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Comparação de transcriptomas por sequenciamento de próxima geração em tecidos de cabeça de duas espécies de moscas-das-frutas, Anastrepha fratercules e Anastrepha obliquaRezende, Victor Borges 28 February 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / We studied patterns of gene expression in two closely related species of fruit flies of the genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidea), A. fraterculus and A. obliqua, with the goal of finding candidate genes related to the recent differentiation process between these species. In order to do this, we used the Next-generation sequencing (NGS) with RNA-Seq methodology in head tissues of the two species of flies at different stages of the reproductive life for both sexes. After processing and removal of low quality reads we retained over 140 million paired-end reads. These sequences were assembled into individual transcriptomes for each species and a pooled transcriptome, with 154,787 contigs, representing both species. Based on the results of the assemblies, annotation and mapping we prepared two separate manuscripts, one describing the libraries for each species and a combined analysis and a second that investigate the contigs involved with species differences and their patterns of expression. These data reveal 1991 genes with differential expression in at least one comparison among different reproductive stages. It is noteworthy that we observed twice as many genes with differential expression when contrasting males than with females. Several of these genes were associated to odour, such as Odorant Binding proteins and visgum, suggesting that behavioral changes in food sources, mating choice, or breeding and oviposition sites might be involved with species differences.We also identified two large sets of genes that are differentially expressed between the species, one being underexpressed in A. obliqua and overexpressed in A. fraterculus and the other that had a reverse pattern. We used a differentiation index of SNPs per contig () and pairwise tests of positive selection between the sequences, and analysis of the substitution amino acid type caused by SNPs to identify 7 genes there are candidates to be related to the speciation process between A. fraterculus and A. obliqua. / Investigamos os padrões de expressão gênica em tecidos cefálicos de duas espécies de moscas-das-
frutas do gênero Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidea), A. fraterculus e A. obliqua,
proximamente relacionadas, identificando SNPs com alto grau de diferenciação entre as espécies
e realizando análises evolutivas com o objetivo de encontrar genes candidatos relacionados ao
recente processo de separação dessas espécies. Para isso, utilizamos as novas tecnologias de
sequenciamento em larga escala (NGS) com a metodologia de RNA-Seq em tecidos cefálicos
das duas espécies de moscas em diferentes fases da vida reprodutiva dos dois sexos. Após
processamento e retirada das sequências com baixa qualidade utilizamos mais de 140 milhões de
sequências paired-end para montarmos um transcriptoma conjunto das espécies, com mais de
154 mil contigs, e outros dois separados por espécie. Estes resultados estão apresentados em dois
manuscritos distintos, um primeiro que descreve as bibliotecas produzidas para as diferentes
espécies e um segundo que investiga padrões de expressão e genes envolvidos na diferenciação
das espécies. Estes dados revelaram 1991 genes com expressão diferencial em pelo menos uma
comparação de fase de vida reprodutiva entre as espécies, sendo que encontramos duas vezes
mais genes com diferença na expressão entre as espécies em machos do que em fêmeas. Diversos
destes genes foram associados a genes relacionados ao olfato, como a família gênica das Obps
(odorant-binding protein) e o gene visgun, o que pode indicar uma mudança comportamental na
preferência por alimento, parceiros ou sítios para cópula e oviposição. Encontramos também dois
conjuntos de genes que são diferencialmente expressos entre as espécies, sendo um conjunto
super-expresso em A. obliqua e sub-expresso em A. fraterculus e outro conjunto com um padrão
revertido. Análises de padrão de seleção nestes genes sugerem sete que apresentam indícios de
seleção positiva e ao menos um SNP com altos índices de diferenciação entre as espécies.
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Biotic factors drive bacterioplankton community in a tropical coastal site of the equatorial atlantic oceanKavagutti, Vinicius Silva 01 September 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-09-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The relationship between latitude and microbial diversity in the ocean is
controversial. Niche models predict higher richness at high latitudes in winter, while
snapshot field-sampling point towards higher richness at intermediate latitudes, with
lower values both towards equatorial and Polar Regions. However, given the dynamic
nature of ocean’s ecosystem it is difficult to account for temporal variations in empirical
assessments of microbial biodiversity. Here, we compared the components of diversity
(richness and evenness) and microbial population stability (coefficient of variation) in
two coastal ocean observatories with similar trophic state located in contrasting
latitudes, one located in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean, and one temperate located in the
Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, to evaluate which factors drive the dynamics of
microbial communities in each site. Our observations support the view that, as animals
and plants, microbial communities exhibit higher (or at least similar) richness towards
the equator, at least in the coastal ocean. We also found evidence of increasing stability
with increasing evenness in tropical microbial communities when compared to the
temperate ones. Temperature and silicates drove temperate free-living prokaryotic
communities, while tropical ones were driven by stochastic factors such as biotic
interactions with eukaryotes. We propose a conceptual framework where microbial
community composition would be driven by deterministic factors in higher latitudes and
once the factor temperature is removed moving towards the equator, more stochastic
factors such as biotic interactions would emerge as the main factors shaping microbial
communities. This study highlights the importance of comparative studies on Eulerian
time-series distributed at different latitudes to fully understand the diversity patterns of
microbial communities in the ocean. / A relação entre a latitude e diversidade microbiana no oceano é controversa.
Modelos de nicho preveem maior riqueza em altas latitudes no inverno, enquanto
amostragens pontuais indicam uma maior riqueza em latitudes intermediárias, com
valores mais baixos para regiões equatoriais e polares. No entanto, dada a natureza
dinâmica do ecossistema oceânico, é difícil explicar variações temporais da
biodiversidade microbiana nas avaliações empíricas. Nesse trabalho comparamos os
componentes da diversidade (riqueza e equitabilidade) e estabilidade das populações
microbianas (coeficiente de variação) em dois observatórios oceânicos costeiros com
estados tróficos semelhantes, localizados em latitudes contrastantes: um localizado no
Oceano Atlântico Equatorial e um em clima temperado localizado no noroeste do Mar
Mediterrâneo, a fim de avaliar quais fatores estruturam a dinâmica das comunidades
microbianas em cada local. Observamos que tal como animais e plantas, as
comunidades microbianas exibem maior (ou pelo menos similar) riqueza no equador
pelo menos em águas costeiras. Também encontramos evidências de aumento da
estabilidade com o aumento da uniformidade nas comunidades microbianas tropicais,
quando comparadas com as de clima temperado. De modo geral, temperatura e silicatos
foram as variáveis que condicionaram as comunidades procariotas de vida livre no
observatório da região temperada, enquanto que no observatório tropical, fatores
estocásticos tais como interações bióticas com eucariotos, foram os fatores que mais
influenciaram as comunidades bacterianas. Assim, propomos um quadro conceitual
onde a composição da comunidade microbiana seria impulsionada por fatores
determinísticos em latitudes mais elevadas, enquanto que em latitudes menores, seriam
determinados por fatores mais estocásticos, como interações bióticas. Nosso estudo
destaca a importância de estudos comparativos utilizando series temporais Eulerianas
em diferentes latitudes para entender os padrões de diversidade das comunidades
microbianas no oceano.
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Triagem funcional de genes envolvidos no processo de manutenção da inativação do cromossomo X em humanos / Functional screening of genes involved in the maintenance of X chromosome inactivation in humansNaja Vergani 01 April 2014 (has links)
A compensação da dosagem gênica entre fêmeas XX e machos XY em mamíferos é adquirida através de um complexo mecanismo epigenético que resulta na inativação de grande parte de um dos cromossomos X nas células femininas. O processo de inativação do cromossomo X (XCI) se inicia cedo durante a embriogênese, concomitantemente à diferenciação celular, e envolve a aquisição de modificações epigenéticas características do cromossomo X inativo (Xi). Uma estabelecido, o padrão de inativação é estavelmente mantido através de todas as mitoses celulares subsequentes e por toda a vida do organismo (exceto para células germinativas que sofrem reativação do Xi). Os mecanismos envolvidos na iniciação e estabelecimento da XCI foram extensivamente estudados, especialmente em camundongos. Embora algumas características epigenéticas associadas à manutenção da XCI tenham sido descritas, a identidade e modo específico de ação de fatores envolvidos durante essa fase da XCI são aspectos ainda não bem compreendidos. Além disso, o processo de XCI apresenta diferenças importantes entre humanos e camundongos e estudos direcionados para a identificação de novos componentes envolvidos na manutenção da XCI em humanos tornam-se de fundamental importância. Triagens funcionais genômicas por bibliotecas de shRNAs constituem uma ferramenta poderosa para a identificação de genes envolvidos em diferentes mecanismos celulares e vias bioquímicas. Sendo assim, utilizamos essa ferramenta para triar genes envolvidos na manutenção da XCI em humanos. Células somáticas femininas primárias HPRT+/-/HPRT- foram transduzidas com uma biblioteca lentiviral de shRNAs e posteriormente tratadas em meio de cultura contendo a droga HAT para seleção de células HPRT+ nas quais esperava-se que o cromossomo Xi presente tivesse sofrido reativação em decorrência do knockdown de genes envolvidos na manutenção da XCI. Essa estratégia nos permitiu identificar 20 novos genes candidatos a estarem envolvidos na manutenção da XCI. Esses candidatos deverão ser avaliados individualmente para confirmar seu papel no processo de controle epigenético do cromossomo X / Transcriptional dosage compensation between mammalian XX females and XY males is acquired through a complex epigenetic mechanism that leads to the inactivation of most part of one of the X chromosomes in the female cells. The X chromosome inactivation (XCI) process takes place early during embryogenesis and involves the acquisition of epigenetic modifications that are characteristic of the inactive X chromosome (Xi). Once silencing is established, the inactivation pattern is maintained in through all the subsequent mitosis and the same X chromosome remains stably silenced in all the descendant cells and throughout the life of the organism (except for the germ line cells that undergo X chromosome reactivation). The initiation of XCI has been studied extensively, especially in mice. Although some epigenetic features associated with the maintenance of XCI have already been described, the identity and specific mode of action of the factors involved in this phase of XCI are largely unknown. Moreover, the XCI process presents important differences between mice and humans, and studies directed to the identification of new players involved in the maintenance of human XCI are fundamentally important. Functional genome-wide screens using multiplex shRNA libraries are a powerful tool for the identification of genes involved in different cellular mechanisms and biochemical pathways. In order to screen for genes involved in the maintenance of XCI in humans, a population of HPRT+/-/HPRT- primary somatic female cells were transduced with a multiplex lentiviral shRNA library and subsequently treated in HAT medium to select for HPRT+ cells in which we expected that the Xi would undergo reactivation as a result of the knockdown of genes involved in the maintenance of XCI. As a result, we identified 20 new candidate genes that could potentially be involved in the maintenance of XCI. These candidates should be individually evaluated in order to confirm their role in the epigenetic control of the X chromosome
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Sequenciamento de nova geração do gene IRF4: identificação de variações associadas a fenótipos de pigmentação na população brasileira / Next generation sequencing of gene IRF4: identification of variations associated with pigmentation traits in the Brazilian populationMaria Luiza Guimarães de Oliveira 25 May 2016 (has links)
O gene fator regulador de interferon 4 (IRF4), localizado na região cromossômica 6p25- p23, é um membro da família de fatores reguladores de interferon (IRF), um grupo de fatores de transcrição de ligação ao DNA, sendo IRF4 primariamente associado ao desenvolvimento e resposta imune e expresso exclusivamente em células do sistema imunológico e em linhagens melanocíticas. Embora muitos estudos tenham associado IRF4 a diversas condições, como melanoma e leucemia linfocítica crônica, um recente Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) identificou que alelos do SNP rs12203592 (intron 4) estão associados com variação fenotípica em relação à presença de sardas, pigmentação da pele, cabelos e olhos. Estudos funcionais realizados em células melanocíticas humanas e de camundongos revelaram que este SNP está diretamente envolvido na regulação da expressão de IRF4, sugerindo uma clara função na pigmentação do melanócito. Apesar destes achados, a diversidade das regiões regulatórias e codificadora de IRF4 não foi até o momento analisada em populações miscigenadas. A fim de avaliar se outros sítios de variação ao longo do gene IRF4 podem estar associados à pigmentação humana, as regiões regulatórias (promotora e 3´UTR) e codificadora (9 exons e regiões intrônicas flanqueadoras, incluindo o SNP rs12203592) foram analisadas por sequenciamento de nova geração em uma amostra miscigenada da população brasileira. A amostra populacional foi composta por 228 indivíduos não aparentados de Ribeirão Preto, estado de São Paulo, Brasil, os quais foram estratificados de acordo com a pigmentação da pele (clara, média e escura), olhos (azul, verde, castanho-claros e castanho-escuros), cabelo (ruivo, loiro-claro, loiroescuro, castanho-claro, castanho-escuro e preto) bem como em relação à presença de sardas e intensidade de cabelos grisalhos. Bibliotecas de DNA foram preparadas utilizando o Sistema de Enriquecimento de Alvo Haloplex (Agilent Technologies) e sequenciadas na plataforma MiSeq (Illumina). Os pacotes de software CutAdapt, BWA and GATK foram utilizados, respectivamente, para trimagem das sequências dos adaptadores, alinhamento e identificação de variantes. Haplótipos e alelos não identificados foram inferidos pelo método PHASE, embora a fase conhecida entre os sítios de variação (obtida pelo GATK) tenha sido levada em consideração. Um total de 105 sítios de variação foram identificados. Apenas dois deles apresentaram frequências genotípicas que não atendem ao esperado pelo equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg (EHW). Dezoito destes SNPs apresentaram forte associação a pelo menos uma característica de pigmentação. Entretanto, se a conservadora correção de Bonferroni para múltiplos testes for levada em consideração, apenas duas associações, ambas envolvendo o SNP rs12203592, permanecem significativas: a associação do alelo T com pele clara e olhos azuis. Este resultado está de acordo com estudos prévios, que reportam que o alelo rs12203592*T leva a uma menor ativação de IRF4 e a uma expressão reduzida da tirosinase, resultando em sensibilidade ao sol e olhos azuis. Foi inferido um total de 101 haplótipos, estando a distribuição destes de acordo com o esperado pelo EHW. Quando os haplótipos foram divididos em haplótipos da promotora, codificadora e 3´UTR foram observadas, respectivamente, 17, 29 e 37 diferentes combinações haplotípicas. Várias associações foram identificadas, particularmente envolvendo o haplótipo mais frequente da promotora, os dois haplótipos mais frequentes da codificadora e o haplótipo mais frequente da 3´UTR, todos associados com pele clara, olhos azuis, cabelos castanhos e cabelos grisalhos. Estes resultados sugerem que outras variantes além de rs12203592, quando consideradas em um contexto haplotípico, são associadas com a pigmentação humana. / The Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4) gene, located at chromosomal region 6p25- p23, is a member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, a group of DNAbinding transcription factors, with the IRF4 primarily associated with immune system development and response and expressed exclusively in immune system cells and melanocytic lineages. Although many studies have shown that IRF4 is associated with many human conditions, such as melanoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a recent Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) identified that alleles from the SNP rs12203592 (intron 4) is also associated with phenotypic variation regarding presence of freckles, hair, eye and skin pigmentation. Functional studies in human and mice melanin-containing cells revealed that such SNP is directly involved in the regulation of IRF4 expression, suggesting a clear role in melanocyte pigmentation. In spite of these findings, the regulatory and coding IRF4 diversities in admixed populations have not been evaluated so far. In order to verify if other variation sites spread across the IRF4 gene may be associated with human pigmentation, the regulatory (promoter and 3\'UTR regions) and coding (9 exons and flanking intronic regions, including the SNP rs12203592) regions were analyzed by next-generation sequencing procedures in a Brazilian admixed population sample. The population sample was composed of 228 unrelated individuals from the Ribeirão Preto area, São Paulo State, Brazil, which were stratified according to eye (blue, green, hazel, light-brown, and dark-brown), hair (red, blond, dark-blond, light-brown, dark-brown and black) and skin (light, intermediate and dark) pigmentation, as well as regarding the presence of freckles and intensity of hair greying. DNA libraries were prepared using the Haloplex Target Enrichment System (Agilent Technologies) and sequenced at the MiSeq platform (Illumina). CutAdapt, BWA and GATK software packages were used for trimming adaptor sequences, alignment and genotype calling, respectively. Missing alleles and haplotypes were inferred by using the PHASE method, although the known phase between variable sites (obtained by GATK) was taken into account. A total of 105 variation sites were identified. Only two of them presented genotype frequencies that did not fit Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) expectations. Eighteen of these SNPs presented strong association with at least one pigmentation feature. However, if the conservative Bonferroni correction for multiple tests is taken into account, only two associations, both of them involving the rs12203592 SNP, remain significant: allele T associated with light skin and blue eyes. This result is in agreement with previous reports that the rs12203592*T allele leads to reduced IRF4 activation and reduced tyrosinase expression, leading to sun sensitivity and blue eyes. A total of 101 different haplotypes were inferred, and haplotype distribution was in agreement to HWE expectations. When haplotypes were subdivided in promoter, coding and 3\'UTR haplotypes, 17, 29 and 37 different haplotypes were observed, respectively. Various associations were identified, particularly involving the most frequent promoter haplotype, the two most frequent coding (only one of them with allele rs12203592*T), and the most frequent 3\'UTR, all of them with light skin, blue eyes, brown hair and hair greying. These results suggest that other variation sites besides rs12203592, when considered in a haplotypic background, are associated with human pigmentation.
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Mutační a substituční tempo u sexuálních a klonáních forem: možné klíč k vysvětlení persistence sexu u modelové skupiny sekavců? / Mutation and substitution rates in sexual and asexual forms: a clue to the persistence of sex in a model group of Cobitis?Röslein, Jan January 2015 (has links)
Univerzita Karlova v Praze Přírodovědecká fakulta Studijní program: Molekulární biologie, genetika a virologie Bc. Jan Röslein Mutační a substituční tempo u sexuálních a klonáních forem: možný klíč k vysvětlení persistence sexu u modelové skupiny sekavců Mutation AND substitution rates in sexual and asexual forms: a clue to the persistence of sex in a model group of Cobitis? Typ závěrečné práce Diplomová Vedoucí závěrečné práce: Mgr. Karel Janko, Ph.D. Praha, 2015 Velký dík náleží mému školiteli Mgr. Karlu Jankovi, Ph.D. za velmi nápomocné, direktivní vedení práce. Též bych rád poděkoval panu Mgr. Janu Pačesovi, Ph.D. za více než vzdělávací rozměr v oblasti bioinformatické analýzy a Mgr. Ladislavu Pekárikovi, Ph.D., Mgr. Janu Kočímu za pomoc při analýze vybraných kapitol. Také bych rád poděkoval rodině za podporu. Všem participantům na této diplomové práci se hluboce omlouvám za způsobenou psychickou újmu. Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou práci zpracoval/a samostatně a že jsem uvedl/a všechny použité informační zdroje a literaturu. Tato práce ani její podstatná část nebyla předložena k získání jiného nebo stejného akademického titulu. V Praze dne 12. 8. 2015 Podpis: Abstrakt Klíčová slova: Abstract Key words: Obsah 1...
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Vyšetření rekombinací mezi genem a pseudogenem pro β-glukocerebrosidasu vedoucích ke vzniku patogenních alel / Detection of β-glucocerebrosidase gene/pseudogene recombination events leading to pathogenic allelesPeková, Barbora January 2017 (has links)
This diploma thesis provides an overview of gene conversion, its role in the pathogenesis of human diseases and the use of methods based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) for detection rare variants of DNA sequence. Labeling of target DNA molecules by random nucleotides in primer and NGS were used for detection point mutations arising de novo in the β-glucocerebrosidase gene by gene conversion between it and its pseudogene in meiotic and mitotic cells of control subjects. Primers specific for the active gene were used to selectively amplify the ninth and tenth exon of the gene where "recombinant" variants occur most frequently. Sequences generated from 20 genomic DNA samples on Illumina MiSeq platform were quality filtered, sorted by unique labels and consensus sequences were created from alignments of sequences carrying the same DNA tag. The number of potential point mutations in the samples ranged between 12 and 48. The mutations were manually re-evaluated from the alignments. The number of alignments with unique labeling was in the range of 7-15 thousand per sample. Only three samples carried possible recombinant mutations, suggesting a lower frequency of conversion in the region than reported by other techniques. Analysis of unique sequences in primer indicated possible ways to improve the...
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DNA damage response gene mutations and inherited susceptibility to breast cancerMantere, T. (Tuomo) 26 September 2017 (has links)
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women and it is strongly influenced by hereditary risk factors. So far, most of the breast cancer-associated genes, including BRCA1/2, have been identified among those that encode proteins involved in DNA damage response (DDR) pathways. However, known genetic risk factors explain less than half of the familial risk of breast cancer. Identification of novel genes and mutations that predispose to breast cancer is important for the understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to the disease development and also for the identification of those individuals who are at high risk.
The first aim of this study was to resolve the complementation groups of Finnish patients with Fanconi anemia (FA), which is a rare genetic disease caused by defects in a specific DDR pathway, and to study the role of the causative gene mutations in breast cancer predisposition. The second aim of this study was to identify novel breast cancer susceptibility genes and alleles by targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) of multiple (~800) DDR related genes. In both approaches, the identified gene mutations were subjected to case-control association analysis utilizing DNA samples of over 1,000 breast cancer cases and 1,000 healthy controls.
Investigation of the Finnish FA patients revealed six different disease-causing mutations in three different genes (FANCA, FANCG and FANCI). All of the studied mutations were recurrent in the Finnish population but did not associate with breast cancer.
Targeted NGS identified three novel potential breast cancer susceptibility genes. A significant enrichment of TEX15 c.7253dupT and FANCD2 c.2715+1G>A mutations was observed among the hereditary breast cancer cases (P = 0.018 and P = 0.036, respectively). The strongest evidence was found for a Finnish founder mutation in MCPH1 (c.904_916del), which associated with breast cancer susceptibility both in familial (P = 0.003, OR 8.3) and unselected (P = 0.016, OR 3.3) patient cohorts. The tumor suppressive function of MCPH1 was indicated by the loss of the wild-type allele of MCPH1 in 40% of the studied carrier tumors. Furthermore, carriers exhibited a significant increase in genomic instability measured by spontaneous chromosomal rearrangements in peripheral blood lymphocytes. / Tiivistelmä
Rintasyöpä on naisten yleisin syöpä. Sairastumisriskiin vaikuttavat voimakkaasti perinnölliset alttiustekijät, ja suurin osa tähän asti tunnistetuista rintasyöpäalttiusgeeneistä, kuten BRCA1/2, koodaa DNA-vauriovasteessa (DDR) toimivia proteiineja. Tunnistetut tekijät selittävät yhä kuitenkin vain alle puolet rintasyövän perinnöllisestä alttiudesta. Uusien alttiusgeenien tunnistaminen on tärkeää rintasyövän patomekanismien ymmärtämiseksi sekä korkean rintasyöpäriskin omaavien henkilöiden tunnistamiseksi.
Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli määrittää viallisesta DDR-signaalinsiirtoreitistä johtuvan Fanconin anemian (FA) komplementaatioryhmät suomalaisilta FA-potilailta sekä tutkia sairauden taustalla olevien geenimutaatioden yhteyttä rintasyöpäriskiin. Uusia alttiusgeenejä etsittiin myös kohdennetulla uuden sukupolven sekvensointimenetelmällä, jonka avulla tutkittiin yhtäaikaisesti n. 800 DDR-geeniä. Molemmilla lähestymistavoilla tunnistettujen geenimuutosten yhteyttä rintasyöpään selvitettiin tapaus-verrokkitutkimuksen avulla, jossa tutkittiin DNA-näytteitä yli tuhannelta rintasyöpäpotilaalta sekä yli tuhannelta terveeltä henkilöltä.
Suomalaisten FA-potilaiden geenimuutoksia selvittävässä tutkimuksessa tunnistettiin yhteensä kuusi mutaatiota kolmessa eri geenissä (FANCA, FANCG ja FANCI). Kaikki tutkimuksessa tunnistetut mutaatiot olivat toistuvia suomalaisessa väestössä, mutta merkitsevää assosiaatiota näiden mutaatioiden ja rintasyöpäalttiuden välillä ei havaittu.
DDR-geenien sekvensoinnin avulla tunnistettiin kolme uutta mahdollista rintasyöpäalttiusgeeniä. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin TEX15 c.7253dupT ja FANCD2 c.2715+1G>A mutaatioiden rikastuminen perinnöllisessä rintasyöpäaineistossa (P = 0.018 ja P = 0.036). Merkittävin yhteys rintasyöpäalttiuden kanssa todettiin MCPH1-geenin perustajamutaatiolle (c.904_916del). Tämä mutaatio assosioitui rintasyöpäalttiuden kanssa sekä perinnöllisessä (P = 0.003, OR 8.3) että valikoimattomassa potilasaineistossa (P = 0.016, OR 3.3). Useissa mutaatiokantajien tuumoreissa (40 %) normaali MCPH1 vastinalleeli oli hävinnyt, mikä viittaisi siihen, että MCPH1 toimii tuumorisuppressorina. Mutaatiokantajilla todettiin myös kohonnut määrä kromosomaalisia muutoksia veren periferaalisissa lymfosyyteissä, mahdollisesti kohonneeseen genomiseen epävakauteen liittyen.
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Význam rozkladu dřeva houbami v ekosystémech přirozeného lesa / Importance of fungal decomposition of wood in the ecosystems of natural forestsŠtercová, Lucie January 2017 (has links)
The decomposition of organic substrates represents an important part of the global carbon cycle and affects its global change through CO2 release. In temperate forests, deadwood represents a large carbon stock, its amount and decomposition is crucial for ecosystem biodiversity and functioning. The fungi are omnipresent powerful decayers in all terrestrial ecosystems. Their ability to decompose all deadwood compounds, mainly lignocellulose, is highly important. Without fungi, the wood decompositions and the release of withheld nutrients back to nutrient cycles couldn't be performed. While many studies were concerned with the estimation of decomposition rates of deadwood, still deeper knowledge about microbial decomposition processes and the diversity of saproxylic species and their interaction is needed. The fungi are still underrepresented in dead wood studies. This study had two main objectives. First was to describe the fungal community on downed deadwood of Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba in natural forest of Salajka in the Czech Republic, to reflect the substrate changes during the different decay stages, and to link the enzyme activities to fungal community composition and their described ecophysiologies. Second aim was to describe the fungal communities on standing and downed dead logs of...
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Investigating cancer aetiology through the analysis of somatic mutation signatures / Analyse des empreintes mutationnelles pour la recherche sur l'étiologie des cancers humainsArdin, Maude 30 November 2016 (has links)
Les cellules cancéreuses sont caractérisées par des altérations de l'ADN causées par des facteurs exogènes, comme l'exposition à des agents environnementaux tels que le tabac ou les UV, ou par des mécanismes endogènes tels que les erreurs de polymérase lors de la réplication de l'ADN. L'analyse des causes et des conséquences de ces altérations permet de mieux comprendre les facteurs et mécanismes à l'origine du développement d'un cancer. Les technologies de séquençages à haut débit offrent l'opportunité d'étudier la nature précise de ces altérations à l'échelle du génome et permettent de révéler des signatures mutationnelles distinctes et spécifiques de cancérigènes, fournissant ainsi des hypothèses sur l'étiologie des cancers.L'objectif de ma thèse a consisté à développer des méthodes et des outils bioinformatiques accessibles et conviviaux permettant de faciliter l'analyse et l'interprétation des signatures mutationnelles à partir de données de séquençage à haut débit. L'application de ces outils et méthodes à des séries originales de tumeurs humaines et de systèmes expérimentaux de mutagénèse et carcinogénèse a permis de mieux caractériser la signature mutationnelle de l'acide aristolochique (AA) ainsi que d'autres cancérigènes d'intérêt / Cellular genomes accumulate alterations following exposures to exogenous factors, like environmental agents such as tobacco smoking or UV, or to endogenous mechanisms such as DNA replication errors. Analysing the causes and consequences of these changes allows a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies provide the opportunity tostudy the nature of the resulting alterations on a genome-wide scale and started to reveal distinct mutational signatures specific to past carcinogenic exposures providing clues on cancer aetiology.The aim of my thesis was to develop user-friendly bioinformatic tools and methods for facilitating the analysis and interpretation of carcinogen-specific mutational signatures from NGS data. Applying these tools and methods to human tumours and experimental models of mutagenesis led to a better characterisation the mutational signature of aristolochic acid (AA), as well as other carcinogens of interest
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Genome-wide analysis of the hypoxic breast cancer transcriptome using next generation sequencingChoudhry, Hani January 2014 (has links)
Hypoxia pathways are associated with the pathogenesis of both ischaemic and neoplastic diseases. In response to hypoxia the transcription factor hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) induces the expression of hundreds of genes with diverse functions. These enable cells to adapt to low oxygen availability. To date, pan-genomic analyses of these transcriptional responses have focussed on protein-coding genes and microRNAs. However, the role of other classes of non-coding RNAs, in particular lncRNAs, in the hypoxia response is largely uncharacterised. My thesis aimed at improving understanding of the transcriptional regulation of the non-coding transcriptome in hypoxia. I performed an integrated genomic analysis of both non-coding and coding transcripts by massively parallel sequencing. This was interfaced with pan-genomic analyses of DNAse hypersensitivity and HIF, H3k4me3 and RNApol2 binding in hypoxic cells. These analyses have revealed that hypoxia profoundly regulated all RNA classes. snRNAs and tRNAs are globally downregulated in hypoxia, whilst miRNAs, mRNAs and lncRNAs are both up- and downregulated with an overall trend towards slight upregulation. In addition, a significant number of previously non-annotated (and largely hypoxia upregulated) transcripts were identified, including novel intergenic transcripts and natural antisense transcripts. HIF bound close to genes for mRNAs, miRNAs and lncRNAs that were upregulated by hypoxia, but was excluded from binding at genes for RNA classes that showed global downregulation. This suggests that HIF acts as a transcriptional activator (but not repressor), of lncRNAs as well as mRNAs and miRNAs. Consistent with direct regulation by HIF, many of these hypoxia-inducible, HIF-binding lncRNAs were downregulated following HIF knockdown. Analysis of RNApol2 binding and DNAse HSS signals at HIF transcriptional target genes indicated that HIF-dependent transcriptional activation occurs through release of RNApol2 that is pre-bound to open promoters of lncRNAs as well as mRNAs. In these datasets, NEAT1 was the most hypoxia-upregulated, HIF-targeted lncRNA in MCF-7 cells and, despite binding of both HIF-1 and HIF-2 isoforms at its promoter, was selectively regulated by HIF-2 alone. Furthermore, NEAT1 was induced by hypoxia in a wide range of breast cancer cell lines and in hypoxic xenograft models. Functionally, NEAT1 is required for the assembly of nuclear paraspeckle structures. Increased nuclear paraspeckle formation was observed in hypoxia and was dependent on both NEAT1 and HIF-2. Knockdown of hypoxia-induced NEAT1 significantly reduced cell proliferation and survival and induced apoptosis. Finally, high expression of NEAT1 correlated with poor clinical outcome in a large cohort of breast cancer patients. These findings extend the role of the hypoxic transcriptional response in cancer into the spectrum of non-coding transcripts and provide new insights into molecular roles of hypoxia-regulated lncRNAs, which may provide the basis for novel therapeutic targets in the future.
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