A espécie de cianobactéria Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii pertence a ordem Nostocales e tem a capacidade de realizar a fixação biológica do N2 atmosférico, sintetizar cianotoxinas e também de proliferar em águas doces formando florações de cianobactérias nocivas. A população de C. raciborskii encontrada no Brasil é conhecida por produzir derivados de saxitoxina (STX), enquanto cilindrospermopsinas (CYN), as quais são detectadas em isolados de outros países, não têm sido detectada em isolados brasileiros. Neste estudo, a produção de CYN por dois isolados brasileiros de C. raciborskii, CENA302 e CENA303, submetidos a diferentes condições nutricionais, foi avaliada usando o teste imunológico ELISA específico para detecção de CYN. Em seguida, genes evolvidos na biossíntese de CYN foram buscados no genoma dessas duas linhagens usando amplificações por PCR com iniciadores específicos e posterior sequenciamento Sanger, bem como sequenciamento genômico na plataforma HiScan SQ. Além disso, foram realizadas buscas nos dois genomas obtidos pela plataforma HiScan SQ de genes envolvidos com a síntese de algumas outras moléculas já descritas em cianobactérias, bem como aqueles relacionados com a fixação biológica de N2 e diferenciação do heterócito. Apesar da utilização de diferentes condições nutricionais, não foi detectada a produção de CYN no ensaio de ELISA em ambos os isolados de cianobactérias. No sequenciamento Sanger, dos nove genes sintetases de CYN buscados, quatro foram amplificados e sequenciados na linhagem C. raciborskii CENA302 e três na linhagem CENA303. Estas sequências de nucletídeos foram traduzidas em aminoácidos, e as funções das proteínas e os domínios preditos confirmaram a sua identidade como genes sintetase de CYN. O sequenciamento dos genomas completos das duas linhagens apresentou altos valores de qualidade de bases e elevada cobertura genômica. A busca por genes sintetase de CYN nos dois genomas foi realizada pelo mapeamento por referência das leituras, mostrando que algumas porções do agrupamento estavam contempladas no genoma, representando aproximadamente 10% do agrupamento de CYN. A anotação das regiões entre os genes descritos como flanqueadores do agrupamento CYN mostrou uma inversão gênica indicando a ocorrência de eventos que podem ter levado a perda ou dispersão no genoma deste agrupamento. Os genes anotados relacionados com fixação biológica de N2 e diferenciação do heterócito nas linhagens CENA302 e CENA303 apresentaram altas identidades com genes homólogos descritos em C. raciborskii. A ausência de alguns nucleotídeos no gene hetP envolvido na formação do heterócito possivelmente levou a perda de sua função na C. raciborskii CENA303, impedindo a diferenciação das células vegetativas em heterócitos, uma vez que não foi observado a presença dessa célula diferenciada em nenhuma das condições nutricionais avaliadas. Todos os genes de moléculas bioativas conhecidas de cianobactérias buscados pelo mapeamento por referência das leituras não foram encontrados nos genomas das linhagens C. raciborskii CENA302 e CENA303. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo revelaram a possibilidade de estar ocorrendo eventos evolutivos que estão causando a perda dos genes responsáveis pela síntese de CYN nos isolados brasileiros de C. raciborskii, demonstrando divergência alopátrica. / The cyanobacterial species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii belongs to the order Nostocales and has the ability to perform biological nitrogen fixation, synthesize cyanotoxins and also to proliferate in freshwaters to form harmful cyanobacterial blooms. The C. raciborskii population from Brazil is known to produces saxitoxin derivatives (STX), while cylindrospermopsin (CYN), which is commonly detected in isolates from other countries, has thus far not been detected in Brazilian strains. In this study, the production of CYN by two Brazilian isolates of C. raciborskii CENA302 and CENA303, under different nutritional conditions, was evaluated using ELISA immunoassay specific for the detection of CYN. Then, genes involved in the biosynthesis of CYN were searched in the genome of these two strains using PCR amplification with specific primers and subsequent Sanger sequencing, as well as genomic sequencing on the platform HiScan SQ. Furthermore, searches were performed in the two genomes obtained by the platform HiScan SQ of genes involved in the synthesis of several other molecules already described in cyanobacteria, as well as those related to the biological N2 fixation and heterocyte differentiation. Despite the use of different nutritional conditions, no CYN production was detected by the ELISA assay for both cyanobacterial isolates. In the Sanger sequencing, of the nine CYN synthetase gene searched, four were amplified and sequenced in the C. raciborskii strain CENA302 and three in the strain CENA303. These nucleotide sequences were translated into amino acids, and the predicted protein functions and domains confirmed their identity as CYN synthetase genes. The complete genome sequencing of the two strains showed high values of bases quality and high genomic coverage. The search for CYN synthetase genes in the two genomes was performed by mapping reads to reference, showing that some portions of the cluster were contemplated in the genome, representing approximately 10% of CYN cluster. The annotation of regions between the genes described as flanking the CYN cluster showed a gene inversion indicating the occurrence of events that may have caused the loss or dispersion in the genome of this cluster. The annotated genes related to biological N2 fixation and heterocyte differentiation in the CENA302 and CENA303 strains showed high identities with homologous genes from other strains of C. raciborskii. The absence of a few nucleotides in the hetP gene involved in the heterocyte formation perhaps led to the loss of its function in the C. raciborskii CENA303, preventing the differentiation of vegetative cells into heterocyte, since it was not observed the presence of this differentiated cell in any of the nutritional conditions evaluated. All genes of known cyanobacterial molecules searched by mapping reads to reference were not found in the genomes of the C. raciborskii strains CENA302 and CENA303. The results of this study revealed the possibility of being occurring evolutionary events that are leading to loss of the genes responsible for the synthesis of CYN in the C. raciborskii Brazilian isolates, demonstrating allopatric divergence.

Os micro-organismos que habitam o trato digestivo dos ruminantes têm uma profunda influência no desenvolvimento e funcionamento do animal hospedeiro. O rúmen abriga comunidades microbianas complexas dominadas por bactérias que participam de um processo eficiente de degradação dos materiais que compõem a parede celular vegetal. Por esta razão, o microbioma do rúmen representa uma fonte inexplorada de enzimas hidrolíticas com potencial aplicação na produção de combustíveis a partir da biomassa lignocelulósica. Nós usamos a plataforma Ion Torrent (PGM) para acessar o microbioma do rúmen de quatro animais da raça Santa Inês submetidos a uma dieta base. A fim de descrever a estrutura da comunidade microbiana no rúmen de ovinos e explorar o seu potencial como uma fonte de genes de degradação da biomassa, usamos a abordagem de sequenciamento do gene RNA ribossomal 16S (rRNA), utilizando Ion Tags, e a abordagem de sequenciamento metagenômico shotgun (DNA total), respectivamente. Além disso, medimos parâmetros químicos do ambiente do rúmen, relacionados a cada animal, incluindo pH, Degradabilidade da Matéria Orgânica (OMD), Produção total de Gás (GP) e Emissões de Metano (CH4), a fim de buscar correlações entre estas variáveis químicas e os grupos bacterianos. Em termos de estrutura da comunidade microbiana (bacteriana), encontramos Bacteroidetes como o filo dominante, seguido por Firmicutes, Proteobacteria e Actinobacteria. Alguns táxons foram correlacionados com os parâmetros químicos, como as famílias Corynebacteriaceae e Streptococcaceae, que foram positivamente correlacionadas com OMD; e a família Streptomycetaceae, negativamente correlacionada com GP e CH4. Algumas glicosil hidrolases conhecidas foram identificadas, como Endo-1,4-beta-glucanases, Beta-D-glicosídioglicohidrolases e outras foram designadas como putativas. Estas descobertas mostram interações ecológicas entre os grupos microbianos e funções importantes do rúmen, assim como o potencial do rúmen de ovinos para a descoberta de novas enzimas celulolíticas. / The microorganisms inhabiting the digestive tracts of ruminants have a profound influence on the host animal development and functioning. The rumen harbors complex microbial communities dominated by bacteria, which participate in an efficient process to digest plant cell wall materials. For this reason, the rumen microbiome represents an untapped source of hydrolytic enzymes with potential application for fuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. We used the Ion Torrent (PGM) platform to access the rumen microbiome of four animals of Santa Inês breed under a base diet. In order to describe the structure of the microbial community in the sheep rumen and explore its potential as a source of biomass-degrading genes, we used 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Ion Tags sequencing approach and shotgun metagenomic sequencing (total DNA) approach, respectively. Furthermore, we measured rumen chemical environmental parameters related to each animal, including pH, Organic Matter Degradability (OMD), Total Gas Production (GP) and Methane emissions (CH4) in order to search for correlations between these chemical variables and bacterial groups. In terms of microbial (bacterial) community structure, we found Bacteroidetes as the dominant phylum in sheep rumen microbiome, followed by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Some taxa were correlated with the environmental parameters, like the Corynebacteriaceae and Streptococcaceae families, which was positively correlated with OMD, and the Streptomycetaceae family, negatively correlated with GP and CH4. Some known glycoside hydrolases were identified, such as Endo-1,4-betaglucanases, Beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolases and others were designated as putative ones. These findings show ecological interactions among microbial groups and important rumen functions, as well as the potential of the sheep rumen for the discovery of new cellulolytic enzymes.

The future of Lake Baikal’s biodiversity is uncertain in response to climate change. Unlike its diverse benthos, Lake Baikal’s zooplankton is species poor, with up to 96% of its biomass being composed of a single Calanoid copepod species, Epischura baikalensis. This study characterizes the genetic differentiation and differential gene expression of E. baikalensis. Using partial-transcriptome sequences obtained by 454 Rosche and Illumina sequencing technologies, the genetic differentiation at inferred single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites and differential gene expression in populations sampled from various parts of the lake were analyzed. The functional genomics of genes showed significant differential expression among the lake’s regions with some genes being highly up-or down-regulated. High genetic differentiation among regions suggests isolated subpopulations. Moreover, significantly differentially expressed transcripts were significantly more genetically differentiated than transcripts exhibiting no differential expression. These results suggest high potential phenotypic plasticity and adaptability in response to climate change, e.g., temperature.

La chute des prix des technologies de séquençage de nouvelle génération (NGS) s'est accompagnée de leur utilisation accrue, en recherche et en clinique. L'interprétation toujours meilleure des génomes humains peut permettre le développement de meilleures stratégies de prévention, de diagnostic et de traitement des maladies. Des investissements significatifs ont vu le jour dans de nombreux pays industrialisés en vue de réaliser les promesses de la médecine personnalisée. Cependant, le séquençage du génome complet de patients n'est offert en tant que test clinique que dans un nombre très limité d'établissements de santé dans le monde. La France et le Québec ont investi de manière considérable dans la recherche en génomique. Cependant, des décisions stratégiques doivent encore être prises quant à l'implémentation clinique des technologies NGS dans ces deux juridictions. Dès lors, l'objectif de ce projet est de contribuer à l'ensemble des preuves et faits à la disposition des décideurs publics. Nous avons focalisé notre attention sur deux technologies, le séquençage de l'exome (whole-exome sequencing, WES) et du génome complet (whole-genome sequencing, WGS). Notre objectif était d'établir si l'utilisation efficace et responsable du WES/WGS pouvait être mise en péril par des lacunes dans les politiques publiques ou cadres règlementaires et normatifs applicables. A l'heure actuelle, l'interprétation clinique de la séquence génomique ou exomique d'un patient nécessite l'intervention de nombreuses parties prenantes, y compris des chercheurs qui utilisent des outils, procédés et normes développés dans le cadre de la recherche pour analyser les données NGS. En parallèle, les cadres normatifs existants ont été construits pour accommoder les données génétiques, mais n'abordent pas la question des données génomiques. Notre hypothèse est que ces éléments créent un besoin de standardisation, qui pourrait requérir des adaptations du cadre normatif. Nous avons répondu à trois questions de recherches: (1) Quels enjeux les utilisateurs de technologies NGS soulèvent-il à propos de leur utilisation en clinique ? Pour répondre nous avons fait une étude systématique de la littérature. (2) Comment les données NGS de patients sont-elles à l'heure actuelle par des institutions de santé en France et au Québec ? Pour répondre nous avons réalisé une étude de cas multiples. (3) Y a-t-il des lacunes dans les cadres normatifs qui devraient être comblées pour assurer l'utilisation responsable, efficace et standardisée des données NGS en clinique ? [...] / The decreasing cost of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has resulted in their increased use in research, and in the clinical context. Indeed, the correct interpretation of a human genome can enable better prevention, diagnosis and treatment strategies. Significant public investments in NGS have been made in various developed nations to realise the promise of personalized medicine. Yet, today the sequencing and analysis of a patient’s exome or genome is only offered as a clinical test in a limited number of clinics around the world. France and Quebec have made sizable investments in genomics research, and France announced the launch of a genomic medicine plan in 2016. However, policy decisions still have to be made on the nation-wide clinical implementation of NGS technologies in both jurisdictions. Therefore, this project’s objective was to contribute to the body of evidence available to policymakers in France and Quebec on the clinical implementation of NGS technologies. We focused our attention on two specific NGS technologies, namely Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES). We specifically aimed to assess if the responsible and efficient use of WES/WGS data in the context of clinical care could be impeded by policy gaps. Currently, the clinical interpretation of a patient’s genome sequence data is done through the intervention of many stakeholders including basic science researchers. These researchers use bioinformatics tools, processes and norms developed for research to filter and analyse patients NGS data. In parallel, existing regulatory and normative frameworks have been developed for the use of genetic data, and include no clear definition of genomic data or genomic technologies. We hypothesised that these elements create a strong need for standardization of practices, and may require adaptations of current regulatory and normative frameworks to the context of NGS. We therefore aimed to answer three research questions: (1) What issues do technology users experience and foresee when using WES data to inform patient care? To answer this, we performed a systematic review of the literature. (2) How are patients’ NGS data currently managed (produced, analysed, interpreted and shared) in clinical institutions in Quebec and in France? We answered this by performing a case studies analysis, interrogating key stakeholders directly involved in managing patients’ NGS data in France and Quebec. (3) Are there gaps in the current regulatory and normative frameworks which should be addressed to enable a responsible and efficient standardized use of NGS data in the clinic? [...]

början av 2000-talet sekvenserades det första hela mänskliga genomet och sedan dess har teknikerna förfinats, effektiviserats och förbättrats, så att utvecklingen på många områden, däribland forskningen om människans evolution, går fortare än någonsin tidigare. Från att ha sekvenserat en molekyl i taget är det idag möjligt att sekvensera miljontals molekyler parallellt och dessutom till ett så lågt pris att fler nu har möjlighet att använda sig av teknikerna. Bara under de senaste fem åren har det hänt mycket på området människans evolution och det är detta som vi kommer redogöra för i den här studien. Vi redovisar nya upptäckter –såsom att Homo naledi artbestämdes 2015 –, stärker gamla hypoteser –såsom att Homo sapiens utvandrade ur Afrika –samt stryker andra hypoteser –såsom att Australopithecus afarensis skulle vara den saknade länken mellan släktet Australopithecus och släktet Homo. Mycket har skett inom forskningen på människans evolution. Tillgång till nya biologiska tekniker har tillsammans med paleontologiska upptäckter bidragit till att skapa en större samstämmighet inom båda områden. Genom att teknikerna utvecklas och kompletterar varandra kan en större konsensus i resultaten skapas. Att utvecklingen av forskningen går fort fram har konsekvenser även för kurslitteraturen i gymnasieskolan. Vi analyserar därför om gymnasielitteraturen hinner med samt om förenklingarna som görs i den är rimlig. Det är svårt att avgöra om kurslitteraturen uppdateras i tillräcklig takt då förenklingarna är så pass stora. Vi anser att flera av de jämförda böckerna är tvetydiga i sina beskrivningar och framställer fakta som säkerställd, vilket inte alltid stämmer överens med hur området ser ut i verkligheten.

Gene activity is regulated at two separate layers. Through structural and chemical properties of DNA – the primary layer of encoding – local signatures may enable, or disable, the binding of proteins or complexes of them with regulatory potential to the DNA. At a higher level – the structural layer of encoding – gene activity is regulated through the properties of higher order DNA structure, chromatin, and chromosome organization. Cells with abnormal chromosome compaction or organization, e.g. cancer cells, may thus have perturbed regulatory activities resulting in abnormal gene activity. Hence, there is a great need to decode the transcriptional regulation encoded in both layers to further our understanding of the factors that control activity and life of a cell and, ultimately, an organism. Modern genome-wide studies with those aims rely on data-intense experiments requiring sophisticated computational and statistical methods for data handling and analyses. This thesis describes recent advances of analyzing experimental data from quantitative biological studies to decipher the structural layer of encoding in human cells. Adopting an integrative approach when possible, combining multiple sources of data, allowed us to study the influences of chromatin (Papers I and II) and chromosomal aberrations (Paper IV) on transcription. Combining chromatin data with chromosomal aberration data allowed us to identify putative driver oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes in cancer (Paper IV). Bayesian approaches enabling the incorporation of background information in the models and the adaptability of such models to data have been very useful. Their usages yielded accurate and narrow detection of chromosomal breakpoints in cancer (Papers III and IV) and reliable positioning of nucleosomes and their dynamics during transcriptional regulation at functionally relevant regulatory elements (Paper II). Using massively parallel sequencing data, we explored the chromatin landscapes of human cells (Papers I and II) and concluded that there is a preferential and evolutionary conserved positioning at internal exons nearly unaffected by the transcriptional level. We also observed a strong association between certain histone modifications and the inclusion or exclusion of an exon in the mature gene transcript, suggesting a functional role in splicing.

Die Strahlentherapie ist neben der Chemotherapie und einer operativen Entfernung die stärkste Waffe für die Bekämpfung bösartiger Tumore in der Krebsmedizin. Nach Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen ist Krebs die zweithäufigste Todesursache in der westlichen Welt, wobei Prostatakrebs heutzutage die häufigste, männliche Krebserkrankung darstellt. Trotz technologischer Fortschritte der radiologischen Verfahren kann es noch viele Jahre nach einer Radiotherapie zu einem Rezidiv kommen, was zum Teil auf die hohe Resistenzfähigkeit einzelner, entarteter Zellen des lokal vorkommenden Tumors zurückgeführt werden kann. Obwohl die moderne Strahlenbiologie viele Aspekte der Resistenzmechanismen näher beleuchtet hat, bleiben Fragestellungen, speziell über das zeitliche Ansprechen eines Tumors auf ionisierende Strahlung, größtenteils unbeantwortet, da systemweite Untersuchungen nur begrenzt vorliegen. Als Zellmodelle wurden vier Prostata-Krebszelllinien (PC3, DuCaP, DU-145, RWPE-1) mit unterschiedlichen Strahlungsempfindlichkeiten kultiviert und auf ihre Überlebensfähigkeit nach ionisierender Bestrahlung durch einen Trypanblau- und MTT-Vitalitätstest geprüft. Die proliferative Kapazität wurde mit einem Koloniebildungstest bestimmt. Die PC3 Zelllinie, als Strahlungsresistente, und die DuCaP Zelllinie, als Strahlungssensitive, zeigten dabei die größten Differenzen bezüglich der Strahlungsempfindlichkeit. Auf Grundlage dieser Ergebnisse wurden die beiden Zelllinien ausgewählt, um anhand ihrer transkriptomweiten Genexpressionen, eine Identifizierung potentieller Marker für die Prognose der Effizienz einer Strahlentherapie zu ermöglichen. Weiterhin wurde mit der PC3 Zelllinie ein Zeitreihenexperiment durchgeführt, wobei zu 8 verschiedenen Zeitpunkten nach Bestrahlung mit 1 Gy die mRNA mittels einer Hochdurchsatz-Sequenzierung quantifiziert wurde, um das dynamisch zeitversetzte Genexpressionsverhalten auf Resistenzmechanismen untersuchen zu können. Durch das Setzen eines Fold Change Grenzwertes in Verbindung mit einem P-Wert < 0,01 konnten aus 10.966 aktiven Genen 730 signifikant differentiell exprimierte Gene bestimmt werden, von denen 305 stärker in der PC3 und 425 stärker in der DuCaP Zelllinie exprimiert werden. Innerhalb dieser 730 Gene sind viele stressassoziierte Gene wiederzufinden, wie bspw. die beiden Transmembranproteingene CA9 und CA12. Durch Berechnung eines Netzwerk-Scores konnten aus den GO- und KEGG-Datenbanken interessante Kategorien und Netzwerke abgeleitet werden, wobei insbesondere die GO-Kategorien Aldehyd-Dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] Aktivität (GO:0004030) und der KEGG-Stoffwechselweg der O-Glykan Biosynthese (hsa00512) als relevante Netzwerke auffällig wurden. Durch eine weitere Interaktionsanalyse konnten zwei vielversprechende Netzwerke mit den Transkriptionsfaktoren JUN und FOS als zentrale Elemente identifiziert werden. Zum besseren Verständnis des dynamisch zeitversetzten Ansprechens der strahlungsresistenten PC3 Zelllinie auf ionisierende Strahlung, konnten anhand der 10.840 exprimierten Gene und ihrer Expressionsprofile über 8 Zeitpunkte interessante Einblicke erzielt werden. Während es innerhalb von 30 min (00:00 - 00:30) nach Bestrahlung zu einer schnellen Runterregulierung der globalen Genexpression kommt, folgen in den drei darauffolgenden Zeitabschnitten (00:30 - 01:03; 01:03 - 02:12; 02:12 - 04:38) spezifische Expressionserhöhungen, die eine Aktivierung schützender Netzwerke, wie die Hochregulierung der DNA-Reparatursysteme oder die Arretierung des Zellzyklus, auslösen. In den abschließenden drei Zeitbereichen (04:38 - 09:43; 09:43 - 20:25; 20:25 - 42:35) liegt wiederum eine Ausgewogenheit zwischen Induzierung und Supprimierung vor, wobei die absoluten Genexpressionsveränderungen ansteigen. Beim Vergleich der Genexpressionen kurz vor der Bestrahlung mit dem letzten Zeitpunkt (00:00 - 42:53) liegen mit 2.670 die meisten verändert exprimierten Gene vor, was einer massiven, systemweiten Genexpressionsänderung entspricht. Signalwege wie die ATM-Regulierung des Zellzyklus und der Apoptose, des NRF2-Signalwegs nach oxidativer Stresseinwirkung und die DNA-Reparaturmechanismen der homologen Rekombination, des nicht-homologen End Joinings, der MisMatch-, der Basen-Exzision- und der Strang-Exzision-Reparatur spielen bei der zellulären Antwort eine tragende Rolle. Äußerst interessant sind weiterhin die hohen Aktivitäten RNA-gesteuerter Ereignisse, insbesondere von small nucleolar RNAs und Pseudouridin-Prozessen. Demnach scheinen diese RNA-modifizierenden Netzwerke einen bisher unbekannten funktionalen und schützenden Einfluss auf das Zellüberleben nach ionisierender Bestrahlung zu haben. All diese schützenden Netzwerke mit ihren zeitspezifischen Interaktionen sind essentiell für das Zellüberleben nach Einwirkung von oxidativem Stress und zeigen ein komplexes aber im Einklang befindliches Zusammenspiel vieler Einzelkomponenten zu einem systemweit ablaufenden Programm. / The use of radiotherapy in addition to chemotherapy and surgical removal is the most powerful instrument in the fight against malignant tumors in cancer medicine. After cardiovascular diseases, cancer is the second leading cause of death in the western world, in which prostate cancer is the most frequent male cancer. Despite continuous technological improvements in radiological instruments and prognosis, it may occur a recurrence up to many years after radiotherapy due to a high resistance capability of individual malignant cells of the locally occurring tumor. Although modern radiation biology has studied many aspects of the resistance mechanisms, questions are largely unanswered especially in regards to prognostic terms and time response of tumor cells to ionizing radiation. As cellular models four prostate cancer cell lines with different radiation sensitivities (PC3, DuCaP, DU-145, RWPE-1) were cultured and tested for their ability to survive after exposure to ionizing radiation by a trypane blue and MTT viability assay. The proliferative capacity of the four cell lines was determined using a colony formation assay. The PC3 cell line (radiation-resistant) and the DuCaP cell line (radiation-sensitive) showed the maximal differences in terms of radiation sensitivity. Based on these results the two cell lines were selected to allow identification of potential prognostic marker for predicting the effectiveness of radiation therapy via their transcriptome-wide gene expression. Furthermore, a time series experiment with the radiation-resistant PC3 cell line was performed. At 8 different time points, during the period from 00:00 - 42:53 (hh:mm) after exposure with 1 Gy, the mRNA was quantified by next generation sequencing to investigate the dynamic behavior of time-delayed gene expression and to discover resistance mechanisms. Of 10,966 expressed genes 730 were significant differentially expressed, determined by setting a fold change threshold in conjunction with a P-value < 0.01. Of those 305 were more strongly expressed in PC3 cell line and 425 were more strongly expressed in the DuCaP cell line. Within these 730 genes many known stress-associated genes could be found, such as the two trans-membrane protein genes CA9 and CA12, which are associated with increased radiation resistance. By calculating a network score interesting networks were derived by the GO and KEGG databases. In particular the GO categories aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity (GO:0004030) as well as the KEGG pathway of O-glycan biosynthesis (hsa00512) seems to be remarkably relevant. An interaction analysis revealed two promising networks with the transcription factors JUN and FOS as central elements. High expression of the JUN network would be stand as indicator for radiation resistance whereas a high expression of the FOS network is equated with radiation sensitivity. Interesting insights could be achieved by analyzing the 10,840 expressed genes of the PC3 cell line and its expression profile over the 8 time points. Shortly after irradiation (00:00 - 00:30) a transcriptome-wide down-regulation occurred, within the next three, short time periods (00:30 - 01:03; 01:03 - 02:12; 02:12 - 04:38) a predominant increase of gene expression and the activation of protective networks followed, such as the up-regulation of DNA repair systems or the arresting of cell cycle. In the ensuing three time periods (4:38 - 09:43; 09:43 - 20:25; 20:25 - 42:35) a balance between gene induction and suppression was present and the absolute gene expression change was increased. When comparing the gene expression prior to irradiation with the last time point (00:00 - 42:53) 2,670 genes were differentially expressed, suggesting a massive and system-wide change of gene expression. Signaling pathways such as the ATM-regulated cell cycle and apoptosis, the Nrf2 pathway after oxidative stress exposure, the DNA repair mechanisms of homologous recombination, the non-homologous end joining, the mismatch repair, base-excision repair and strand-excision repair play a major role. Very interesting are the high activity of RNA-driven events, especially activities of small nucleolar RNAs and pseudouridine processes. This suggests that these RNA-modifying networks could have a hitherto unknown functional and protective effect on cell survival after exposure to ionizing radiation. All these protective networks and their time-specific interactions are essential for the survival of cells after exposure to oxidative stress and show a complex but consistent interaction of many individual components to a system-wide running program.

La present Tesi Doctoral s’emmarca dins d’una línia d’investigació dedicada a l’estudi de les bases genètiques del metabolisme dels greixos en relació a la producció de carn de porcí d’alta qualitat i saludable. L’objectiu final és la identificació de polimorfismes i mecanismes de regulació responsables de la variabilitat genètica d’aquests caràcters complexes en l’espècie porcina. En aquest context, s’han utilitzat mètodes de genòmica estructural (mapes de QTL d’expressió (eQTL); estudis de gens candidats) i funcional (estudis d’expressió gènica) a més a més d’anàlisis proteics i cel·lulars en mostres de múscul i greix de porcs seleccionats per les seves característiques de qualitat de carn. Així, mitjançant la tècnica de microarrays s’ha analitzat el patró d’expressió d’ARNm en mostres de múscul gluteus medius obtingudes a partir de porcs d’una població comercial Duroc amb fenotips divergents per diversos paràmetres relacionats amb la deposició dels lípids. Com a resultat, s’han observat nombrosos gens diferencialment expressats entre els animals amb perfils divergents d’engreixament. Un estudi ontològic/funcional va revelar que aquests gens estaven particularment relacionats amb el metabolisme lipídic, el creixement i la diferenciació muscular, la immunitat i la captació de glucosa en la ruta de la insulina. D’altra banda, les anàlisis d’eQTL han revelat l’existència de regions genòmiques responsables de la variació de l’expressió gènica en el múscul gluteus medius porcí; algunes de les quals mostren una concordança posicional amb varis QTL per caràcters de qualitat de cran i engreixament detectats prèviament a la mateixa població Duroc. Complementàriament, s’ha realitzat un estudi més exhaustiu de quatre gens candidats (ACACA, HMGCR, SCD i 6D), directament implicats en caràcters relacionats amb la qualitat de la carn al ser els principals responsables de la síntesis i dessaturació d’àcids grassos i colesterol. Combinant els resultats de l’anàlisi d’expressió gènica, mapes d’eQTL i els gens candidats estudiats s’ha elaborat una llista de gens candidats funcionals i posicionals que serà la base de futures investigacions cap a l’establiment de les xarxes gèniques i els mecanismes moleculars implicats en el metabolisme dels lípids musculars i els caràcters relacionats amb la qualitat de la carn en porcí. / La presente Tesis Doctoral se enmarca en una línea de investigación dedicada al estudio de las bases genéticas del metabolismo de las grasas en relación a la producción de carne de porcino de alta calidad y saludable. El objetivo final es la identificación de polimorfismos y mecanismos de regulación responsables de la variabilidad genética de estos caracteres complejos en porcino. Para ello se han utilizado métodos de genómica estructural (mapas de QTL de expresión (eQTL); estudio de genes candidatos) y funcional (estudios de expresión génica) y también de análisis proteico y celular en muestras de músculo y grasa de cerdos seleccionados por sus características de calidad de carne. Así, mediante la técnica de microarrays se ha analizado el patrón de expresión de ARNm en muestras de músculo gluteus medius obtenidas a partir de cerdos de una población comercial Duroc con fenotipos divergentes para varios parámetros relacionados con la deposición de los lípidos. Como resultado, se han observado numerosos genes diferencialmente expresados entre los animales con perfiles divergentes de engorde. Un estudio ontológico/funcional mostró que estos genes estaban particularmente relacionados con el metabolismo lipídico, el crecimiento y la diferenciación muscular, la inmunidad, y la captación de glucosa en la ruta de la insulina. Por otra parte, un análisis de eQTL ha revelado la existencia de regiones genómicas responsables de la variación de la expresión génica en el músculo gluteus medius porcino, algunas de las cuales muestran una concordancia posicional con varios QTL para caracteres de calidad de carne y engorde detectados previamente en la misma población Duroc. Complementariamente, se ha realizado un estudio más exhaustivo de cuatro genes candidatos (ACACA, HMGCR, SCD y 6D) directamente implicados en caracteres relacionados con la calidad de la carne al ser los principales responsables de la síntesis y desaturación de ácidos grasos y colesterol. Combinando los resultados del análisis de expresión génica, mapas de eQTL y los genes candidatos estudiados se ha elaborado una lista de genes candidatos funcionales y posicionales que será la base de futuras investigaciones hacia el establecimiento de las redes génicas y los mecanismos moleculares implicados en el metabolismo de los lípidos musculares y los caracteres relacionados con la calidad de la carne en porcino. / This PhD is part of a line of research devoted to studying the genetic basis of lipid metabolism and fat deposition in pigs with a view to producing healthy and high quality meat. The main objective is the identification of polymorphisms and regulatory mechanisms responsible for the genetic variability of these complex characters in pigs. In this sense, we have used several methods in the fields of structural (expression QTL (eQTL) maps; candidate genes studies) and functional (gene expression studies) genomics and also protein and cell studies in muscle and fat samples from pigs selected by meat quality parameters. In this context, using microarrays we analyzed the mRNA expression pattern in gluteus medius muscle samples obtained from a commercial Duroc pig population with divergent phenotypes for several parameters related to lipid deposition. As a result, we have obtained a list of genes differentially expressed between animals with divergent profiles related to lipid deposition. The ontological/functional study showed that these genes were particularly related to lipid metabolism, growth and muscle differentiation, immunity and glucose uptake in the insulin pathway. Moreover, analysis of eQTL has revealed the existence of genomic regions responsible for the variation of gene expression in porcine gluteus medius muscle. Some of these eQTL show positional concordance with several QTL related to meat quality and fat deposition previously identified in the same Duroc population. Additionally, we have performed a comprehensive study of four candidate genes (ACACA, HMGCR, SCD and 6D) directly involved in traits related to meat quality, playing an important role in fatty acids and cholesterol synthesis and desaturation. Combining the results of gene expression analysis, eQTL maps and candidate genes studied have resulted in a list of functional and positional candidate genes representing a valuable contribution to the understanding of the genetic regulation of skeletal muscle individual gene expression in swine species. This is a first step towards disentangling gene networks and molecular mechanisms involved in muscular lipid metabolism and meat quality traits in pigs.

Gene-fusions are a prevalent class of genetic variants that are often employed as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In recent years, high-throughput sequencing of the cellular genome and transcriptome have emerged as a promising approach for the investigation of gene-fusions at the DNA and RNA level. Although, large volumes of sequencing data and complexity of gene-fusion structures presents unique computational challenges. This dissertation describes research that first addresses the bioinformatics challenges associated with the analysis of the massive volumes of sequencing data by developing bioinformatics pipeline and more applied integrated computational workflows. Application of high-throughput sequencing and the proposed bioinformatics approaches for the breast and ovarian cancer study reveals unexpected complex structures of gene-fusions and their functional significance in the onset and progression of cancer. Integrative analysis of gene-fusions at DNA and RNA level shows the key importance of the regulation of gene-fusion at the transcription level in cancer.

Recent Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have identified a series of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)s that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). One of the SNPs, rs3851179 (G/A), is near the gene phosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM). To evaluate whether this SNP is associated with PICALM expression, we quantified PICALM mRNA in 56 brain cDNA samples. Using linear regression analysis, we analyzed PICALM expression relative to rs3851179, AD status, and cell type specific markers. An association was detected between rs3851179 and PICALM, microvessel mRNA, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA, and synaptophysin (SYN) mRNA. To gain clarity into other possible SNP mechanisms, we searched brain cDNA for PICALM splice variants. We identified several PICALM splice variants involving exons 13-19. To identify and gain an estimation of relative abundance of splice variants, we PCR-amplified across exons 13-20 in cDNA from six individuals, three rs3851179 GG individuals and three rs3851179 AA individuals. Sequencing the cloned isoforms we found that PICALM lacking exon 13 (delta 13) is the most abundant isoform. Other isoforms detected included deletion of exon 18-19. We targeted the latter part of the gene, exon 17-20, to investigate unequal allelic expression using next generation sequencing. Individuals heterozygous for rs76719109 (n= 35), located in exon 17, were used to study the abundance of G/T allele in cDNA and genomic DNA. When we analyzed the T:G allelic ratio, the variant lacking exons 18 and 19 showed unequal allelic expression (p-value < 0.001) in a subset of individuals. One individual was an outlier, showing overall unequal allelic expression, which maybe be harboring a rare mutation capable of modifying PICALM expression. The PICALM intronic SNP rs588076 was associated with delta 18-19 isoform splicing (p-value < 0.001). In conclusion, this study gained a greater insight into the role of AD genetics in PICALM expression and splicing.