【摘要】 台灣的衛星電視新聞台駐地記者，在新聞勞動者之中，是相當特殊的一群。在台北、台中、高雄等都會地區之外，其他縣市的電視新聞採訪工作，全都是由這群集文字、攝影於一身的單機記者，一個人負責整個縣市的新聞。 駐地記者由於負責的範圍太大，以致於經常得遭遇超額勞動的剝削，在無力正面抵抗媒體組織剝削的情況下，會以各種佔便宜（fiddling）以及搞破壞（sabotage）的行為，回應媒體組織的壓迫。 另外，這群駐地記者聯合起來，也發展出了包括限制產出、協調合作等趕工遊戲（the game of making out），伴隨這些趕工遊戲產生的場域文化，最後以一種難以被察覺的間接性破壞，慢慢的對新聞工作造成傷害。本研究即是探索勞動過程中，媒體組織的新聞產製結構對於駐地記者的控制，及其回應方式，所形成的場域文化，對駐地記者的主體重塑，以及對新聞工作的影響，進行相關理論概念的回顧整理，與現實面的質性探索。 / <Abstract> Local correspondents of Taiwan's satellite news channels constitute a unique category of their own. Except for Taipei, Taichung and Kaohsiung, the metropolitan areas, local correspondents, responsible for covering news stories for their respective counties, work as cameramen and reporters at the same time. Due to time and space constraints, they devise a strategy to fulfill designated jobs and overcome the challenges. They nonetheless are both exploited by overtime working practices and feel vulnerable to organizational demands. As its consequence, they formulate a casual but reliable network to scratch one another's back. In addition, they develop a game of making-out, including a reduction of outputs…etc... The daily-working practice of local correspondents is such that its culture chips away spaces for developing a professional news production ethics

Nous choisissons d’aborder la question de la construction de l’espace public européen à partir de son espace médiatique afin d’enrichir le champ de la recherche sur l’information en continu et ce en écho aux précédents travaux portant principalement sur les acteurs et les logiques de production de ce type d’information. D’autant plus que la recherche sur le rôle des médias dans la construction d’un espace public européen s’est très souvent cantonnée aux frontières nationales des Etats membres, négligeant la dimension de communication transnationale, à savoir celle véhiculée par les médias transnationaux. Ceux-là même qui sont le maillon entre les sphères publiques segmentées par Etat membre. A l’ère des multiples mutations qui redessinent l’image de l’Europe du XXIe siècle, convoquer le concept d’espace public dans nos sociétés modernes nous amène à nous interroger à la fois sur le rôle individuel du citoyen dans la construction d’un espace public européen et aussi de la position d’un média transnational dans l’enrichissement ou l’affaiblissement de l’espace public européen. Nous choisissons pour cela d’étudier les aspects liés à la réception télévisuelle d’Euronews, chaîne d’information transnationale à perspective européenne, à partir de l’expression du citoyen/téléspectateur dans l’espace public. Un sujet qui revient se positionner au-devant de la scène de la recherche académique et scientifique en Sciences de l’information et de la communication à l’échelle européenne et internationale et s’inscrit dans la continuité des recherches sur l’espace public. / In the era of profound geopolitical, cultural and social changes that actually redraw the image of Europe, the close concerning of public space’s concept in modern societies lead us to question both the individual role of the citizen in building a European public sphere, and also the position of a transnational media in the enrichment or weakening of the European public sphere.In this context, and in order to validate or controversy this statement, we choose to study the reception of Euronews, a transnational information channel with a european perspective which is based on citizen’s / viewer’s expression in the public sphere. This specific research comes to position itself in front of the scene of academic and scientific researches in Information and Communication studies.

The thesis deals with the phenomenon called breaking news in a continuous broadcast of news stations. It consists of theoretical and practical part. The main aim of the theoretical part is to describe the specifics of television news and their transformation caused by the introduction of continuous broadcast. In this context, the technical means used in Czech TV that allow the audience to watch the news live will be described in detail. The main aim of the practical part is to describe the mentioned phenomenon in connection with a specific event - the shootings in Uhersky Brod in February 2015. The main attention of the quantitative research will be focused on the continuous broadcast of CT24 on 24th February 2015 in order to obtain relevant results, which will illustrate the proportion of the information related to the shooting in the CT24 broadcast. The amount of the concrete news reports will be analysed as well. All the gathered results will be then presented in the summary. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

隨著中國在國際場域上地位的崛起，一方面為了消弭其他國際強權的防備之心，另一方面在經濟的驅動力之下，中國意識到國際形象的重要，於是近年來「軟實力」開始成為中國政府的重點政策。根據美國學者Joseph S. Nye，軟實力指的是一個國家對於國際公眾的吸引力，這樣的吸引力可能來自於文化資產、政治的意識形態以及形塑國際議題方向的能力。媒體通常在軟實力中扮演著重要的角色，像是CNN、Al Jazeera就分別為美國和阿拉伯國家帶來影響國際輿論的能力。2010年，新華社創立了一個新的國際新聞頻道CNC World，便是因應軟實力的需求而生，期許CNC World能和CNN、BBC、Al Jazeera等國際新聞頻道分庭抗禮，不僅僅有主導國際議題的能力，更能在國際事件中，將所謂的「中國觀點」傳播出去。因此新華社投入了巨額的資金在CNC World上，並且在財務結構上改革，允許49% 的私人投資，藉以昭示CNC World的新聞內容不受中國政府的檢查制度介入，旨在提供國際觀眾「公正」、「客觀」與具有「中國觀點」的國際新聞。 本論文欲探討，CNC World是否在軟實力的時代脈絡下，在建構新聞事件上真的有所調整。因此本論文比較CNC World和另外一個全然由中國政府出資的國際新聞台CCTV 9，以及國際主流新聞頻道CNN，在七件國際重大議題上的報導架構，去觀察CNC World如何平衡中國政府的偏好和國際觀眾的期待。研究結果發現，CNC World相較另外兩個新聞頻道，在修辭以及題材的選擇上都較為中立，而對於「中國觀點」CNC World也有獨樹一格的闡述方式。但是研究結果也反映，無論是CNC World、CCTV 9 或是CNN 都無法脫離其主要資金提供者那隻「看不見的手」來左右新聞的框架。 / CNC World is an international news channel of China established in July 2010 with a mission of the changing China. Under the current international political context of a rising China, the Chinese government started to emphasize on the development of its soft power. One of the abilities that China wants to obtain is the power to influence the worldwide audience’s conception of the major global agenda and their perception toward certain countries’ images. This is the context in which CNC World is established. The Xinhua News Agency has invested unprecedentedly in CNC World to ensure its success. In addition, to assure CNC World’s news credibility, the financial structure of CNC World is reformed to have a government hands-off editorial board. This thesis compares CNC World’s news reporting with CCTV 9 and CNN International, aiming to find out how CNC World adjusts its news coverage on the major global agenda under the soft power context. Seven current global issues are included in the study: South China Sea Dispute between China and Vietnam, US Currency Bill on China, Palestinian Statehood bin in UN, The Fall of Gaddafi, Arab Spring in Egypt, Greece Debt Crisis, and The Killing of Osama bin Laden. The result shows that CNC World tends to use a relatively neutral way to report these issues and it has indeed found a unique way to present the Chinese perspective. However, that the international news represents its funding providers’ positions remains the same.

本論文的研究目的在探討影響電視新聞編輯編排的因素，以及24小時新聞台編輯因應這些因素發展出來的編排策略。依照Shoemaker〈1991〉所提的影響守門人因素的五個層次，包括個人層面、常規層面、組織層面、媒介外層面以及社會文化層面，作為分析架構，藉此了解電視編輯對於各層面的因素對其影響的程度，問卷調查總計訪問了127位新聞台的編輯人員，再針對問卷調查的分析結果，以深度訪談的方式訪問7位編輯人員。研究結果發現個人層面對新聞台編輯的影響主要包括：編輯在新聞價值判斷上偏重新聞的話題性及畫面的精采度；而越年輕、職務越低的編輯再編排新聞時越容易受到個人喜好影響；另外「獨家新聞」無論其新聞價值性如何，編輯普遍都盡量會排播。 常規層面部分，最主要影響的因素是「時間」面向，包括到帶時間及新聞播出的時間篇幅限制；而編輯負責的編排時段也會影響新聞的選擇，如是「黃金時段」新聞選擇較多樣化，「一般時段」就會考量「消化」新聞；而編輯一次負責編排的時數也會影響新聞的重複率；另外，晚夜時段編輯較早午時段編輯不偏愛SNG連線。編輯通常會選播做新聞品質較有口碑的記者的新聞；另外，編輯普遍認為一則普通新聞長度最好不要超過90秒；而平衡報導的操作模式已內化在編輯的操作模式中。 組織層面部分，部份編輯認為電視台屬性確實會影響其編排；而年紀輕、資歷淺、職務低的編輯也較會受到長官指示編排新聞；在「以編領採」的新聞室內，其新聞製作及編排方向越會以收視率為導向；而組織文化會影響編輯對於新聞品質的要求；本研究也發現組織獎懲對於編輯編排的影響不大。 媒介外層面部分，有93.7%的編輯認為其編排時會考量收視率，而且教育程度越高、年資越久的編輯影響越高，顯示收視率已逐漸內化成編輯判斷新聞的實考模式，而且前一天的收視率對於新聞規模及擺放位置有關鍵性指標；在禁止「每分鐘收視率」之後，編輯通常是以新聞區塊或新聞節奏思考觀眾喜好的趨向。另外被要求編排「業配新聞」對編輯而言是習以為常的事，通常編輯會將之排在新聞的最後，或依照業配新聞的性質隱藏在其他新聞之間。另外年紀越輕、資歷越淺、職務越低的編輯越容易受到其他媒體議題設定的影響；而本研究也發現，編輯是電視新聞「跟報風」的推手之一。 在社會文化層面，編輯認為若社會環境趨勢也是影響其編排的重大指標。另外編輯也認為馬賽克、消音等製播限制有逐漸增加趨勢，甚至在編播上有自我更加限縮的情況。本研究也發現，媒體自律隱隱成形，對於暴力、色情、自殺新聞的選擇並沒有放寬，尤其是自殺新聞基本上不選用。 比較五個層面的影響程度，編輯普遍認為媒介外層面是最主要的原因，其次為個人層面、接續是社會層面、組織層面及常規層面。 關於編輯編排策略上，研究發現編排模式會融合固定新聞模式及議題分散模式為主；編排節奏也趨於緊湊；新聞編排的重複率降低。除了TVBS恢復「整點開播」之外，其他新聞台仍是提早開播，因TVBS「整點開播」模式對其他台的收視率無明顯受衝擊，因此其他台均認為沒有跟進的必要。「短廣告」策略出現，其目的是為了減低觀眾廣告轉台機率，並且分散每段廣告時間的廣告量；此策略目前僅TVBS使用，其他台為跟進的原因是考量其觀眾的收視習慣不同。本研究也發現監看友台而調動新聞順序的頻率減少；並且插播新聞也已非隨到隨播；另外「假連線」已成目前新聞台的製播常態。 / This thesis aims to investigate the factors affecting TV news editing and the responsive strategy developed by editors in 24-hour news channel. It adopts Shoemaker’s (1991) five levels of gatekeeping decisions and forces, including individual, communication routines, organizational, extramedia, and social system level. Based on this analytical framework, the research was conducted by survey of 127 editors which was followed by in-depth interview of 7 editors. The research findings can be summarized into the five levels respectively. On individual level, editors preferred to evaluate news with the extent of controversy and excitement; the younger and lower-positioned editors were more easily to be subjective in editing news. Furthermore, “exclusive news” enjoyed higher priority to be broadcast regardless of its news value. On communication routine level, the influential factors are “time-related”. First, editors were concerned about the timing of videotape arriving and limited length of broadcasting time. Second, the session for which editors were responsible was also important. The news was more diversified in “prime time”, but more repetitive in “general session”. Third, editors of morning and noon sessions were more likely to conduct SNG connection than editors of late night session. Fourth, editors preferred to broadcast the news reported by reporters with fine reputation. Moreover, the consensus among editors was that general news should not be longer than ninety seconds; the principle of balanced report has been internalized in editors’ operational model. On organizational level, interviewees agreed that attributes of the channel and organizational culture were more consequential than reward system in news editing. The younger, lower-positioned, and junior editors were more likely to follow instructions from supervisors. Generally, the producing and editing of news were rating-oriented. On extramedia level, 93.7 per cent of interviewees would consider rating in news editing, especially the more educated and senior editors. This result indicated that rating has been internalized as the standard of editing. Specifically, the pridian rating is critical in deciding the length and placement of news in the following day. However, after the “rating per minute” was prohibited, editors inferred audience preference from news zone or news rhythm. Furthermore, “product placement” was placed in the end of or among other news according to its characteristics. This study also found that editors partook in promoting the trend of “follow suit” TV news. On social system level, editors thought that the social trend was critical in editing news. Some editors considered that constraints of broadcast such as blurring and muting were increasing which made editors more self-limited. This study also found that media self-regulation was in shape. The news about violence, pornography, and suicide were highly restricted or even abandoned. Based on interviewees’ response, the five levels can be listed in order of the extent of influence. The primary factors were on extramedia level which followed individual level, social system level, organizational level, and the communication routine level. This study found that editing strategies include: combination of fixed news model and issue diffusion model, tighter schedule, lower rate of repetition, and “short advertisement”. The last one was only used by TVBS channel in order to keep audience stay tune and to dilute quantity of advertisement in every intervals. TVBS was the only channel resuming “on the hour” news. Since this broadcast model had no significant impact on TV rating, other channels remained broadcasting a few minutes earlier. Last but not least, this study also found that “fake connection” has been commonly used and emergency news would not be broadcast on time. Fewer changes of broadcasting order due to monitoring news of other channels.

Cette recherche a pour objectif de comprendre le rôle des chaînes internationales d’information à l’ère de la mondialisation : la tension et l’harmonisation entre l’objectif de diplomatie publique de la chaîne internationale d’information et les principes journalistiques ; le rôle des chaînes internationales d’information pour l’espace public global dans le monde « trans-nationalisé ». Afin de répondre à ces questions, dans une perspective constructiviste, nous avons analysé les missions annoncées par les chaînes sélectionnées (CNN International, France 24, BBC World News, NHK World TV, Arirang TV et Al-Jazeera English) puis leur contenu réel : la programmation et le contenu journalistique. Les résultats d’analyse nous démontrent que les chaînes considèrent et réalisent implicitement leur rôle de diplomate public et soulignent explicitement les principes journalistiques. Enfin, nous avons trouvé que les chaînes internationales d’information fonctionnent comme une infrastructure de communication internationale, en réalisant un double objectif et une double identité à cause du croisement de deux acteurs principaux concernés au sein de la chaîne internationale d’information : le gouvernement et les professionnels du journalisme. De plus, les efforts qui peuvent montrer « l’objectivité » et « le respect des principes journalistiques » des chaînes internationales conduisent ces dernières à jouer un rôle dans la sphère publique internationale, notamment grâce aux émissions participatives et interactives, ainsi que par les dispositifs d’interaction et de discussion. / This research aims to understand the role of international 24-hour TV news channels in the era of globalization: the tension and balance between the role of the international news channel for public diplomacy and the respect for journalistic principles; the role of international news channels for the global public space in the transnationalised world. In order to answer these questions, we analysed their missions announced by the selected channels (CNN International, France 24, BBC World News, NHK World TV, Arirang TV and Al-Jazeera English) and their media content with a constructivist perspective. The results show that the channels implicitly realize their role for public diplomacy and explicitly emphasize the journalistic principles. Finally, we found that international news channels work as an international communications infrastructure phenomenally with dual goal and a dual identity. In addition, the result shows that the international 24-hour TV news channels try to play a role as international public sphere through participatory and interactive programs.