A pesar de la importancia de los parques nacionales para la conservación de la biodiversidad y de paisajes únicos y representativos de la biosfera, la gestión de muchas de estas áreas enfrentan serias dificultades, determinadas por una variedad de deficiencias, entre las cuales destacan sistemas de monitoreo que no abordan de manera integral sus principales problemas de gestión. La presente investigación examina los factores influyentes dentro de la efectividad de manejo de estas áreas, utilizando las metodologías DPSIR, ANP y ARS, con miras a proponer nuevos enfoques metodológicos que contribuyan a incrementar la eficiencia en pro del cumplimiento de sus objetivos de conservación. El enfoque DPSIR permitirá organizar un conjunto de factores influyentes a considerar en el sistema de gestión y aclara las relaciones de causa-efecto hacia una gestión más eficaz y eficiente, mediante la identificación de las fuerzas motrices, presiones, estado, impactos y respuestas en el sistema de gestión. El Proceso Analítico de Redes (ANP) se utiliza para modelar el problema de decisión y la red de criterios y alternativas estructuradas en grupos, a fin de priorizar su importancia en función de los objetivos de manejo. Este enfoque proporciona un lenguaje común de gestión para una mejor integración del sistema de gestión en los otros sistemas de la administración pública, con la activa participación de los principales actores, incluyendo las comunidades locales. El Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS) servirá para describir las relaciones existentes entre todos los actores vinculados entre sí en forma significativa con el manejo y conservación del área protegida, documentando los patrones estructurales que surgen entre ellos dentro de la compleja red de interacciones del Parque Nacional, con influencia o autoridad en su manejo. / Díaz Martín, D. (2015). Aplicación de las metodologias DPSIR, ANP y ARS en el manejo y conservacion del Parque Nacional Waraira Repano, Venezuela [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48804 / TESIS

There is still very little known about network dynamics (Bell et al., 2006), especially when focusing on interorganisational networks (Provan et al., 2007). There is also limited empirical evidence on leadership within these complex network contexts (Davenport, 2005; Osborn et al., 2002). This thesis addresses these limitations by developing a theoretical framework for process leadership in the complex, often unpredictable and turbulent context of the interorganisational networked ecosystem. Understanding the complexity of networks and leadership is crucial to advancing network research, which this study aims to accomplish. Although previous studies indicate leader characteristics and behaviours (Huxham & Vangen, 2000), less evidence on the processes and dynamics of leadership within networks exists. Few studies have longitudinally examined the multiple boundaries and multi-level interactions within a complex interorganisational network, as the unit of analysis, as this thesis achieves. Moreover, little research has been conducted to understand network leadership processes, which represents a major gap in the network theory and complexity leadership literatures. In order to address these gaps as well as the gap between the two literatures, this thesis presents a comprehensive, longitudinal case investigation of network process leadership (NPL) within an interorganisational network embedded in the British National Health Service (NHS). By analysing processual dynamics, this thesis’s contribution is the foundation of a preliminary NPL framework. Based on analysing a public sector healthcare network over time, the findings emphasise four dominant thematic constructs surrounding NPL that emerged as highly significant: leveraging strategic system stressors and turbulence; adopting focal and non-focal roles; maximising social proximity; and the complementary, reciprocal formal and informal coproduction of leadership. These constructs provide the empirical and analytical grounds to help explain the critical leadership processes that drive a complex, interorganisational public sector network. Significantly, social capital dimensions underlie these interrelated higher order themes; thereby affecting wider inter-organisational network processes. As a primary contribution of this thesis, I argue that social capital is the critical concept linking network and complexity leadership theories, in order to provide a better understanding of NPL. The findings suggest network leadership calls for NPL and its relational, collective, facilitative approach involving social capital among multiple participants in a complex interorganisational network context. This is highly differentiated from studying unidirectional effects of a hierarchical, central leader within a single organisation. Theoretically, I argue the importance of social capital in the complex nature of leadership processes within interorganisational networked contexts. The research contributes to an understanding of how networks and social capital can be adapted or created by formal and informal leaders within networks to reflect changing processes to shape practices and network-wide development over time. Finally, I offer several operational mechanisms policymakers and network leaders could pragmatically employ to manage, lead, and facilitate interorganisational network processes. Overall, the significance of this study involves: filling gaps in the literature, offering a longitudinal case study on an interorganisational network over time, providing a foundation for theoretical development on leading in networks, illuminating insights into professional leadership within networks, and identifying policy and practical implications for leaders and managers.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-04-29T13:34:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Gonçalves_.pdf: 7823321 bytes, checksum: ae0eb62f4bd23f6f3fe8277e01b01afd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:34:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Gonçalves_.pdf: 7823321 bytes, checksum: ae0eb62f4bd23f6f3fe8277e01b01afd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-19 / Nenhuma / A falta de uma relação quantitativa direta com o resultado da organização torna difícil a decisão sobre qual melhoria deve primeiro receber os recursos disponíveis. Por esta decisão ser uma tarefa difícil e dependente da experiência do gestor, o uso de métodos quantitativos como apoio a tomada de decisão pode torná-la mais assertiva. Este trabalho tem como objetivo explorar a metodologia de análise multicritério para priorização de melhorias intangíveis do processo produtivo, de forma alinhada com o posicionamento estratégico da organização. Para atender este objetivo, esta pesquisa propõe um modelo para priorização de melhorias intangíveis do processo produtivo, empregando a ferramenta estratégica SWOT para agrupar os fatores relevantes, em um cenário de melhoria de processo, para uma empresa do setor ceramista. Esses fatores foram agrupados em clusters e utilizados para construção de uma rede para representar as suas relações de dependência. Em virtude da dependência existente entre os fatores, foi aplicado o método multicritério Analytic Network Process (ANP) o qual analisa, conjuntamente, a influência dos fatores para a priorização de alternativas representadas por melhorias intangíveis em um ambiente produtivo. Tanto os fatores quanto a rede do problema foram definidos por uma equipe de análise composta por gestores e especialistas. Como resultado, apresenta a priorização das melhorias intangíveis, resultado da construção das matrizes não ponderada, ponderada e aplicação da propriedade de matriz limite. Através da realização de uma análise de sensibilidade aos pesos dos clusters, foi verificada a robustez da priorização obtida. / The lack of a direct quantitative relation with the result of the organization makes it difficult to decide which improvements must first receive the resources available. For this decision to be a difficult task and dependent on manager’s experience, the use of methods to support quantitative decision-making can make it more assertive. This study aims to explore the multi-criteria analysis methodology for prioritization of intangible improvements in the production process, in alignment with the strategic positioning of the organization. In order to achieve this objective, this research proposes a model for prioritization of intangible improvements in the production process, using the SWOT analysis tool for clustering the relevant factors in a process improvement scenario for a company of ceramist sector. These factors were clustered and used to build a network to represent their dependency relationships. Due to the interdependence of the factors, the multi-criteria method Analytic Network Process (ANP) was applied to analyze together, the influence of the factors for prioritizing alternative represented by intangible improvements in a productive environment. Both factors and problem network were defined by a team composed of managers and specialists. As a result, this research presents the prioritization of intangible improvements, as the result of the construction of unweighted and weighted matrices followed by the application of the limit process of the weighted matrix. By performing a sensitivity analysis to the weights of the clusters, the robustness of the obtained prioritization has been verified.

本研究旨在探討教育學門系所評鑑的理論和執行相關課題，並建構教育學門系所評鑑指標權重體系，提供執行教育學門系所評鑑之參考。經由文獻分析，初擬教育學門系所評鑑指標，選取系所評鑑委員和系所主管共計16人為研究對象，使用模糊德懷術建構教育學門系所評鑑指標體系架構，再以網絡分析法建立評鑑指標的相對權重體系。研究結果指出，教育學門系所評鑑指標體系包含行政管理、環境設備、課程規劃、教師教學、學生學習、專業表現、經營成效等七個向度和17個次向度與65項評鑑指標。最後，本研究針對主管教育行政機關、辦理教育學門系所評鑑單位、教育學門系所及後續研究者提出具體建議。 / The study explored the relevant theoretical foundation and practical issues about the evaluation for educational departments and graduate schools. The study also proposed an evaluation indicator weighting system for educational departments and graduate schools in higher education. By reviewing relevant academic literature, the preliminary evaluative indicators were proposed. Sixteen experts who are university program evaluators or chairpersons of departments and graduate schools were the testing samples. This study adopted the Fuzzy Delphi method to build a framework of the evaluation indicator system. In addition, the relative weight of each evaluation indicator was assessed by the Analysis Network Process. The results showed that the conceptual framework of the evaluation indicator system containing 7 dimensions, 17 sub-dimensions, and 65 indicators. The seven dimensions are administrative management, environment and equipments, curriculum planning, faculty’s teaching, student’s learning, professional performance, and operative outcomes. Finally, suggestions were proposed to educational authority, institutions of program evaluation, educational departments and graduate schools, and further researchers.

iv In this study, an Analytic Network Process (ANP) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based approach was developed in order to measure the performance of customer-based Research and Development projects being executed in T&Uuml / BTAKSAGE, Defense Research and Development Institute, under the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. In order to evaluate project performance, many criteria, containing various subcriteria were determined. In order to handle the interdependencies among the criteria and the sub-criteria, ANP was used. The ANP model generated in this study is a hybrid model consisting of both a hierarchy and a network. The pairwise comparison matrices that were built up for defining the importance and influences of the criteria/sub-criteria in the ANP model were formed as interval judgments from a group decision making process, based on data obtained from a questionnaire conducted among the experts in the Institute. From the interval pairwise comparison matrices, weight intervals for the sub-criteria were determined and these bounds were used as assurance region constraints in a super-efficiency DEA model, through which the project ranking was obtained. Taking into consideration that there may occur some missing values in some projects for some of the sub-criteria, the superefficiency DEA model was extended to handle missing data. The model was applied to a real case study on performance evaluation of the ongoing customer-based projects in the Institute. For comparison purposes, the case study was also solved by two other approaches.

本研究旨在參照美國跨州學校領導標準證照聯合會（ISLLC）所提出的「ISLLC學校領導者標準」為例，藉以建構出國民中小學校長領導能力指標權重體系。研究方法運用分析網路程序法（ANP），研究工具則採用編修之「國民中小學校長領導能力指標權重體系調查問卷」，並以校長學、校長培育、學校行政等領域之13位學者專家為研究對象，對國民中小學校長領導能力指標之內容進行重要性評比。 本研究依據研究結果，得到以下二項研究結論： 一、學校文化與教學方案為最重要之校長領導能力向度 二、提升教師專業能力為最重要之校長領導能力指標 而依據研究結論，本研究提出以下建議，以作為教育行政機關、校長培育機構等之參考。 一、對教育行政機關之建議 （一）儘速研擬設立校長培育標準及專責單位 （二）校長領導能力指標可作為校長評鑑與校長證照制度之基礎 二、對校長培育機構之建議 （一）校長培育課程中其校長領導能力的規劃，以「學校文化的建立」與「教師能力的提升」作為初階能力的養成 （二）「提升教師專業能力」、「合作發展與共享」、「發展績效評估系統」作為校長培育課程的首要目標 此外，本研究亦針對後續研究者在研究對象、研究方法及研究範圍等三方面，提出相關建議。 關鍵字：校長領導能力、校長培育課程、分析網路程序法 / The purpose of this study is to construct a weight system of principal’s leadership competence indicators for the elementary and junior high school, and this study refer to “Interstate school leaders licensure consortium: Standards for school leaders” as an example. The main method of this study is Analytic Network Process (ANP). The research instrument of this study is a modified questionnaire which is used to survey the elementary and junior high principal’s leadership competence. 13 scholar experts most in principalship, principal preparation and school administration are taken as the research object to estimate the importance of indicator for the elementary and junior high school principal’s leadership competence. According to the research results, two conclusions are as follows: 1. School culture and instructional program is the most important dimension of school principals' leadership competence. 2. Enhancement of the professional competence of teachers is the most important indicator of school principals' leadership competence. This study provides the following suggestions from the conclusions to the educational administrations and the organizations of principal preparation for reference: 1. For education administration authority (1) Plan to establish the standards of principal preparation and set up an unit in charge of them. (2) The indicator of school principals' leadership competence can be a basis of principal evaluation and principals’ licensure. 2. For the institutes of principal preparation (1) Planning of principals' leadership capacity in the principal preparation courses as entry-level capacities are “The establishment of school culture” and “The enhancement of the professional competence of teachers”. (2) The principal of the primary objective of the course are “The enhancement of the professional competence of teachers”, “The cooperation and development and sharing”, and “The development of performance evaluation system”. In addition, this study also provides future researchers in three areas of the object of study, research methods and scope of the study to make recommendations. Keywords: principal leadership capacity, principal preparation program, analytic network process

This dissertation describes the development of a requirements analysis methodology that takes into account the concept of operations and the hierarchical decomposition of aerospace systems. At the core of the methodology, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) is used to ensure the traceability between the qualitative and quantitative information present in the hierarchical model. The proposed methodology is implemented to the requirements definition of a hurricane tracker Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Three research objectives are identified in this work; (1) improve the requirements mapping process by matching the stakeholder expectations with the concept of operations, systems and available resources; (2) reduce the epistemic uncertainty surrounding the requirements and requirements mapping; and (3) improve the requirements down-selection process by taking into account the level of importance of the criteria and the available resources. Several challenges are associated with the identification and definition of requirements. The complexity of the system implies that a large number of requirements are needed to define the systems. These requirements are defined early in the conceptual design, where the level of knowledge is relatively low and the level of uncertainty is large. The proposed methodology intends to increase the level of knowledge and reduce the level of uncertainty by guiding the design team through a structured process. To address these challenges, a new methodology is created to flow-down the requirements from the stakeholder expectations to the systems alternatives. A taxonomy of requirements is created to classify the information gathered during the problem definition. Subsequently, the operational and systems functions and measures of effectiveness are integrated to a hierarchical model to allow the traceability of the information. Monte Carlo methods are used to evaluate the variations of the hierarchical model elements and consequently reduce the epistemic uncertainty. The proposed methodology is applied to the design of a hurricane tracker Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to demonstrate the origin and impact of requirements on the concept of operations and systems alternatives. This research demonstrates that the hierarchical modeling methodology provides a traceable flow-down of the requirements from the problem definition to the systems alternatives phases of conceptual design.

[EN] In an inland terminal of containers with dangerous goods, operational, safety & security and environmental criteria are usually in conflict in the decision making process of the layout's design. But this conflict can be only a result of a partial analysis where not all involved criteria are being considered. If we really consider all criteria that should affect a decision perhaps the conflict between operational, safety & security and environmental aspects disappears. Decisions about machines and the layout in an inland terminal with dangerous goods must consider aspects as hazards of products, reliability, evacuation time, etc., jointly with other economical and operational criteria. Through this research, we are going to develop a holistic analysis based on the multicriteria theory (AHP - Analytic hierarchic process / ANP - Analytic network process) to provide terminals' decision makers with a methodology in order to design the layout of an inland terminal in a more productivity, safety, environment-friendly and efficient way. This methodology is addressed to decision makers of existent inland terminals for the management of change or to design new parts of the business, and also to freight forwarding companies' decision makers that see inland terminals of containers as a strategic business. Outputs of this methodology are optimal solutions not only from the point of view of productivity and operational efficiency, but also environment-friend and safety terminals. We think that this principle can be fulfilled with actual technology and this is the core of this research. Other way, a sensitive analysis using the methodology will be followed up to analyze what is the influence of the environmental and safety criteria in the decision process outputs. / [ES] En una terminal de contenedores con mercancías peligrosas, los criterios operacionales, de seguridad y protección y los medioambientales suelen ser contrapuestos en un proceso de toma de decisión en relación con el diseño del layout. Sin embargo esta contraposición se debe únicamente a un análisis parcial en el que no se han considerado todos los criterios que pueden influir. Si realmente consideramos todos los criterios que influyen en la toma de decisión, ese conflicto entre aspectos operacionales, seguridad y protección y medioambientales puede desaparecer. Las decisiones sobre máquinas y el layout en una terminal interior con mercancías peligrosas deben considerar aspectos como la peligrosidad de las sustancias, la fiabilidad de los equipos, el tiempo de evacuación, etc., juntamente con otros criterios de carácter económico y operacional. En esta investigación vamos a desarrollar un análisis holístico basado en la teoría de decisión multicriteria (AHP - Analytic hierarchic process /ANP - Analytic network process) para proveer a las personas que toman decisiones sobre el layout en una terminal interior con mercancías peligrosas de una metodología para diseñar el layout de forma más productiva, segura, medioambiental y eficiente. Esta metodología va dirigida a gestionar adecuadamente el cambio en terminales interiores ya existentes o diseñar nuevas áreas de la terminal, así como a operadores logísticos que vean en las terminales interiores de contenedores una oportunidad de negocio. Los resultados de aplicar esta metodología son soluciones eficientes tanto desde el punto de vista productivo y operacional, como desde el punto de vista de la seguridad y el medio ambiente. Entendemos que puede hacerse realidad con la tecnología actual y ese es el corazón de esta investigación. En cualquier caso, se seguirá un análisis de sensibilidad para evaluar el grado de influencia de los criterios medioambientales y seguridad en los resultados del proceso de toma de decisión. / [CAT] En una terminal de contenidors amb mercaderies perilloses, els criteris operacionals, de seguretat i protecció i els mediambientals solen ser contraposats en un procés de presa de decisió en relació amb el disseny del layout. No obstant aquesta contraposició es deu únicament a un anàlisis parcial en el qual no s'han considerat tots els criteris que poden influir. Si realment considem tots els criteris que influeixen en la presa de decisió, aquest conflicte entre aspectes operacionals, seguretat i protecció i mediambientals pot desaparèixer. Les decisions sobre màquines i el layout en una terminal interior amb mercaderies perilloses han de considerar aspectes com la perillositat de les substàncies, la fiabilitat dels equips, el temps d'evacuació, etc., juntament amb altres criteris de caràcter econòmic i operacional. En aquesta investigació desenvoluparem una anàlisis holístic basat en la teoria de decisió multicriteria (AHP - Analytic hierarchic process / ANP - Analytic network process) per proveir a les persones que prenen decisions sobre el layout en una terminal interior amb mercaderies perilloses d'una metodologia per dissenyar el layout de forma mes productiva segura, mediambiental i eficient Aquesta metodologia va dirigida a gestionar adequadament el canvi en terminals interiors ja existents o dissenyar noves àrees de la terminal, així com a operadors logístics que vegin en les terminals interiors de contenidors una oportunitat de negoci. Els resultats d'aplicar aquesta metodologia son solucions eficients tant des del punt de vista productiu i operacional, com des del punt de vista de la seguretat i el mediambient. Entenem que pot fer-se realitat amb la tecnologia actual i aquest és el cor d'aquesta investigació. En qualsevol cas, es seguirà un anàlisis de sensibilitat per avaluar el grau d'influència dels criteris mediambientals i seguretat en els resultats del procès de presa de decisió. / Santarremigia Rosaleny, FE. (2016). Diseño básico del layout de una terminal interior de contenedores con mercancías peligrosas a través de la priorización de alternativas aplicando la teoría de decisión multicriteria (métodos AHP y ANP) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61961 / TESIS

[ES] Las áreas naturales protegidas del Ecuador enfrentan varias amenazas ambientales, de entre las cuales, el pastoreo es una de las más graves en varios Parques Nacionales (PN), incluyendo el Parque Nacional Cotopaxi (PNC). Desde la gestión de algunos parques nacionales se están proponiendo alternativas de acción para compaginar los objetivos de conservación ambiental de los PN con el pastoreo, al mismo tiempo que se promueve el desarrollo social y económico de los ganaderos del lugar y de otros actores sociales que dependen de los recursos naturales del PNC. En este contexto se enmarca la propuesta de esta tesis para la evaluación participativa de la sostenibilidad del pastoreo en los PN. Para elaborar la metodología de trabajo, que se aplica al PNC pero se propone extenderla a otros PN comparables, se han utilizado tres conocidas herramientas: el Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS), el Análisis de Poder (AP) y el Proceso Analítico de Red (Analytic Network Process, ANP). El ARS fue aplicado para obtener la red social que modela el pastoreo en el PNC. Esta técnica permitió identificar hasta 169 actores relacionados con la sostenibilidad del pastoreo en el PNC. De estos, 39 pudieron ser entrevistados y el resto hubo que descartarlos por diversos motivos. El ARS permitió evaluar la importancia el intercambio de información sobre el pastoreo entre los diferentes actores, así como también sus vínculos y flujos de información. El AP fue desarrollado para completar la estimación de la importancia de los actores evaluados. Se analizaron los poderes visible, oculto e invisible para conocer el poder real de los actores. Esto permitirá elegir a los actores más influyentes para la participación en la evaluación de la sostenibilidad del pastoreo en el PNC. Y por otro lado, el AP permite estudiar qué pasaría si el poder de estos actores se incluyera en el modelo de evaluación participativa desarrollado con ANP. El ANP permite modelar un problema de evaluación como un problema de decisión, incluyendo las diversas variables o criterios que determinan la sostenibilidad del pastoreo. También permite incluir a los actores sociales en la evaluación de las alternativas de solución. En la metodología presentada, un panel de expertos en manejo de áreas naturales determinó el modelo de evaluación, esto es, la red de criterios de valoración y las alternativas de solución agrupadas en clústeres. Y un panel con los actores elegidos tras la aplicación del ARS y el AP evaluó la importancia de los criterios y la sostenibilidad de las alternativas. Los resultados de la investigación confirman que los actores sociales tienen diferentes intereses, sensibilidades y formas de comprender la sostenibilidad. Además se pudo identificar estos intereses y estimar su importancia. Gracias a la aplicación del modelo ANP, los actores que participaron comprenden mejor sus juicios y los de los otros actores. Así, una participación mejor fundada fue obtenida y el consenso, o al menos acuerdos generales, son más probables. También, se consiguió un mayor compromiso hacia el objetivo general de conservación del PNC, ya que el modelo de decisión facilita el diseño de alternativas de solución para disminuir el posible perjuicio para algunos actores, o para el ambiente. Finalmente, en relación a los resultados, para el caso de la sostenibilidad del pastoreo en el PNC, los principales criterios que deben ser tenidos en cuenta son: Contaminación atmosférica debido a la quema de pajonales, y Contaminación de aguas superficiales, y entre las estrategias para llevar a cabo un pastoreo más sostenible son: Desarrollo de alternativas productivas al pastoreo y Control de ingreso del ganado/Delimitación física del parque. / [CA] Les àrees naturals protegides de l'Equador, enfronten diverses amenaces ambientals, d'entre les quals, el pasturatge és una de les més greus en diversos Parcs Nacionals (PN), incloent el Parc Nacional Cotopaxi (PNC). Des de la gestió d'alguns parcs nacionals s'estan proposant alternatives d'acció per compaginar els objectius de conservació ambiental dels PN amb la pastura, al mateix temps que es promou el desenvolupament social i econòmic dels ramaders del lloc i d'altres actors socials que depenen dels recursos naturals del PNC. En aquest context s'emmarca la proposta d'aquesta tesi per a l'avaluació participativa de la sostenibilitat del pasturatge en els PN. Per elaborar la metodologia de treball, que s'aplica a l'PNC però es proposa estendre-la a altres PN comparables, s'han utilitzat tres cnocidas eines: de l'anàlisi de xarxes socials (ARS), l'Anàlisi de Poder (AP) i Procés Analític de Xarxa (Analytic Network Process, ANP). El ARS va ser aplicat per obtenir la xarxa social que modela el pasturatge en el PNC. Aquesta tècnica va permetre identificar fins a 169 actors relacionats amb la sotenibilitat del pasturatge en el PNC. D'aquests, 39 van poder ser entrevistats i la resta va caldre descartar-los per diversos motius. El ARS va permetre avaluar la importància dels actors per a la comunicaió sobre el pasturatge, així com també els seus vincles i fluxos d'informació. El AP va ser desenvolupat per completar l'estimació de la importància dels actors avaluats. Es van analitzar, els poders visible, ocult i invisible per conèixer el poder real dels actors. Això permetrà elegir els actors més influents per a la participació en l'avaluació de la sostenibilitat del pasturatge en el PNC. I d'altra banda, permet estudiar què passaria si el poder d'aquests actors s'inclogués en el model d'avaluació participativa desenvolupat amb ANP. El ANP permet modelar un problema d'avaluació com un problema de decisió, incloent les diverses variables o criteris que determinen la sostenibilitat del pasturatge, i incloure als actors socials en l'avaluació de les alternatives de solució. En la metodologia presentada, un panell d'experts en maneig d'àrees naturals va determinar el model d'avaluació, això és la xarxa de criteris de valoració i les alternatives de solució agrupades en clústers. I un panell amb els actors triats després de l'aplicació de l'ARS i el AP va avaluar la importància dels criteris i la sostenibilitat de les alternatives. Els resultats de la investigació confirmen que els actors socials tenen diferents interessos, sensibilitats i formes de comprendre la sostenibilitat. A més es va poder identificar aquests interessos i estimar la seva importància. Gràcies a l'aplicació del model ANP, els actors que van participar comprenen millor els seus interessos i els dels altres actors. Així, una participació millor fundada va ser obtinguda i el consens, o almenys acords generals, són més probables. També, s'aconsegueix un major compromís cap a l'objectiu general de conservació ja que el model de decisió facilita la millora del disseny d'alternatives de solució per disminuir el possible perjudici per a alguns actors, o per l'ambient. Finalment, en relació als resultats, per al cas de la sostenibilitat del pasturatge en el PNC, els principals criteris que s'han de tenir en compte són: Contaminació atmosfèrica causa de la crema de pastiales, i Contaminació d'aigües superficials. Entre les estratègies per dur a terme un pasturatge més sostenible són: Desenvolupament d'alternatives productives al pasturatge i Control d'ingrés de bestiar / Delimitació física del parc. / [EN] The natural protected areas of Ecuador face several environmental threats, among which grazing is one of the most serious in several National Parks (PN), including Cotopaxi National Park (PNC). From the management of some national parks, alternatives for action are being proposed to reconcile PN's environmental conservation objectives with grazing, while promoting the social and economic development of local livestock farmers and other social actors that depend of the PNC's natural resources. In this context, the proposal of this thesis for the participatory evaluation of the sustainability of grazing in NPs is framed. In order to elaborate the work methodology, which is applied to the PNC but is proposed to be extended to other comparable PNs, three tools have been used: Social Network Analysis (SNA), Power Analysis (AP) and Analytical Network Process (ANP). The ARS was applied to obtain the social network that models grazing in the PNC. This technique allowed the identification of up to 169 stakeholders related to the sustainability of grazing in the PNC. Of these, 39 could be interviewed and the rest had to be discarded for various reasons. The SNA allowed evaluating the importance of the actors for communication about grazing, as well as their links and flows of information. The AP was developed to complete the estimation of the importance of the actors evaluated. They visible, hidden and invisible powers were analyzed to know the real power of the actors. This will allow choosing the most influential actors for participation in the evaluation of the sustainability of grazing in the PNC. In addition, on the other hand, it allows studying what would happen if the power of these actors were included in the participatory evaluation model developed with ANP. The ANP can model an evaluation problem as a decision problem, including the various variables or criteria that determine the sustainability of grazing, and including social actors in the evaluation of alternative solutions. In the methodology presented, a panel of experts in natural area management determined the evaluation model, i.e. the network of valuation criteria and solution alternatives sorted in clusters. Following, a panel with the chosen actors after the application of the ARS and the AP evaluated the importance of the criteria and the sustainability of the alternatives. The research results confirm that social actors have different interests, sensitivities and ways of understanding sustainability. Furthermore, these interests could be identified and their importance assessed. Thanks to the application of the ANP model, the actors who participated understand better their interests and those of the other actors. Thus, a better founded participation was obtained and consensus, or at least general agreements, are more likely. Besides, a greater commitment towards the general objective of conservation is achieved since the decision model facilitates the improvement of the design of alternative solutions for reducing the possible harm to some actors, or to the environment. Finally, in relation to the results, in the case of sustainability of grazing in the PNC, the main criteria that should be taken into account are: Atmospheric pollution due to burning of grasslands, and Contamination of surface waters. Among strategies to carry out a more sustainable grazing, most preferred are: Development of productive alternatives to grazing and Control of cattle entry / Physical delimitation of the park. / A la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, a través del Centro de Cooperación al Desarrollo (programa ADSIDEO 2011) y al Departamento de Proyectos de Ingeniería. Finalmente, a la Universidad de la Fuerzas Armadas – ESPE, a través del Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y la Construcción, por haberme brindado la colaboración necesaria para el desarrollo de ésta investigación. / Jácome Enríquez, WO. (2021). Aplicación del ANP y el ARS a la evaluación participativa de la sostenibilidad del pastoreo en las áreas naturales protegidas. Caso de estudio: Parque nacional Cotopaxi [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/168769 / TESIS

Over the past few decades, environmental changes have led to more frequent occurrences and greater intensities of natural disasters worldwide. In terms of globally connected supply chains, this has resulted in an enormous economical loss for corporations. Therefore, Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery (BC/DR) planning and management has become essential for businesses in order to protect their critical business flow. Yet there is a lack of systematic and transparent methodologies for companies to handle this problem. Hence, this thesis introduces a novel approach to combine consecutive steps of the Disaster Recovery Planning (DRP) process within one application. The multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) tool called the Analytic Network Process (ANP) is employed to identify critical products of a business and match them with optimal disruption mitigation strategies based on an evaluation of benefits, opportunities, costs, and risks (BOCR). To validate the method developed in this thesis, a case study using historical data of a U.S. company (Company XYZ) is introduced. The results of the ANP mathematical modeling demonstrate that the developed methodology provides a valuable approach to analyze and confirm BC/DR planning decisions. Moreover, an expert of Company XYZ confirmed that the suggested solution established through this case study is in agreement with the preferable choice based on his expertise and professional decision-making. Further research could extend the proposed methodology to other fields of BC/DR planning, such as IT Disaster Recovery Planning or Human Disaster Relief.