A hipoxantina, principal oxipurina envolvida na via de salvação das purinas no cérebro, acumula-se na doença de Lesch-Nyhan, um erro inato do metabolismo das purinas. Os sintomas clínicos manifestam-se precocemente na vida dos pacientes, incluindo alterações motoras e cognitivas, retardo mental e automutilação. Embora os mecanismos subjacentes da disfunção cerebral na doença de Lesch-Nyhan sejam pouco compreendidos, o acúmulo de hipoxantina parece contribuir para os danos neurológicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da administração intraestriatal de hipoxantina em ratos infantis e adultos jovens submetidos à cirurgia estereotáxica. Neste estudo, analisamos primeiramente o efeito da hipoxantina sobre os parâmetros neuroinflamatórios e oxidativos em estriados de ratos infantis e adultos jovens. Foram avaliados também alguns parâmetros neuroenergéticos. Ratos Wistar de 21 e 60 dias de vida foram submetidos à cirurgia estereotáxica e foram divididos em dois grupos: controle (infusão de solução salina 0,9%) e hipoxantina (10 IJM). A administração intraestriatal de hipoxantina aumentou os níveis de IL-6 e TNF-a e o imunoconteúdo da subunidade NF-kB I p65 nuclear em estriado de ambas as idades de ratos. A ativação microglial e astrocitária foram observadas pelo aumento do imunoconteúdo de lba1 e GFAP, respectivamente, no estriado de ratos de 21 dias. Todos os parâmetros oxidativos foram alterados, sugerindo uma forte relação neurotóxica de hipoxantina e estresse oxidativo. Em ratos de 60 dias de vida, a hipoxantina aumentou a atividade da succinato desidrogenase e do complexo 11 e diminuiu a atividade da citocromo c oxidase e seu imunoconteúdo. A injeção de hipoxantina diminuiu a porcentagem marcação de membrana mitocondrial e aumentou marcação de potencial mitocondrial. A hipoxantina também diminuiu o número de células vivas e aumentou o número de células apoptóticas. Em ratos de 21 dias de vida, a hipoxantina alterou alguns parâmetros do metabolismo energético e diminui a atividade de Na+,K+-ATPase, provavelmente por danos às proteínas, visto pela redução de conteúdo de sulfidrilas. Nossos achados mostram que a administração de hipoxantina alterou parâmetros neuroinflamatórios e neuroenergéticos, possivelmente por meio de desequilíbrio oxidativo, sugerindo que esses processos podem estar envolvidos, pelo menos em parte, com os distúrbios neurológicos encontrados em pacientes com doença de Lesch-Nyhan. / Hypoxanthine, the major oxypurine metabolite involved in purine's salvage pathway in the brain, is accumulated in Lesch-Nyhan disease, an in bom errar of metabolism of purine. The clinicai symptoms manifest early in the patients' lives, including motor and cognitiva alterations, mental retardation and self-mutilation. Although the underlying mechanisms of brain dysfunction in Lesch-Nyhan disease are poorly understood, the accumulation of hypoxanthine appears to contribute to neurological damage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hypoxanthine intrastriatal administration in infant and young adult rats submitted to stereotactic surgery. We firstly analyzed the effect of hypoxanthine on neuroinflammatory and oxidative parameters in striatum of infant and young adult rats. We also evaluated some neuroenergetic parameters. Wistar rats of 21 and 60 days of life underwent stereotactic surgery and were divided into two groups: contrai (infusion of saline 0.9%) and hypoxanthine (10 IJM). lntrastriatal administration of hypoxanthine increased IL- 6 and TNF-a leveis and nuclear immunocontent of NF-KB/p65 subunit in striatum of rats of both ages. Microglial and astrocyte activation was seen by the increase in lba1 and GFAP immunocontent, respectively, in striatum of infant rats. Ali oxidative parameters were altered, suggesting a strong neurotoxic hypoxanthine role on oxidative stress. In 60-day-old rats hypoxanthine increased succinate dehydrogenase and complex 11 activities and diminished cytochrome c oxidase activity and immunocontent. Hypoxanthine injection decreased the percentage of cells with mitochondrial membrana label and increased mitochondrial mass potential labeling. Hypoxanthine also diminished the number of live cells and increased the number of apoptotic cells. In 21-days-old rats hypoxanthine altered some energy metabolism parameters and decreased Na•,K•-ATPase activity probably by protein damage, seen in the reduction of sulfhydryl content. Our findings show that the administration of hypoxanthine altered neuroinflammatory and neuroenergetic parameters, possibly through oxidative imbalance, suggesting that these processes may be involved, at least in part, with the neurological disorders found in patients with Lesch-Nyhan disease.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Methylmalonic acidemia is an inborn error of metabolism characterized clinically and biochemically by tissue accumulation of methylmalonic acid (MMA) and neurological dysfunction, including convulsion. Furthermore, clinical data suggest that infections conditions can precipitate metabolic crisis and cause neurological changes observed in patients of acidemia. Provided that the MMA cause neurological complications, and that the inflammation can contribute to the occurrence of convulsions and cognitive deficit in several animal models, it is possible to suggest that inflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), facilitate MMA-induced convulsions. The iNOS is one of three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which generates nitric oxide (NO), a simple gaseous signaling molecule and free radical. The iNOS is induced at injury/inflammation sites, but is also constitutively expressed on some cells, such as in neurons. Studies in experimental models have already demonstrated that NO generated in the central nervous system (CNS), by endothelial and neuronal isoforms of NOS, is involved in MMA-induced convulsions. However, until the present moment are scarce the data in the literature evaluating the relationship of iNOS in experimental models of Methylmalonic Acidemia. The results published in the article has shown that iNOS knock-out C57BL/6 mice, when injected acutely with MMA (2 μmols/2 μl, intracerebroventricularly), have a shorter duration of seizures, no significant change in the mean amplitude of electroencephalographic waves (EEG); not increase the levels of nitrite and nitrate (NOx) compared to animals injected with saline, but have a partial reduction in the levels of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) compared to wild animals that were also treated with MMA; similarly, show a partially lower inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase, but exhibit no difference in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibition on cerebral cortex compared to wild mice which also received MMA. The results submitted in the manuscript has shown that Wistar rats, after being injected chronically with MMA (from 5th to 28th day of life, twice daily, with doses ranging from 0.76 to 1.67 mmol/g depending on the age of the animal, via subcutaneous) showed a reduced index of recognition in spatial learning/memory test, but show no anxiety at elevated plus maze test; they have a reduction in neutrophils, but an increase in the number of mononuclear leukocytes in the blood; and in addition show increased levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), iNOS and 3-NT in the cerebral cortex. Considering the data presented in both studies, it was concluded that the MMA can cause seizures, nitrosative stress and inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase activity in cerebral cortex of mice by mechanisms related to NO production via iNOS; and that the MMA can also cause neurocognitive deficits, altered immune system in blood and increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to increased expression of iNOS and nitrosative stress. / A Acidemia Metilmalônica é um erro inato do metabolismo caracterizado bioquimicamente e clinicamente pelo acúmulo tecidual de ácido metilmalônico (MMA) e disfunção neurológica, incluindo convulsões e déficit cognitivo. Além disso, dados clínicos sugerem que quadros infecciosos podem precipitar crises metabólicas e causar as alterações neurológicas observadas nos pacientes com essa acidemia. Desde que o MMA causa complicações neurológicas, e que a inflamação pode contribuir para a ocorrência de convulsões e déficits cognitivos em vários modelos animais, é possível sugerir que mediadores inflamatórios, como a enzima Óxido Nítrico Sintase Induzível (iNOS), facilitem as convulsões induzidas por MMA. A iNOS é uma das três isoformas da enzima Óxido Nítrico Sintase (NOS), que gera o óxido nítrico (NO), uma molécula gasosa simples, sinalizadora e um radical livre. A iNOS é induzida em sítios de lesão/inflamação, mas também se expressa constitutivamente em algumas células, como nos neurônios. Estudos em modelos experimentais já demonstraram que o NO gerado no sistema nervos central (SNC), pelas isoformas endotelial e neuronal da NOS, tem envolvimento nas convulsões induzidas por MMA. Contudo, até o presente momento são escassos os dados na literatura avaliando a relação da iNOS em modelos experimentais da Acidemia Metilmalônica. Os resultados publicados no artigo mostraram que camundongos C57BL/6 nocaute para iNOS, ao serem injetados agudamente com MMA (2 μmols/2 μL, via intracerebroventricular), apresentam uma duração menor das convulsões, sem alteração significativa na amplitude média das ondas eletroencefalográficas (EEG); não aumentam os níveis de nitrito e nitrato (NOx) comparado aos animais injetados com solução salina, mas têm uma redução parcial nos níveis de 3-nitrotirosina (3-NT) comparado aos animais selvagens que também foram tratados com MMA; semelhantemente, mostram uma inibição parcialmente menor na atividade da enzima Na+,K+-ATPase; mas não exibem diferença na inibição da atividade da succinato desidrogenase (SDH) no córtex cerebral quando comparados aos camundongos selvagens que também receberam MMA. Os resultados apresentados no manuscrito submetido mostram que ratos Wistar, após serem injetados cronicamente com MMA (do 5º ao 28º dia de vida, duas vezes ao dia, com doses variando de 0,76 à 1,67 mmol/g em função da idade do animal, via subcutânea), apresentam um reduzido índice de reconhecimento em teste de memória/aprendizado espacial, mas não demonstram ansiedade no teste do labirinto em cruz elevado; têm uma redução no número de neutrófilos, mas um aumento no número de leucócitos mononucleares no sangue; e além disso mostram aumento nos níveis de interleucina-1beta (IL-1β), do fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-α), de iNOS e de 3-NT no córtex cerebral. Considerando os dados apresentados nos dois estudos, concluiu-se que o MMA pode causar convulsões, estresse nitrosativo e inibição da enzima Na+,K+-ATPase no córtex cerebral de camundongos por mecanismos relacionados à produção de NO via iNOS; e que o MMA também pode causar déficit neurocognitivo, alteração do sistema imunológico no sangue, e aumento de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, levando ao aumento na expressão da iNOS e estresse nitrosativo.

A hipoxantina, principal oxipurina envolvida na via de salvação das purinas no cérebro, acumula-se na doença de Lesch-Nyhan, um erro inato do metabolismo das purinas. Os sintomas clínicos manifestam-se precocemente na vida dos pacientes, incluindo alterações motoras e cognitivas, retardo mental e automutilação. Embora os mecanismos subjacentes da disfunção cerebral na doença de Lesch-Nyhan sejam pouco compreendidos, o acúmulo de hipoxantina parece contribuir para os danos neurológicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da administração intraestriatal de hipoxantina em ratos infantis e adultos jovens submetidos à cirurgia estereotáxica. Neste estudo, analisamos primeiramente o efeito da hipoxantina sobre os parâmetros neuroinflamatórios e oxidativos em estriados de ratos infantis e adultos jovens. Foram avaliados também alguns parâmetros neuroenergéticos. Ratos Wistar de 21 e 60 dias de vida foram submetidos à cirurgia estereotáxica e foram divididos em dois grupos: controle (infusão de solução salina 0,9%) e hipoxantina (10 IJM). A administração intraestriatal de hipoxantina aumentou os níveis de IL-6 e TNF-a e o imunoconteúdo da subunidade NF-kB I p65 nuclear em estriado de ambas as idades de ratos. A ativação microglial e astrocitária foram observadas pelo aumento do imunoconteúdo de lba1 e GFAP, respectivamente, no estriado de ratos de 21 dias. Todos os parâmetros oxidativos foram alterados, sugerindo uma forte relação neurotóxica de hipoxantina e estresse oxidativo. Em ratos de 60 dias de vida, a hipoxantina aumentou a atividade da succinato desidrogenase e do complexo 11 e diminuiu a atividade da citocromo c oxidase e seu imunoconteúdo. A injeção de hipoxantina diminuiu a porcentagem marcação de membrana mitocondrial e aumentou marcação de potencial mitocondrial. A hipoxantina também diminuiu o número de células vivas e aumentou o número de células apoptóticas. Em ratos de 21 dias de vida, a hipoxantina alterou alguns parâmetros do metabolismo energético e diminui a atividade de Na+,K+-ATPase, provavelmente por danos às proteínas, visto pela redução de conteúdo de sulfidrilas. Nossos achados mostram que a administração de hipoxantina alterou parâmetros neuroinflamatórios e neuroenergéticos, possivelmente por meio de desequilíbrio oxidativo, sugerindo que esses processos podem estar envolvidos, pelo menos em parte, com os distúrbios neurológicos encontrados em pacientes com doença de Lesch-Nyhan. / Hypoxanthine, the major oxypurine metabolite involved in purine's salvage pathway in the brain, is accumulated in Lesch-Nyhan disease, an in bom errar of metabolism of purine. The clinicai symptoms manifest early in the patients' lives, including motor and cognitiva alterations, mental retardation and self-mutilation. Although the underlying mechanisms of brain dysfunction in Lesch-Nyhan disease are poorly understood, the accumulation of hypoxanthine appears to contribute to neurological damage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hypoxanthine intrastriatal administration in infant and young adult rats submitted to stereotactic surgery. We firstly analyzed the effect of hypoxanthine on neuroinflammatory and oxidative parameters in striatum of infant and young adult rats. We also evaluated some neuroenergetic parameters. Wistar rats of 21 and 60 days of life underwent stereotactic surgery and were divided into two groups: contrai (infusion of saline 0.9%) and hypoxanthine (10 IJM). lntrastriatal administration of hypoxanthine increased IL- 6 and TNF-a leveis and nuclear immunocontent of NF-KB/p65 subunit in striatum of rats of both ages. Microglial and astrocyte activation was seen by the increase in lba1 and GFAP immunocontent, respectively, in striatum of infant rats. Ali oxidative parameters were altered, suggesting a strong neurotoxic hypoxanthine role on oxidative stress. In 60-day-old rats hypoxanthine increased succinate dehydrogenase and complex 11 activities and diminished cytochrome c oxidase activity and immunocontent. Hypoxanthine injection decreased the percentage of cells with mitochondrial membrana label and increased mitochondrial mass potential labeling. Hypoxanthine also diminished the number of live cells and increased the number of apoptotic cells. In 21-days-old rats hypoxanthine altered some energy metabolism parameters and decreased Na•,K•-ATPase activity probably by protein damage, seen in the reduction of sulfhydryl content. Our findings show that the administration of hypoxanthine altered neuroinflammatory and neuroenergetic parameters, possibly through oxidative imbalance, suggesting that these processes may be involved, at least in part, with the neurological disorders found in patients with Lesch-Nyhan disease.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Epilepsy is a neurological disease that affects around 1% of world population, with neurobiological, neurochemical, cognitive and psychological consequences. Despite the good prognosis, the high number of epilepsy patients who have refractory seizures to medicine, reflects lack of a better understanding about excitotoxic disorders characteristic of the disease. So, the aim of the study was to investigate if there is an association between apoptotic markers and inflammation pathway in epileptic subjects and those without the disease. Blood samples were collected from subjects with epilepsy and were measured protein carbonyl, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-لا), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), caspases (CASP8 and CASP3) and picogreen (PG). The results showed an increase in all analyzed biochemistry parameters from epilepsy subjects when compared to healthy, suggesting that there is a relation between this disease with apoptotic and inflammatory markers. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between TNF-α with CASP 8 and 3. IFN-لا was just correlated with caspase 3. The correlation between analyzed parameters with seizure severity and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) treatment was not significant, indicating that medicine administration and symptoms improve did not influence obtained results. So, our results suggest that epileptic seizures can induce the creation of a vicious circle between neuroinflammation and cell death, resulting in DNA damage in epilepsy patients. Furthermore, we suggest that AEDs acting in TNF-α or IFN-لا pathway could represent an adjunctive therapy in epilepsy patients treatment. / A epilepsia é uma doença neurológica que afeta em torno de 1% da população mundial, tendo consequências no âmbito neurobiológico, neuroquímico, cognitivo e psicológico. Apesar do bom prognóstico, o elevado número de pacientes com epilepsia, que apresentam convulsões refratárias aos medicamentos, reflete a falta de um melhor entendimento dos distúrbios excitotóxicos característicos desta doença. A partir disto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se existe uma associação entre os marcadores apoptóticos e a via inflamatória em indivíduos epilépticos e naqueles sem a doença. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de pacientes com epilepsia e posteriormente foram analisados os níveis de proteína carbonil, fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α), interferon gama (INF-لا), acetilcolinesterase (AChE), caspases (CASP8 e CASP3) e picogreen (PG). Os resultados mostraram um aumento em todos os parâmetros bioquímicos analisados no sangue de pacientes com epilepsia quando comparado aos controles. Além disso, foi observada uma correlação positiva entre TNF-α com as caspases (8 e 3). O IFN-لا correlacionou-se apenas com os níveis da caspase 3. A correlação entre os parâmetros analisados com a gravidade das crises epilépticas e o tratamento com fármacos antiepilépticos (FAEs) não foi significativa, indicando que a administração de medicamentos para controle das crises e melhora dos sintomas não influenciou nos resultados obtidos. Dessa forma, os nossos dados sugerem que as crises epilépticas podem induzir a geração de um ciclo vicioso entre neuroinflamação e apoptose celular, induzindo ao estresse oxidativo e resultando no dano ao DNA nos pacientes com epilepsia. Além disso, nós sugerimos que o uso de FAEs que atuem na via do TNF-α ou IFN-لا poderia representar uma terapia complementar no tratamento dos pacientes epilépticos.

L’intégrité fonctionnelle de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE) est altérée dans de nombreuses pathologies neurologiques et métaboliques. Les vaisseaux cérébraux sont des tissus cibles des hormones stéroïdes sexuelles mais la contribution respective de ces effecteurs endocriniens et de leurs récepteurs dans l’intégrité de la BHE reste encore à être précisée. Les effets des hormones gonadiques sur l’unité neurovasculaire chez la souris ont été étudiés, en se concentrant sur l’aire préoptique médiane de l’hypothalamus, une région cérébrale hormono-sensible. L’augmentation de la perméabilité de la BHE chez des souris mâles et femelles gonadectomisés. Elle est associée chez le mâle à une désorganisation des jonctions serrées et une diminution de l’expression des protéines les constituant, à une activation des cellules gliales, et à une augmentation de l’expression de molécules inflammatoires, la supplémentation en testostérone permettant la restoration. Les récepteurs des androgènes et des estrogènes peuvent ainsi être impliqués dans la régulation hormono-dépendante du transport paracellulaire. La lignée de souris transgéniques sélectivement invalidées pour le récepteur neural des androgènes, a permis de mettre en évidence l’effet délétère de l’absence de ce récepteur sur l’intégrité de la BHE et des jonctions serrées. Pour compléter, un modèle ex vivo de tranches d’hypothalamus a permis d’appréhender les effets à court terme de la testostérone sur la BHE. Ces données soulèvent des questions sur les effets délétères potentiels des perturbateurs endo-criniens sur l'intégrité BBB et l'apparition de maladies neurologiques et métaboliques associées. / Functional integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is compromised in many neurological and metabolic pathologies. Cerebral blood vessels are target tissue for sex steroid hormones but the relative contribution of these endocrine effectors and their receptors in the BBB integrity are still unclear. Effects of gonadal hormones on the mouse neurovascular unit were studied, focusing on the hypothalamic medial preoptic area, a highly sensitive brain area to gonadal steroid hormones. BBB permeability increased in both gonactectomized male and female, is associated with tight junction disorganization and lower expression of tight junction proteins, glial activation, and up-regulation of inflammatory molecules in male. Testosterone supplementation restores the BBB impermeability, tight junction integrity, and almost completely abrogated the inflammatory features. Androgen and estrogen receptor may be involved in testosterone-induced regulation of the formation and maintenance of tight junction in males. Studying the involvement of these receptors using a trans-genic mice line selectively lacking neural AR in the CNS, highlighted the negative effect of this dele-tion on the BBB and TJ integrity. To complete, ex vivo slices of male mouse hypothalamus allowed to assess short-term molecular mechanisms of testosterone on the BBB structure and function.These data raise questions about the potential deleterious effects of endocrine disruptors on the BBB integrity and the occurrence of neurological and metabolic diseases.

Neuropathic pain is one of the most debilitating disorders. Currently available treatments for neuropathic pain are still unsatisfactory as they have only limited treatment effect and patients may suffer from unwanted side effects. Mechanism-based approaches to neuropathic pain treatment are considered to be more effective. Therefore multiple studies are dedicated to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of neuropathic pain. One of the possible underlying mechanism that causes neuropathic pain is neuroinflammation. Recent studies suggested that angiotensin II ( main effector molecule of the renin-angiotensin system) via its receptors in the central nervous system may be involved in the neuroinflammatory processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of angiotensin receptor type 1 in the developement and maintenance of neuropathic pain induced in animal model. Spinal nerve ligation (L5) was used as a model of peripheral neuropathy. Our results showed that treatment with AT1R blocker losartan markedly reduced thermal hyperalgesia and reduced increased sensitivity to mechanical stimuli in the SNL-operated rats.This indicates a possibly significant role of AT1 receptors in the development of neuropathic pain, probably due to reduction of neuroinflammation in the nervous system. These findings...

Les traumatismes graves sont une cause principale d’hospitalisations et peuvent induire des handicaps physiques et psychologiques. Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons au choc hémorragique (CH), défini par une perte sanguine de plus de 30% menant à une ischémie systémique causant de la mort cellulaire et la libération de médiateurs circulants. Parmi ces médiateurs, notre groupe a déjà démontré l’augmentation en circulation de l’acide urique (AU) après le CH et son rôle dans l’atteinte d’organes ; un effet qui est prévenu par l’utilisation d’une uricase, qui métabolise l’AU circulant. Notre objectif actuel est de démontrer le rôle de l’AU dans l’altération du système nerveux central. Pour ce faire nous utilisons un modèle murin de CH reperfusé avec 3 groupes expérimentaux : SHAM (contrôle), CH et CH+U (uricase IP au moment de la reperfusion). Nos résultats démontrent que l’altération de la perméabilité de la barrière hématoencéphalique (augmentation significative de la perméabilité à la fluorescéine de sodium (NaF)) et de l’expression de ICAM-1 après le CH peut être prévenu par l’administration d’uricase. Les résultats sont les mêmes pour la mesure de la neuroinflammation (activité de la myéloperoxidase (neutrophiles) ainsi que astrocytes et microglie activés) et de l’apoptose/dégérescence neuronale (caspase-3, coloration TUNEL et fluorojade). En conséquence à l’atteinte neuroinflammatoire et apoptotiques, nous observons une augmentation significative des comportements anxieux après le CH, détectés par le test de nage forcée, le labyrinthe en croix surélevé et l’intéraction sociale, et qui sont prévenus par le traitement avec uricase. En conclusion, ce projet permet de confirmer que l’AU joue un rôle important dans l’atteinte cérébrale et l’altération des comportements, après le CH reperfusé. / Polytrauma is one of the main causes of hospitalisations and can lead to physical and psychological handicaps. This work focuses on hemorrhagic shock (HS), defined by a blood-loss of at least 30%, leading to systemic ischemia, cell death and the release of various mediators in circulation. The importance of one of these mediators, uric acid (UA), in multiple organ failure after HS and the improvement by the use of an uricase, which can destroy UA, was already demonstrated by our lab. Our objective is to illustrate the implication of UA in central nervous system alterations after HS. To reach this goal, we use a murine model which is assigned to one of our 3 experimental groups: SHAM (control), HS and HS+U (IP injection of uricase at reperfusion). Our results show an altered blood-brain barrier permeability (significant infiltration of NaF in the brain after HS), an increased expression of ICAM-1 after HS and a prevention of both these results by uricase treatment. The same results are observed for neuroinflammation (myeloperoxidase activity (neutrophils), astrocytes and microglia) and for neuronal apoptosis/degeneration (caspase-3, TUNEL staining and FluoroJade staining). Furthermore, anxiety is increased after HS compared to SHAM but prevented with uricase treatment. The tests used to reach this conclusion are the elevated plus maze, the forced swim test and social interaction. In conclusion, this project confirms the central role of UA in brain lesions and subsequent behavioral alterations after resuscitated HS.

Recent studies have shown elevated neuroinflammation in a large subset of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. A pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), has been directly linked to this neuroinflammation. This study examined the effects of two TNFα modulators (PD2024 and PD340) produced by our collaborators at P2D Bioscience, Inc., to alleviate auditory sensorimotor gating deficits and reduce microglial cell activation present in the polyinosinic:polycytidylic (Poly I:C) rodent model of schizophrenia. Auditory sensorimotor gating was assessed using prepulse inhibition and microglial activation was examined and quantified using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, respectively. Both PD2024 and PD340 alleviated auditory sensorimotor gating deficits and reduced microglia activation and thereby demonstrated the ability to treat both the behavioral and neuroinflammatory aspects of the disorder. These results are significant and suggest that neural TNFα is a potential pharmacological target for the treatment of schizophrenia.

Early in infection, HIV crosses the blood-brain barrier and induces neuropathology. Viral presence in the CNS coupled with secretion of neurotoxic proteins causes neuroinflammation, glial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and neuronal death. Despite advances in combined antiretroviral therapy, HIV-infected patients present with a spectrum of cognitive and psychomotor deficits collectively referred to as HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND). A subset of HAND patients abuses drugs such as opiates like heroin and morphine show an exacerbation and rapid progression of HIV neuropathology; however, the mechanisms of this synergy are not well understood. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradative process which eliminates and recycles cytosolic components and is implicated in facilitating HIV-1 replication in the CNS and periphery, and in Tat-induced neurodegeneration. When a key initiator of autophagy Beclin 1 was silenced using siRNAs, there was a marked reduction of HIV-1 replication in human microglia and astrocytes and the corresponding inflammatory response. As such, the goal of the current study is to determine if diminished Beclin 1 is neuroprotective against Tat and morphine-induced neurodegeneration using heterozygous Beclin 1 (Becn1+/-) mice. Examination of Tat and morphine-induced inflammatory molecule secretion revealed that Becn1+/- mixed astrocyte and microglia (glia) exhibited attenuated secretion of cytokine IL-6 and chemokines RANTES and MCP-1 compared to control (C57BL/6J) glia, an effect mediated through the μ-opioid receptor. Dysregulation of autophagy-related gene expression and excessive intracellular calcium accumulation were limited in Becn1+/- glia. When determining the effects of Tat-and morphine co-exposure on neuronal survival in vitro, we found Becn1+/- neurons were particularly sensitive to injury, excitotoxicity, and toxic exposures; however, when C57BL/6J neurons were exposed to conditioned media of C57BL/6J and Becn1+/- glia treated with Tat and morphine, neurons treated with Becn1+/- supernatant had better outcomes than those treated with C57BL/6J conditioned media. Furthermore, despite minimal difference between strains in locomotor assessment, we observed significantly greater striatal neuron losses in adult C57BL/6J mice exposed to intrastriatal Tat-and systemic morphine compared to Becn1+/- mice. Our studies demonstrate the potential of targeting Beclin 1 in glia for the prevention of Tat and opiate-induced CNS dysfunction.

L'obésité est un facteur de risque majeur pour le développement de maladies psychiatriques, telles que le trouble dépressif majeur et la schizophrénie. Une consommation excessive de graisses saturées est bien connue pour provoquer non seulement des troubles métaboliques, mais également des comportements anormaux chez les modèles animaux et les humains. Les acides gras saturés augmentent l'inflammation dans divers tissus. Plusieurs études ont démontré que l'activation de la microglie en tant qu'acteur central de la neuroinflammation joue un rôle crucial dans l'anxiété liée à l'inflammation et les comportements dépressifs dans les cas d'obésité. En outre, il existe de plus en plus de preuves démontrant l'effet bénéfique de la supplémentation en acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 (AGPI n-3) sur les comportements cognitifs, anxieux et dépressifs. Nous avons précédemment montré que la supplémentation en AGPI n-3 via l'administration d'huile de poisson (FO) a des effets anxiolytiques sur les souris rendues obèses par une diète riche en gras saturés (SHFD). De plus, l'activation du récepteur couplé aux protéines G 120 (GPR120), un récepteur des AGPI n-3, dans le cerveau, attenue l'anxiété et les comportements dépressifs induits par la SHFD. Cependant, les mécanismes par lesquels GPR120 régule les changements induits par la SHFD dans les comportements liés à l'humeur ne sont toujours pas compris. Dans la présente étude, nous avons étudié le rôle du GPR120 dans les troubles anxieux et dépressifs reliés à la neuroinflammation. Parmi plusieurs types de cellules neurales, la microglie exprime fortement GPR120. Un agoniste de GPR120 (Compound A; CpdA) réduit la production et la libération de cytokines inflammatoires (IL-1B, IL-6, MCP1 et TNF-α) induites par les lipopolysaccharides (LPS) dans la microglie en culture. D'autre part, l'administration centrale de CpdA par injection intracérébroventriculaire (ICV) améliore le comportement anxieux et de malaise suite à l’injection de LPS systémique in vivo. De plus, l'acide eicosapentaénoique (EPA) et l'acide docosahexaénoique (DHA) sont des AGPI n-3 et des agonistes naturels du GPR120. L'EPA et le DHA suppriment l'inflammation dans un modèle de culture de microglies primaires, telle qu'évaluée par l'expression et la sécrétion de cytokines. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'activation du GPR120 contribue à l'amélioration de l'anxiété et des comportements de type dépressif liés à l'inflammation grâce à la régulation de la microglie. / Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of psychiatric diseases, such as major depressive disorder and anxiety. Excess intake of saturated fat is well known to cause not only metabolic diseases, but also abnormal behavior in humans and animal models. Saturated fatty acids enhance peripheral and central inflammation. Several studies have demonstrated that microglia activation as a central player in neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in inflammation-related anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in the case of obesity. Also, there is increasing evidence to demonstrate the beneficial effect of n-3 PUFAs supplementation on cognitive, anxiety and depressive-like behaviors. Previously, we reported that the n-3 PUFAs supplementation by the administration of fish oil (FO) has demonstrated anxiolytic effects on saturated high fat diet (SHFD)-induced obese mice and that, the activation of G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), a lipid sensor for n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), in the brain rescued SHFD-induced anxiety and depressive-like behaviors. However, it is still unclear how GPR120 regulates SHFD-induced changes in mood-related behaviors. In the present study, we focused on the role of GPR120 on neuroinflammation in inflammation-related anxiety and depressive-like behaviors. Amongst the several types of brain cells, microglia demonstrated a high expression of GPR120. Compound A (CpdA), a selective agonist of GPR120, reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cytokine (IL-1B, IL-6, MCP1, and TNF-a) expression and release in cultured microglia. Additionally, central administration of cpdA via intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection ameliorated neuroinflammation and systemic LPS injection-induced anxiety-like and sickness behavior in vivo. Furthermore, n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as natural agonists of GPR120 suppressed inflammation in primary cultured microglia as assessed by cytokine expression. These results suggest that GPR120 activation contributes to the amelioration of inflammation-related anxiety and depressive-like behaviors through the regulation of microglia.