site-based district, schools unevenly implemented related programs and policies. School staff wanted more guidance from district staff and clear expectations for mission-related actions. To help meet this need, the district was moving to a more centralized, hierarchical approach. Though they were providing information about the mission, district staff were not providing specific, responsive support to organize school staff's efforts around implementation. District staff were trying to find an approach that both supported schools towards a common vision and provided flexibility for school-level adaptations. Yet, the district had not yet fully formed its position as a facilitator of implementation. Further, as the district lacked a cohesive measurement system, the effectiveness of this initiative was unknown. This study sought to present policy implementation as varied phenomenon, influenced by system actors and conditions. Findings suggest that while policy cannot determine actions, district staff could help create conditions that would support implementation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Educational Leadership and Policy Studies 2011

This thesis seeks to extend the application of Social Network Analysis (SNA) to temporal graphs, in particular providing new insights for the understanding of covert networks. The analyses undertaken reveal informative features and properties of individuals' affiliations under covertness that also illustrate how both individuals and events influence the network structure. The review of the literature on covert networks provided in the initial two chapters suggests the presence of some ambiguities concerning how authors define structural properties and dynamics of covert networks. Authors sometimes disagree and use their findings to explain opposite views about covert networks. The controversy in the field is used as a starting point in order to justify the methodological application of SNA to understand how individuals involved in criminal and illegal activities interact with each other. I attempt to use a deductive approach, without preconceived notions about covert network characteristics. In particular, I avoid considering covert networks as organisations in themselves or as cohesive groups. I focus on individuals and their linkages constructed from their common participation in illicit events such as secret meetings, bombing attacks and criminal operations. In order to tackle these processes I developed innovative methods for investigating criminals' behaviours over time and their willingness to exchange tacit information. The strategy implies the formulation of a network model in order to represent and incorporate in a graph three types of information: individuals, events, and the temporal dimension of events. The inclusion of the temporal dimension offers the possibility of adopting a more comprehensive theoretical framework for considering individuals and event affiliations. This thesis expands the analysis of bipartite covert networks by adopting several avenues to explore in this perspective. Chapter 3 proposes a different way to represent two-mode networks starting from the use of line-graphs, namely the bi-dynamic line-graph data representation (BDLG), through which it is possible to represent the temporal evolution of individual's trajectories. The following chapter 4 presents some reflections about the idea of cohesion and cohesive subgroups specific to the case of two-mode networks. Based on the affiliation matrices, the analysis of local clustering through bi-cliques offers an attempt to analyse the mechanism of selecting accomplices while taking into account time. Chapter 5 is concerned with the concept of centrality of individuals involved in flows of knowledge exchanges. The theoretical and analytical framework helps in elaborating how individuals share their acquired hands-on experiences with others by attending joint task activities over time. Chapter 6 provides an application of the approaches introduced in the preceding chapters to the specific case of the Noordin Top terrorist network. Here, the knowledge of experience flow centrality measure opens up a new way to quantify the transmission of information and investigate the formation of the criminal capital. Finally, the last Chapter 7 presents some future research extensions by illustrating the versatility of the proposed approaches in order to provide new insights for the understanding of criminals' behaviours.

Personality, that is intra-individual consistency and inter-individual variation in behaviour, is widespread throughout the animal kingdom. This challenges traditional evolutionary assumptions that selection should favour behavioural flexibility, and that variation in behavioural strategies reflects stochastic variation around a single optimal behavioural strategy. Adaptive models to explain personality within the framework of evolutionary and behavioural ecology exist, and are typically empirically explored by identifying proximate associations to, and the functional consequences of, personality expression. To date, such studies have typically quantified a narrow range of personality traits within a species, and focused on captive populations or species with relatively limited behavioural or social repertoires. In this thesis, personality is studied in wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Quantification of personality structure in the species was conducted using a multi-method approach, and subsequently, it was examined whether physiological stress response (a proximate association) was related to personality expression, and whether personality expression affected social (functional) outcomes for individuals. Seven personality constructs were identified in Barbary macaques. Three personality constructs were related to physiological stress responses (Excitability, Tactility and Exploration), with the relationship between stress and personality expression dependent on sex, and in some cases rank or age. Two personality constructs (Excitability and Exploration) were associated with measures of social integration. Subjects generally socially assorted themselves according to personality, tending to be in proximity to individuals with a similar personality to themselves. This study contributes methodologically by demonstrating the plausibility of multi-method approaches to measuring personality in wild primates, and empirically, by generating evidence supporting adaptive models for the evolution of personality, namely that intra-individual consistency in behaviour may be mediated by physiology and that inter-individual variation in behaviour has functional benefits in the formation of social relationships and social structures.

Com o aumento dos usuários acessando a internet no Brasil, cresce a quantidade de conteúdo produzido por brasileiros. Assim se torna importante classificar os melhores autores para que se tenha mais confiança nos textos lidos. Nesse sentido, esta dissertação faz um estudo sobre a descoberta de autoridades em tópicos na blogosfera brasileira. O escopo de estudo e análise é a plataforma de publicação de blogs, Blogspot, sobre os blogueiros que se identificam como brasileiros. Para tanto, foram coletados nove milhões de postagens do ano de 2012 e considerados os comentários como fonte de relacionamento entre os blogueiros para gerar uma rede social. Essa rede foi usada para experimentos do algoritmo de identificação de autoridades em tópicos. O algoritmo utilizado como base é o Topic PageRank, separando os diversos tópicos da blogosfera pelas tags que os usuários definem em suas postagens e posteriormente construindo a lista das autoridades em tais tópicos. Experimentos realizados demonstram que o método proposto resulta em melhor ranqueamento que o algoritmo original do PageRank. Cabe salientar que foi feita uma caracterização dos dados coletados por um questionário aplicado a quatro mil autores. / With the intesification of users accessing the Internet in Brazil, the amount of content produced by Brazilians increases. Thus, it becomes important to classify the best authors to have more confidence in the texts read. In this sense, this work presents a study on subject of topic authorities discovery in the Brazilian blogosphere. The scope of the study is the Blogspot platform, focusing on bloggers who identify themselves as Brazilians. To this end, we collected nine millions posts in the year of 2012 and considered the comments as a source of relationship between bloggers to generate a social network. This network was used for performing experiments considering the proposed approach to identify topic authorities. The algorithm used is based on the Topic PageRank, which can separate the different blogosphere’s topics by tags that users use on their posts, and then building the list of authorities on such topics. The experiments conducted show that the proposed approach results in better ranking than the original PageRank algorithm. We also characterize the collected database with a survey of over four thousand authors.

110f. / Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-06-27T13:22:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado -Fernanda de Souza Brito.pdf: 1010273 bytes, checksum: c78b30b1c17fdb6595779693572982b1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela(anapoli@ufba.br) on 2013-06-27T15:09:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado -Fernanda de Souza Brito.pdf: 1010273 bytes, checksum: c78b30b1c17fdb6595779693572982b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-27T15:09:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado -Fernanda de Souza Brito.pdf: 1010273 bytes, checksum: c78b30b1c17fdb6595779693572982b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / CAPES / Este estudo examinou a relação entre estilos interpessoais e a participação do indivíduo nas redes sociais em diferentes ambientes de trabalho. Redes sociais se formam pelos vínculos afetivos, cognitivos e de compartilhamento de recursos estabelecidos entre atores sociais. Diferenças de desempenho no trabalho podem estar relacionadas ao posicionamento das pessoas em suas redes sociais. Ocupar uma posição de centralidade em uma rede social possibilita a aquisição de informações importantes e várias formas de influência interpessoal. A conquista dessas posições privilegiadas está associada a benefícios como sucesso na carreira, desempenho e satisfação no trabalho. Estudos sobre personalidade têm experienciado um renascimento no âmbito organizacional, e muitos têm evidenciado a importância de características da personalidade para prever resultados ocupacionais. Sabe-se que a predominância de determinadas características de personalidade no ambiente de trabalho formam modos peculiares de convivência do grupo, assim, é importante lembrar que ambientes variam em termos de quais estilos de personalidade valorizam e conferem aceitação ao seu portador. Os estilos interpessoais são estratégias comportamentais que descrevem a maneira habitual de uma pessoa interagir socialmente e buscar aceitação e status nas coletividades em que participa. Nesse sentido, os estilos interpessoais são importantes para compreender o sucesso interpessoal do indivíduo na sua busca por ser aceito, reconhecido e ter um lugar de destaque no seu ambiente de trabalho. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar e comparar a relação entre estilos interpessoais e centralidade nas redes sociais em diferentes equipes de trabalho. Participaram desta pesquisa 80 trabalhadores distribuídos em 03 equipes de diferentes empresas: marketing de um jornal (MKT, n=24); serviços de registro documentos (SRD, n=20); fábrica de aparelhos mecânicos (FAB, n=36). O instrumento foi composto por variáveis sócio-demográficas, pelo Inventário ESEI (Escalas de Estilos Interpessoais), e pelo questionário sociométrico que possibilitou o cálculo dos índices de centralidade das redes de confiança. As equipes foram caracterizadas em relação às variáveis sócio-demográficas, ao tipo de ambiente ocupacional e ao perfil médio de estilos interpessoais. Em seguida, os estilos interpessoais dos atores foram correlacionados aos seus índices de centralidade na rede de confiança, e alguns casos foram analisados. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas dimensões de estilos interpessoais entre as equipes, e a análise correlacional e qualitativa dos estilos interpessoais dos atores centrais, indicaram que cada equipe valoriza atores com diferentes perfis interpessoais, conferindo-lhes aceitação e prestígio. Os resultados revelam a importância do tipo de ambiente ocupacional para compreender os estilos interpessoais predominantes na equipe e suas relações com a centralidade dos atores na rede de confiança. As implicações das relações entre os estilos interpessoais, a centralidade dos atores nas redes de confiança e os tipos de ambiente ocupacional são discutidas. Por fim, considera-se a importância de alinhar dimensões da personalidade ao ambiente ocupacional na busca por uma compreensão cada vez mais acurada sobre os comportamentos humanos no trabalho. This study examined the relationship between interpersonal styles and the individual's participation in social networks in different workplaces. Social networks are formed by emotional ties, cognitive, and resource sharing established between social actors. Differences in job performance may be related to the positioning of people in their social networks. Occupy a position of centrality in a social network enables the acquisition of important information and various forms of interpersonal influence. The achievement of these privileged positions is associated with benefits such as career success, performance and job satisfaction. Studies on personality have experienced a renaissance in the organizational, and many have shown the importance of personality traits to predict occupational outcomes. It is known that the prevalence of certain personality traits in the workplace form particular ways of living of the group, so it is important to remember that environments vary in terms of personality styles which value and give acceptance to the wearer. The interpersonal styles are behavioral strategies that describe the usual way a person interacts socially and seek acceptance and status in the communities in which it participates. In this sense, interpersonal styles are important to understand the individual's interpersonal success in their search to be accepted, recognized and have a prominent place on your workplace. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze and compare the relationship between interpersonal styles and centrality in social networks in different teams. In this study, participated 80 workers, divided into 03 teams from different companies: marketing department of a newspaper (MKT, n= 24); services registration documents (SRD, n= 20); factory mechanical (FAB, n= 36). The questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic variables, the Inventory ESEI (Interpersonal Styles Scale), and the sociometric questionnaire that enabled the calculation of the indices of centrality of trust networks. The teams were characterized in relation to socio-demographic variables, the type of workplace and the average profile of interpersonal styles. Then the interpersonal styles of the actors were correlated to their levels of centrality in the trust network, and some cases were analyzed. There were significant differences in the dimensions of interpersonal styles between teams, and correlational analysis of qualitative and interpersonal styles of key players, each team indicated that values interpersonal actors with different profiles, giving them acceptance and prestige. The results reveal the importance of the kind of workplace to understand the interpersonal styles prevalent in the team and its relations with the centrality of actors in the network of trust. The implications of the relationship between interpersonal styles, the centrality of the actors in the networks of trust and the kinds of workplace are discussed. Finally, we consider the importance of aligning the personality dimensions of occupational environment in the quest for a more accurate understanding of human behavior at work. / Salvador

A Assistência Farmacêutica (AF) é um conceito de prática profissional onde o usuário que precisa do medicamento é o mais importante beneficiário das ações do farmacêutico e dos demais profissionais de saúde que atendem este serviço, ou seja, o usuário é o centro da atenção destes profissionais. Ela, entretanto, não pode ser visualizada apenas pela função de dispensar medicamentos, mas sim como um serviço que complementa as ações em saúde, com um enfoque amplo, incorpora a multidisciplinaridade e a integralidade. O sucesso deste processo depende da participação das diferentes classes de profissionais da saúde, além dos usuários. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os papéis, as formas de comunicação e os fluxos de informação que influenciam nas operações multiprofissionais de atendimento ao usuário na Assistência Farmacêutica. Para tanto, foi escolhido o município de Arroio do Tigre/RS onde foram entrevistados os médicos, enfermeiros, técnicos de enfermagem, farmacêuticos, agentes de saúde, dentistas, psicólogos e assistentes sociais envolvidos na rede multiprofissional de Assistência Farmacêutica do município. Os dados obtidos nas entrevistas foram analisados qualitativamente, com o apoio de planilhas no software Excel para identificação de padrões entre os respondentes. Os fluxos de comunicação/informação foram analisados com o auxílio da ferramenta de análise de redes sociais, o NodeXL. O estudo permitiu observar que há uma necessidade de melhoria da comunicação e do fluxo de informação existente entre os profissionais além de um aumento da clareza do conceito do sistema entre os envolvidos na rede de atendimento ao usuário, esclarecendo as responsabilidades e papéis de cada um dentro da rede para uma gestão de atendimento na AF mais eficaz. / The Pharmaceutical Services consists of a set of people with different relations among them, exchanging lots of information on a daily basis. Thus, it cannot be seen as just a function of dispensing drugs, but as a resource complementing healthcare actions, with a wide approach that incorporates a multidisciplinary and integrality. The success of this process depends on the participation of different classes of healthcare professionals, besides users. The aim of this paper is to study the roles, the forms of communication and information flows that influence multidisciplinary operations of service to users in Pharmaceutical Services. Therefore, the city of Arroio do Tigre/RS was chosen and interviews occurred with professionals such as doctors, nurses, nursing technicians, pharmacists, health workers, dentists, psychologists and social workers involved in the city’s Pharmaceutical Services multidisciplinary network. The data obtained from the interviews were qualitatively analyzed, with the support of Microsoft Excel’s spreadsheets for the identification of patterns among the interviewed. The communication/information flows were analyzed with the aid of NodeXL, a social network analysis tool. The study concluded that there is a need of communication and information flow improvement as well as a more clarity regarding the system concept among the professionals involved in the user service network, clarifying the accountabilities and roles of each one inserted in the network for a more effective drug management.

Internet tem sido uma importante fonte para as pessoas que buscam informações de saúde. Isto é particularmente problemático na perspectiva da Web 2.0. A Web 2.0 é a segunda geração da World Wide Web, onde os usuários interagem e colaboram uns com os outros como criadores de conteúdo. A falta de qualidade das informações médicas na Web 2.0 tem suscitado preocupações com os impactos prejudiciais que podem acarretar. São muitos os aspectos relacionados à qualidade da informação que devem ser investigados, como por exemplo, existe alguma evidência de que o autor tem alguma autoridade no domínio da saúde? Há indícios de que os autores são tendenciosos? Como saber se a fonte de informação tem reputação, como separar as fontes de boa qualidade das outras? Esses questionamentos se tornam mais evidentes quando se faz buscas no Twitter. O usuário precisa por si só selecionar o conteúdo que acredita que tenha qualidade entre as centenas de resultados. Nesse contexto, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é propor e avaliar uma abordagem que permita estimar a reputação de fontes de informação no domínio da saúde. Acredita-se que discussões sobre reputação só fazem sentido quando possuem um propósito e estão inseridas em um contexto. Sendo assim, considera-se que reputação é um atributo que um usuário se apropria quando a informação que ele divulga é crível e digna de confiança. As contribuições desta tese incluem uma nova metodologia para estimar a reputação e uma estrutura topológica de rede baseada no grau de interação entre atores sociais. O estudo permitiu compreender como as métricas afetam o ordenamento da reputação. Escolher a métrica mais apropriada depende basicamente daquilo que se quer representar. No nosso caso, o Pagerank funcionou como um “contador de arcos” representando apenas uma medida de popularidade daquele nó. Verificou-se que popularidade (ou uma posição de destaque na rede) não necessariamente se traduz em reputação no domínio médico. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que a metodologia de ordenamento e a topologia da rede obtiveram sucesso em estimar a reputação. Além disso, foi verificado que o ambiente Twitter desempenha um papel importante na transmissão da informação e a “cultura” de encaminhar uma mensagem permitiu inferir processos de credibilidade e consequentemente a reputação. / The Internet is an important source for people who are seeking healthcare information. This is particularly problematic in era of Web 2.0. The Web 2.0 is a second generation of World Wide Web, where users interact and collaborate with each other as creators of content. Many concerns have arisen about the poor quality of health-care information on the Web 2.0, and the possibility that it leads to detrimental effects. There are many issues related to information quality that users continuously have to ask, for example, is there any evidence that the author has some authority in health domain? Are there clues that the authors are biased? How shall we know what our sources are worth, how shall we be able to separate the bad sources from the good ones? These questions become more obvious when searching for content in Twitter. The user then needs to manually pick out high quality content among potentially thousands of results. In this context, the main goal of this work is to propose an approach to infer the reputation of source information in the medical domain. We take into account that, discussion of reputation is usually not meaningful without a specific purpose and context. Thus, reputation is an attribute that a user comprises, and the information disseminated by him is credible and worthy of belief. Our contributions were to provide a new methodology to Rank Reputation and a new network topological structure based on weighted social interaction. The study gives us a clear understanding of how measures can affect the reputation rank. Choosing the most appropriate measure depends on what we want to represent. In our case, the PageRank operates look alike “edges counts” as the “popularity” measures. We noticed that popularity (or key position in a graph) does not necessarily refer to reputation in medical domain. The results shown that our rank methodology and the network topology have succeeded in achieving user reputation. Additionally, we verified that in Twitter community, trust plays an important role in spreading information; the culture of “retweeting” allowed us to infer trust and consequently reputation.

This dissertation studies partnerships among non- governmental organizations (NGOs) and the resulting consequences of these collaborations. The presence of NGOs in the international system is recognized with scholarly works examining what they are, what they do, and what is their role. However, it is also necessary to systematically analyze the causes for collaborations among NGOs and the following consequences. I ask what determines for NGOs to partner with one another. And, who benefits from these collaborations? I carefully place my study within the broader context of the main international relations paradigms and within the specific debates concerning the NGOs. Using social network analysis, quantitative tools, and in-depth interviews I find that similarity is a main determinant for NGOs to collaborate with one another. Importantly, my findings show that not only shared altruistic goals, as proposed by the dominant literature, but also shared strategic goals matter in the choices for partners. I further show that shared altruistic and strategic goals also influence who the final beneficiaries from the collaborations are. My findings reveal that less often vulnerable populations receive a direct help, even when the organizations advance principled goals. I conclude that NGOs have not only altruistic goals but also strategic needs and wants. The forging of their partnerships and the outcomes of their collaborations are influenced by these distinct goals. NGOs, as strategic actors, make complex decisions, that momentously bring a limited impact on vulnerable populations and the international system overall.