Objective: Activated astroglia is involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and has also been described in animal models of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Given the urgent need of biomarkers for treatment monitoring of new RNA-modifying and gene replacement therapies in SMA, we examined glial fibrillary acidic protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (cGFAP) as a marker of astrogliosis in SMA. - Methods: 58 adult patients and 21 children with genetically confirmed 5q-associated SMA from four German motor neuron disease specialist care centers and 30 age- and sex-matched controls were prospectively included in this study. cGFAP was measured and correlated to motor performance and disease severity. Additionally, we compared fL). - Results: cGFAP concentrations did not differ from controls but showed higher levels in more severely affected patients after adjustment for patients’ age. Normalized cNfL values were associated with disease severity. Within 14 months of nusinersen treatment, cGFAP concentrations did not change, while cNfL decreased significantly. - Interpretation: cGFAP is not an outstanding biomarker in SMA, but might support the hypothesis that glial activation is involved in SMA pathology. Unlike previously suggested, cNfL may be a promising biomarker also in adult patients with SMA, which should be subject to further investigations.

Die Liquordiagnostik im Rahmen von Demenzerkrankungen ist trotz neuer diagnostischer Möglichkeiten im Bereich der PET(Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie)-Bildgebung weiterhin von hoher klinischer Relevanz. Insbesondere für die Alzheimer-Erkrankung existieren validierte Biomarker, die die Diagnose untermauern und bei der diagnostischen Abgrenzung anderer Demenzätiologien hilfreich sein können.Während unauffällige Liquorbefunde mit negativen Demenz- und Destruktionsmarkern die überwiegende Mehrzahl neurodegenerativer Demenzursachen mit hoher diagnostischer Sicherheit ausschließen, stellen in der klinischen Praxis vor allem überlappende Biomarkerprofile bei primär neurodegenerativen Demenzursachen ein substanzielles Problem bei der Befundinterpretation dar. Deshalb bedarf die Liquorbefundinterpretation stets einer kontextualisierten Betrachtung unter Würdigung der klinischen Symptomatik und Verlaufscharakteristika des entsprechenden demenziellen Syndroms. Außerdem stellen auchMischbefunde eine häufige diagnostische Herausforderung dar, ür deren Interpretation es profunder Kenntnisse im Bereich von Präanalytik, möglicher Liquorbefundkonstellationen und natürlich der verschiedenen in Betracht kommenden Demenzätiologien bedarf. Auch Liquorbiomarker für Synukleinopathien, Tauopathien sowie TDP43(Transactive response DNA binding protein 43 kDa)-Proteinopathien sind Gegenstand aktueller Untersuchungen, wenngleich diese noch nicht den Weg in die klinische Routinediagnostik gefunden haben.

A growing body of evidence shows that presynaptic nerve terminals throughout the nervous system are vulnerable to a range of traumatic, toxic and disease-related neurodegenerative stimuli. The aim of this study was to further characterise this vulnerability by examining the response of mouse α-motor nerve terminals at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) to hypoxia-reperfusion injury. To address this aim, a novel model system was generated in which ex vivo skeletal muscle preparations could be maintained in an hypoxic environment, at an O2 concentration below in vivo normoxic values (<0.25% O2), for 2hr followed by 2hr reperfusion (2H-2R). Using this model system combined with quantitative assessment of immunohistological preparations as well as some ultrastructural observations, I present evidence to show that α-motor nerve terminals are rapidly and selectively vulnerable to hypoxia-reperfusion injury with no apparent perturbations to postsynaptic endplates or muscle fibres. I show that the severity of α-motor nerve terminal pathology is age and muscle type/location dependent: in 8-12wk old mice, nerve terminals in fast-twitch lumbrical muscles are more vulnerable than predominantly slow-twitch transversus abdominis and triangularis sterni. In 5-6 week old mice however, there is an age dependent increase in vulnerability of α-motor nerve terminals from the predominantly slow-twitch muscles while the fast-twitch lumbricals remained unaffected by age. The functional, morphological and ultrastructural pathology observed in α-motor nerve terminals following 2H-2R is indicative of selective and ongoing nerve terminal disassembly but, occurs via a mechanism distinct from Wallerian degeneration, as the neuroprotective slow Wallerian degeneration (Wlds) gene did not protect nerve terminals from these pathological changes. I also provide provisional evidence to show that 1A/II muscle spindle afferents and γ-motor nerve terminals are more resistant to hypoxia-reperfusion injury compared with α-motor nerve terminals. In addition to this, I also report preliminary finding that indicate that the oxygen storing protein, neuroglobin, maybe expressed at the mouse NMJ and report the difficulties of using mice that express yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in their neurons for repeat/live imaging studies. Overall, these data show that the model of hypoxia-reperfusion injury developed in this study is robust and repeatable, that it induces rapid, quantitative changes in α-motor nerve terminals and that it can be used to further examine the mechanisms regulating nerve terminal vulnerability in response to hypoxia-reperfusion injuries. These findings have clinical implications for the use of surgical tourniquets and in the aetiology of many neurodegenerative diseases and neuropathic sequelae where mechanisms relating to hypoxia and hypoxia-reperfusion injury have been implicated.

The cyanobacterial neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), a non-protein amino acid, first attracted attention in correlation to reports of high incidence of the unusual neurological disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinsonism-dementia (ALS/PDC) among the people of Guam in the South Pacific Ocean. Experimental studies have revealed that BMAA causes neuronal cell death. The neurotoxin is suggested to act via excitotoxicity through interaction with glutamatergic receptors. More importantly, BMAA is suggested to misincorporate in the synthesis of proteins, and contribute to protein misfolding and/or deleterious aggregation, which are hallmarks of several neurodegenerative disorders. A selective uptake of BMAA in the rat neonatal hippocampus can interfere with brain development, causing learning and memory impairments in adult rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of BMAA in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. These cells were exposed to BMAA (10 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM or 500 μM) for 72 hours, and the expression of five selected proteins, including heat shock protein-27 (HSP-27), lysosomal associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1), CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), Golgi associated plant pathogenesis related protein-2 (GLIPR-2), and glucose regulated protein-78 (GRP-78). They were carried out with immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results revealed an increased expression of all selected proteins, which indicates an uptake and shows the effects of BMAA in the cell cultures. Taken together, BMAA caused cellular stress, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that is correlated with HSP-27, LAMP-1, CHOP, GLIPR-2, and GRP-78. Further studies are needed in order to support the results. The experiments require being repeated using the same biomarkers as well as a combination of them with other biomarkers to elucidate the effects of BMAA.

La mucopolysaccharidose de type VII (MPS VII) est une maladie génétique de surcharge lysosomale provoquée par une déficience en β-D-glucuronidase (β-glu). β-glu est impliquée dans la cascade de dégradation et de recyclage des glycosaminoglycannes (GAGs). Sa déficience provoque une accumulation vésiculaire de GAGs non dégradés engendrant in fine la mort cellulaire. Notre but est de développer et de tester la pertinence des vecteurs adénoviraux canins helper-dépendant (HD-CAV-2) pour traiter la neurodégénération provoquée par la MPS VII dans le cadre d'une thérapie génique dans le SNC de chien. Parce que les vecteurs CAV-2 transduisent préférentiellement les neurones et qu'ils sont transportés de manière rétrograde le long des axones, leurs distributions dans tout le SNC permettraient de délivrer largement la β-glu dans tout le parenchyme cérébral. Nous avons alors étudié la sureté, la durée d'expression, l'efficacité et la possible réversion du phénotype après injections dans le SNC de chiens MPS VII d'un HD-CAV-2 exprimant le gène humain de la GUSB : HD-RIGIE. Des études préliminaires ont montré la faisabilité du transfert des vecteurs HD-CAV-2 dans le SNC, qu'ils induisaient une réponse immunitaire minimale et qu'ils transduisaient préférentiellement, efficacement et largement les neurones.Nous avons produit un HD-RIGIE de qualité pour les injections intracérébrales et nous avons analysé son efficacité sur l'accumulation de GAGs non dégradés. Les injections de HD-RIGIE montrent une augmentation générale de l'activité β-glu dans tout le SNC des chiens MPS VII (sites d'injections et structures éloignées comme le cortex) et ce 1 mois ou 4 mois après les injections. L'analyse de la GFP confirme une distribution globale de HD-RIGIE dans le SNC d'animaux de grande taille. De plus, grâce aux propriétés intrinsèques de la β-glu (transport rétrograde et phénomène de libération/recapture), nous avons observé une diminution générale de l'accumulation vésiculaire neuronale des GAGs non dégradés dans tout le parenchyme cérébral. D'autre part grâce à la stratégie d'isolement et de non vaccination des chiens MPS VII, nous n'observons ni de réponse immunitaire humorale, ni d'aggravation de l'inflammation du parenchyme. / Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII) is a rare inherited lysosomal storage disease caused by β-D-glucuronidase (β-glu) deficiency. β-glu is involved in the physiological turnover of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Its deficiency causes accumulation of undegraded GAGs inside vesicles leading to cell death. Our goals are to develop and test the clinical relevance of helper-dependant (HD) canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) vectors to treat neural degeneration caused by MPS VII in a dog model. Because CAV-2 targets preferentially neurons and traffics via axons, the distribution of the transgene throughout the CNS will allow widespread delivery of the missing lysosomal enzyme in these disorders with a minimum number of injections. We tested a HD-CAV-2 vector expressing the human GUS gene in the canine model of MPS VII for their safety, efficacy, duration of expression and possible reversion of the MPS VII induced symptoms.A previous study based on HD-CAV-EGFP vector injections in MPS VII-/- and healthy dogs showed that we are now able to inject HD-CAV-2 in the dog brain, have a minimal induction of the immune response, an efficient transduction of the neurons and an efficient biodistribution of transduced cells. After the production of a suitable vector (HD-RIGIE) for injections in the CNS of MPS VII dogs we analysed its efficiency on GAGS storage in neurons.Injections of HD-RIGIE showed after 1 month or 4 months post injections a widespread increase in general level of β-glu activity, in the sites of injections and in distant areas such as cortex. Analysis of GFP, also permit to observe a widespread biodistribution of the vector. Because of β-glu property of cross-correction we observed a global decreased in GAGs storage in the entire MPS VII brains. Finally, the dogs did not present humoral immune response and no aggravation of inflammation

Ce manuscrit détaille la stratégie utilisée par nos laboratoires pour identifier de nouvelles molécules neuroprotectrices pour le traitement curatif de la maladie de Parkinson (MP). La MP est une maladie neurodégénérative caractérisée par des symptômes moteurs invalidants qui résultent de la dégénérescence des neurones dopaminergiques (DA) des noyaux gris centraux. Précédemment, nos laboratoires ont synthétisé et identifié au cours d’un criblage 3 molécules chefs de file qui possèdent un effet neurotrophique sur les neurones DA embryonnaires. Des études préliminaires d’ADMEtox nous ont permis de sélectionner la molécule SF41, un dérivé 6-aminoquinoxaline, pour une première évaluation de l’effet neuroprotecteur in vivo de nos molécules. En effet, cette molécule est bien tolérée chez l’animal et, administrée par voie orale, elle est capable de traverser la BHE. SF41 a montré un faible effet protecteur vis-à-vis des fibres DA dans un modèle animal de la MP. Dans le but d’augmenter l’activité neurotrophique de cette molécule, une 50ène de dérivés de seconde génération ont été synthètisés et criblés in vitro dans un modèle de mort spontanée des neurones DA. Ce criblage nous a permis d’identifier 5 molécules lead plus puisssantes et efficaces que SF41. Ces molécules, qui possédent les mêmes propriétés physico-chimiques que SF41, pourraient également atteindre le système nerveux central et ainsi conduire à un effet neuroprotecteur marqué dans un modèle animal de la MP. De plus, ces molécules possèdent un profil pharmacologique intéressant car elles sont capables d’empêcher la mise en place de mécanismes qui peuvent potentiellement contribuer à la mort des neurones DA dans la MP (stress oxydant, stress médié par les astrocytes, dyshoméostasie calcique, stress médié par la diminution en facteur trophique…). Une étude préliminaire avec la molécule PAQ, l’une de ces 5 molécules, a permis d’obtenir un effet neuroprotecteur dans un modèle in vivo de la MP qui semble supérieur à celui de la molécule SF41. Ces résultats encourageants nous donnent bon espoir d’obtenir la preuve de concept de l’activité neuroprotectrice de nos dérivés 6-aminoquinoxaline. / This manuscript describes the strategy used by our laboratories to identify new neuroprotective molecules for the therapy of Parkinson disease (PD). PD is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by disabling motor symptoms resulting from the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the basal ganglia. Previously, our laboratories have synthesized and identified in a screening 3 lead compound which exhibited a neurotrophic effect on embryonic midbrain DA neurons. Preliminary ADMEtox studies allowed us to select the molecule SF41, a 6-aminoquinoxaline derivative, for a first in vivo evaluation of the neuroprotective effect of our molecules in an animal model of PD. Indeed, SF41 is well tolerated in animals and is able of crossing the BBB after oral treatment. SF41 showed a weak protective effect on DA fibers in an animal model of PD.In order to increase the neurotrophic activity of this molecule, around fifty second generation derivatives were synthesized and screened in vitro in a model of spontaneous death of DA neurons. This screening allowed us to identify five lead compounds more powerful and effective than SF41. These molecules, which possess the same physico-chemical properties that SF41, could also reach the central nervous system and lead to a marked neuroprotective effect in an animal model of PD. In addition, these molecules have an interesting pharmacological profile because they are able to prevent the establishment of mechanisms that can potentially contribute to the death of DA neurons in PD (oxidative stress, stress mediated by astrocytes, calcium dyshomeostasis, stress mediated by trophic factor deprivation...).A preliminary study with the molecule PAQ, one of these five molecules, yielded a neuroprotective effect in animal model of PD that seems higher than with SF41. These encouraging results give us hope to achieve proof of concept of the neuroprotective activity of our 6-aminoquinoxaline derivatives.

Os inibidores da enzima acetilcolinesterase constituem o principal tratamento da doença de Alzheimer e fontes de substâncias naturais com potencial anticolinesterásico vêm sendo amplamente estudadas. Dentre os frutos com benefícios para a saúde, a romã é evidenciada como excelente fonte de compostos antioxidantes, sendo que maior parte dos compostos se concentram em sua casca. Com base nisso, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi buscar novas substâncias naturais com potencial anticolinesterásico, através da avaliação de extratos de casca de romã. Quatro extratos com diferentes concentrações de etanol foram analisados quanto à atividade antioxidante, quantidade de compostos fenólicos, taninos e atividade anticolinesterásica. Do presente estudo foi constatado que a casca da romã apresentou elevada capacidade antioxidante, independente da concentração do solvente de extração empregado. O extrato formulado com 80% de etanol se destacou perante os demais pelo seu poder de inibição da acetilcolinesterase. Houve correlação negativa entre a atividade anticolinesterásica e a atividade antioxidante dos extratos. A atomização do extrato não acarretou mudanças em sua atividade anticolinesterásica e nem na sua capacidade antioxidante. Da mesma forma, a adição das micropartículas a um suco elaborado a partir de um preparado em pó não modificou suas características sensoriais. Diante do exposto, a elaboração de micropartículas de extrato de casca de romã constitui alternativa viável para a incorporação em diversos produtos, com a finalidade de prevenir ou reduzir risco da doença de Alzheimer. / The acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are the primary treatment of Alzheimer\'s disease and sources of natural substances with potential anticholinesterase have been widely studied. Among the fruits with health benefits, the pomegranate is evidenced as an excellent source of antioxidant compounds, and most compounds are concentrated in its peel. Based on this, the objective of this research was to find new substances with potential anticholinesterase, through the evaluation of pomegranate peel extracts. Four extracts with different concentrations of ethanol were analyzed for their antioxidant activity, amount of phenolic compounds, tannins and anticholinesterase activity. From this study it was found that pomegranate peel showed high antioxidant capacity, independent of the concentration of the solvent extraction employed. The extract formulated with 80% ethanol in relation to other stood out by his power of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. There was a negative correlation between acetylcholinesterase activity and antioxidant activity of the extracts. Microencapsulation of extract did not cause changes in their anticholinesterase activity and antioxidant capacity. The same way, the addition of microcapsules to a powder preparation for refreshment not changed their sensory characteristics. Given the above, the preparation of microcapsules of pomegranate peel extract is a viable alternative for incorporation into various products, in order to prevent or reduce risk of Alzheimer\'s disease.

Aldeídos de colesterol (Secosterol A e Secosterol B) têm sido detectados em amostras de cérebro humano e investigados em modelos de doenças neurodegenerativas como possíveis marcadores e intermediários do processo patológico. Estes oxisteróis constituem uma classe de eletrófilos derivados de lipídeos que podem modificar e induzir agregação de proteínas. A esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) é um distúrbio neurodegenerativo associado ao acúmulo de agregados imunorreativos de superóxido dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD, SOD1). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a presença de aldeídos de colesterol em ratos modelo ELA e sua capacidade de induzir a formação de agregados de SOD1 in vitro. Aldeídos de colesterol foram analisados no plasma, medula espinhal e córtex motor de ratos ELA. Uma quantidade elevada de Secosterol B foi detectada no córtex motor desses ratos em comparação com animais controle. Adicionalmente, os experimentos in vitro mostraram que Secosterol B e Secosterol A induziram a agregação da SOD1 em uma forma amiloidogênica que se liga à tioflavina T. Esta agregação não foi observada com o colesterol e os seus hidroperóxidos. Usando aldeídos de colesterol marcados com grupo alquinil e um ensaio de click chemistry, foi observado que os agregados de SOD1 estão ligados covalentemente aos aldeídos. A modificação covalente da proteína foi confirmada por análise de MALDI-TOF, que mostrou a adição de até cinco moléculas de aldeídos de colesterol à proteína por base de Schiff. Curiosamente, a análise comparativa com outros eletrófilos derivados de lipídeos (e.g. HHE e HNE) demonstrou que a agregação de SOD1 aumentou proporcionalmente à hidrofobicidade dos aldeídos, observando-se a maioragregação com aldeídos de colesterol. Os sítios de modificação da SOD1 foram caracterizados por nanoLC-MS/MS após digestão da proteína com tripsina, onde foram identificadas lisinas como o principal aminoácido modificado. Em geral, nossos dados mostram que a oxidação do colesterol que leva à produção de aldeídos de colesterol é aumentada no cérebro de ratos ELA e que os aldeídos altamente hidrofóbicos derivados de colesterol podem promover eficientemente modificação e agregação de SOD1. / Secosterol aldehydes (Secosterol B and Secosterol A) have been detected in human brain samples and investigated in models of neurodegenerative diseases as possible markers and intermediates of the pathological process. These oxysterols constitute a class of lipid-derived electrophiles that can modify and induce aggregation of proteins. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with the accumulation of immunoreactive aggregates of superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD, SOD1). The objective of this work is to evaluate the presence of secosterol aldehydes in ALS rats and their ability to induce formation of SOD1 aggregates in vitro. Secosterol aldehydes were analyzed in plasma, spinal cord and motor cortex of ALS rats. A higher amount of Secosterol B was detected in the motor cortex of these rats compared to control animals. In addition, in vitro experiments have shown that Secosterol B and Secosterol A induce aggregation of SOD1 into an amyloidogenic form that binds to thioflavin T. This aggregation was not apparent in incubations with cholesterol and its hydroperoxides. Using alkynyl-labeled secosterol aldehydes and a click chemistry assay, it was found that the SOD1 aggregates are covalently linked to the aldehydes. Covalent modification of the protein was confirmed by MALDI-TOF analysis, which showed the addition of up to five molecules of secosterol aldehydes to the protein by Schiff base formation. Interestingly, the comparative analysis with other lipid-derived electrophiles (e.g. HHE and HNE) demonstrated that the aggregation of SOD1 increased according to the hydrophobicity of the aldehydes. Compared to the other electrophiles, a higher SOD1 aggregation was observed with secosterol aldehydes. SOD1 modification sites were characterized by nanoLC-MS/MS afterprotein digestion with trypsin, revealing lysine as the major amino acid modified in these experiments. Collectively, our data show that cholesterol oxidation leads to the production of secosterol aldehydes, which are increased in the brain of ALS rats, and that these highly hydrophobic aldehydes can efficiently promote the modification and aggregation of SOD1.

Introdução: A doença por grãos argirofílicos (DGA) é uma tauopatia esporádica distinta, bastante frequente, com uma prevalência atingindo 31,3% em centenários, porém pouco reconhecida A manifestação clínica mais comum da DGA é de um comprometimento cognitivo de lenta evolução associado a uma alta frequência de sintomas psiquiátricos. O diagnóstico de DGA é possível somente através da análise do encéfalo post-mortem com os achados das três principais alterações patológicas: grãos argirofílicos, corpúsculos em embrião e pré-emaranhados neuronais. O presente estudo investigou as características demográficas, clínicas e neuropatológicas dos indivíduos com DGA e possíveis associações clínico-patológicas. Métodos: Foram estudados 983 casos (acima de 50 anos de idade) provenientes da amostra do Banco de Encéfalos do Grupo de Estudos em Envelhecimento Cerebral. A avaliação clínica e funcional foi realizada através de uma ampla entrevista semiestruturada respondida por um informante com contato próximo com o paciente. Os participantes foram estratificados conforme a presença de comprometimento cognitivo (de acordo com Escala de Avaliação Clinica da Demência) e, posteriormente, pela presença de DGA em quatro grupos: DGA com e sem comprometimento cognitivo e não-DGA com e sem comprometimento cognitivo. Análise descritiva foi realizada para dados socioeconômicos, genótipo de APOE e variáveis clínico-funcionais, neuropsiquiátricas e neuropatológicas na amostra DGA e em cada grupo. Foi utilizado um modelo de regressão logística multivariada para investigar as associações entre perfil cognitivo e sintomas neuropsiquiátricos com DGA. Resultados: DGA foi identificada em 150 indivíduos (15,1%). Idade avançada e baixo nível socioeconômico foram associados com DGA independente da presença de comprometimento cognitivo. A presença de DGA foi associada a uma redução de 60% na probabilidade de um escore >= 3.8 no Questionário do informante sobre o Declínio Cognitivo do Idoso (OR=0,40; IC de 95% 0,22-0,74; p=0,004). Adicionalmente, o subitem apetite do inventário neuropsiquiátrico foi associado à DGA em indivíduos cognitivamente normais (OR=1,85; IC de 95% 1,09-3,12; p=0,02). Conclusão: A DGA pode preservar a cognição em indivíduos com patologias neurodegenerativas associadas em particular nos casos com patologia tipo Alzheimer concomitante. A investigação dos mecanismos subjacentes a esse efeito pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novos tratamentos para a Doença de Alzheimer / Background: Argyrophilic grain disease (AGD) is an underrecognized, distinct, highly frequent sporadic tauopathy, with prevalence reaching 31.3% in centenarians. The most common presentation of AGD is a slowly progressive amnestic mild cognitive impairment, accompanied by high frequency of neuropsychiatric symptoms. AGD can only be diagnosed postmortem by the finding of its three main pathologic features: argyrophilic grains, oligodendrocytic coiled bodies and neuronal pretangles. The present study investigated demographic, clinical, and neuropathological profiles and analyzed clinicopathological associations. Methods: We studied 983 participants (over 50 years of age) from the Brain Bank of the Brazilian Aging Brain study group sample. Clinical and functional evaluation included demographics and a semi-structured interview covering various cognitive domains conducted with a knowledgeable informant. Participants were stratified by cognitive status (based on Clinical Dementia Rating scale), followed by the presence of AGD in four groups: AGD with and without cognitive impairmet, and non-AGD with and without cognitive impairment. Descriptive statistics were used for sociodemographic data, APOE genotypes, and the clinical, cognitive, neuropsychiatric, functional, and neuropathological variables in AGD samples and in each group. We used multivariate logistic regression models to investigate the association between the cognitive status and neuropsychiatric symptoms with AGD. Results: AGD was identified in 150 participants (15.1%). Older age and lower socioeconomic status were associated with AGD independent of cognitive status. Multivariate analyses revealed that AGD was associated with a 60% reduction in the odds of having an IQCODE >= 3.8 (OR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.22-0.74, p = 0.004) and that the NPI sub-item \"appetite and eating abnormalities\" was associated with AGD in controls (OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.09-3.12, p = 0.02). Conclusion: AGD might preserve cognition in individuals with coexistent neurodegenerative pathologies, in particular those of the Alzheimer-type. Investigating whether the mechanisms underlying this effect could provide novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of Alzheimer´s disease

Aldeídos de colesterol (Secosterol A e Secosterol B) têm sido detectados em amostras de cérebro humano e investigados em modelos de doenças neurodegenerativas como possíveis marcadores e intermediários do processo patológico. Estes oxisteróis constituem uma classe de eletrófilos derivados de lipídeos que podem modificar e induzir agregação de proteínas. A esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) é um distúrbio neurodegenerativo associado ao acúmulo de agregados imunorreativos de superóxido dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD, SOD1). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a presença de aldeídos de colesterol em ratos modelo ELA e sua capacidade de induzir a formação de agregados de SOD1 in vitro. Aldeídos de colesterol foram analisados no plasma, medula espinhal e córtex motor de ratos ELA. Uma quantidade elevada de Secosterol B foi detectada no córtex motor desses ratos em comparação com animais controle. Adicionalmente, os experimentos in vitro mostraram que Secosterol B e Secosterol A induziram a agregação da SOD1 em uma forma amiloidogênica que se liga à tioflavina T. Esta agregação não foi observada com o colesterol e os seus hidroperóxidos. Usando aldeídos de colesterol marcados com grupo alquinil e um ensaio de click chemistry, foi observado que os agregados de SOD1 estão ligados covalentemente aos aldeídos. A modificação covalente da proteína foi confirmada por análise de MALDI-TOF, que mostrou a adição de até cinco moléculas de aldeídos de colesterol à proteína por base de Schiff. Curiosamente, a análise comparativa com outros eletrófilos derivados de lipídeos (e.g. HHE e HNE) demonstrou que a agregação de SOD1 aumentou proporcionalmente à hidrofobicidade dos aldeídos, observando-se a maioragregação com aldeídos de colesterol. Os sítios de modificação da SOD1 foram caracterizados por nanoLC-MS/MS após digestão da proteína com tripsina, onde foram identificadas lisinas como o principal aminoácido modificado. Em geral, nossos dados mostram que a oxidação do colesterol que leva à produção de aldeídos de colesterol é aumentada no cérebro de ratos ELA e que os aldeídos altamente hidrofóbicos derivados de colesterol podem promover eficientemente modificação e agregação de SOD1. / Secosterol aldehydes (Secosterol B and Secosterol A) have been detected in human brain samples and investigated in models of neurodegenerative diseases as possible markers and intermediates of the pathological process. These oxysterols constitute a class of lipid-derived electrophiles that can modify and induce aggregation of proteins. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with the accumulation of immunoreactive aggregates of superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD, SOD1). The objective of this work is to evaluate the presence of secosterol aldehydes in ALS rats and their ability to induce formation of SOD1 aggregates in vitro. Secosterol aldehydes were analyzed in plasma, spinal cord and motor cortex of ALS rats. A higher amount of Secosterol B was detected in the motor cortex of these rats compared to control animals. In addition, in vitro experiments have shown that Secosterol B and Secosterol A induce aggregation of SOD1 into an amyloidogenic form that binds to thioflavin T. This aggregation was not apparent in incubations with cholesterol and its hydroperoxides. Using alkynyl-labeled secosterol aldehydes and a click chemistry assay, it was found that the SOD1 aggregates are covalently linked to the aldehydes. Covalent modification of the protein was confirmed by MALDI-TOF analysis, which showed the addition of up to five molecules of secosterol aldehydes to the protein by Schiff base formation. Interestingly, the comparative analysis with other lipid-derived electrophiles (e.g. HHE and HNE) demonstrated that the aggregation of SOD1 increased according to the hydrophobicity of the aldehydes. Compared to the other electrophiles, a higher SOD1 aggregation was observed with secosterol aldehydes. SOD1 modification sites were characterized by nanoLC-MS/MS afterprotein digestion with trypsin, revealing lysine as the major amino acid modified in these experiments. Collectively, our data show that cholesterol oxidation leads to the production of secosterol aldehydes, which are increased in the brain of ALS rats, and that these highly hydrophobic aldehydes can efficiently promote the modification and aggregation of SOD1.