Solar water-splitting is a potentially transformative renewable energy technology. Slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) limit the efficiency of solar-water-splitting devices, thus constituting a hurdle to widespread implementation of this technology. Catalysts must be stable under highly oxidizing conditions in aqueous electrolyte and minimally absorb light. A grand goal of OER catalysis research is the design of new materials with higher efficiencies enabled by comprehensive understanding of the fundamental chemistry behind catalyst activity. However, little progress has been made towards this goal to date. This dissertation details work addressing major challenges in the field of OER catalysis. Chapter I introduces the current state-of-the-art and challenges in the field. Chapter II highlights work using ultra-thin films as a platform for fundamental study and comparison of catalyst activity. Key results of this work are (1) the identification of a Ni0.9Fe0.1OOH catalyst displaying the highest OER activity in base to date and (2) that in base, many transition-metal oxides transform to layered oxyhydroxide materials which are the active catalysts. The latter result is critical in the context of understanding structure-activity relationships in OER catalysts. Chapter III explores the optical properties of these catalysts, using in situ spectroelectrochemistry to quantify their optical absorption. A new figure-of-merit for catalyst performance is developed which considers both optical and kinetic losses due to the catalyst and describes how these factors together affect the efficiency of composite semiconductor/catalyst photoanodes. In Chapter IV, the fundamental structure-composition-activity relationships in Ni1-xFexOOH catalysts are systematically investigated. This work shows that nearly all previous studies of Ni-based catalysts were likely affected by the presence of Fe impurities, a realization which holds significant weight for future study of Ni-based catalyst materials. Chapter V discusses the synthesis of tin-titanium oxide nanoparticles with tunable lattice constants. These materials could be used to make high-surface-area supports for thin layers of OER catalysts, which is important for maximizing catalyst surface area, minimizing the use of precious-metal catalysts, and optimizing 3D structure for enhanced mass/bubble transport. Finally, Chapter VI summarizes this work and outlines directions for future research. This work contains previously published and unpublished co-authored material. / 2015-03-29

The demand for energy storage technologies is rapidly increasing in portable electronics, transportation, and renewable energy systems. Thus, the objective of this research is to develop and enhance the performance of Ni-based electrochemical supercapacitors by optimizing synthesis conditions and design of the electrode materials. Conventional and on-chip supercapacitors were developed with notable performance enhancement. For conventional supercapacitors, a uniform and conformal coating process was developed to deposit Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes on carbon microfibers in-situ by a simple chemical bath deposition at room temperature. The microfibers conformally-coated with Ni(OH)2 make direct physical contacts with essentially every single nanoflakes, leading to more efficient electron transport. Using this strategy, we have achieved devices that exhibit five times higher specific capacitance compared to planar (non-conformal) Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes electrodes prepared by drop casting of Ni(OH)2 on the carbon microfibers (1416 F/g vs. 275 F/g). For on-chip storage applications, microfabricated supercapacitors were developed using a combination of top-down photolithography and bottom-up CBD. The resulting Ni(OH)2 micro-supercapacitors show high-rate redox activity up to 500 V/s and an areal cell capacitance of 16 mF/cm2 corresponding to a volumetric stack capacitance of 325 F/cm3. This volumetric capacitance is 2-fold higher than carbon and metal oxide based micro-supercapacitors. Furthermore, these micro-supercapacitors show a maximum energy density of 21 mWh/cm3, which is superior to the Li-based thin film batteries. To enhance cycling stability, Ni-Cu-OH and Ni-Co-OH ternary electrodes have been prepared with different Ni:Cu and Ni:Co ratios by CBD at room temperature on carbon microfibers. It is observed that the electrodes with Ni:Cu and Ni:Co composition ratio of 100:10 results in an optimum capacitance and cycling stability. For the optimum composition, Ni-Co-OH with graphene and carbon nanofibers electrode was tested, with resultant improvement in electrode potential window, equivalent series resistance, and cyclic stability. To further increase energy density, Ni(OH)2//Graphene asymmetric supercapacitor were fabricated with areal capacitance of 253 mF/cm2 at 5 mA/cm2 which is higher than NiO//rGO prepared by hydrothermal method. Ni-Co-OH/G-CNF//Graphene asymmetric supercapacitor results in a maximum power of 23 mW within an operating voltage of 2.2 V which are higher than of Ni(OH)2//Graphene (15.94 mW within 1.8 V). Our asymmetric supercapacitors have flexible-electrodes, low-cost fabrication process and environmentally friendly materials.

No description available.

Hidróxido de níquel é um material amplamente estudado principalmente devido às suas aplicações como cátodo de baterias secundárias de níquel, entretanto tal sistema ainda apresenta problemas devido à progressiva diminuição da capacidade de carga em função do número de ciclos de oxidação/redução. No presente trabalho são descritas a preparação, caracterização e propriedades de nanomateriais de hidróxido de níquel, obtidos pelo processo sol-gel; e também dos nanocompósitos obtidos por meio da interação do sol de Ni(OH)2 com argilas catiônica (hectorita) e aniônica (HDL similar a hidrotalcita). Os materiais foram caracterizados por análise térmogravimétrica, espectroscopia UV-Vis e infravermelho, difração de raios-X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, voltametria cíclica e microbalança eletroquímica a cristal de quartzo. Os resultados obtidos são claramente consistentes com a forma α-Ni(OH)2, e apresentam uma maior reversibilidade eletroquímica que os nanomateriais análogos preparados por outros métodos. Além disso, essa característica foi melhorada por meio de tratamento térmico a 240 °C, ou por meio da incorporação nas matrizes lamelares hospedeiras, gerando nanomateriais com grande potencialidade para o desenvolvimento de dispositivos eletroquímicos, em particular baterias, dispositivos eletrocrômicos, catalisadores e sensores amperométricos. / Nickel hydroxide has been extensively studied because of its use as active material in the cathode of alkaline secondary batteries, but the main problem related to the progressive decrease of charge capacity as a function of the number of oxidation/reduction cycles still remains unsolved. In this work, the preparation, characterization and electrochemical properties of nickel hydroxide nanomaterials obtained by sol-gel method, and of nanocomposites materials prepared by the combination of nickel hydroxide sol and a cationic clay (hectorita) and an anionic clay (LDH like hydrotalcite) are described. The materials were characterized by thermogravimetric analyses, UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical quartz microbalance. The results were consistent with the α-Ni(OH)2 phase, but showing better electrochemical reversibility than that of similar materials obtained by others methods. Furthermore, this property was enhanced by thermal treatment at 240 °C or by Ni(OH)2 incorporation into the layered hosts. In conclusion nickel hydroxide nanomaterials with possible applications for the development of electrochemical devices such as batteries, electrochromic devices, catalysts and amperometric sensors were prepared and their exceptional electrochemical reversibility demonstrated

Hidróxido de níquel é um material amplamente estudado principalmente devido às suas aplicações como cátodo de baterias secundárias de níquel, entretanto tal sistema ainda apresenta problemas devido à progressiva diminuição da capacidade de carga em função do número de ciclos de oxidação/redução. No presente trabalho são descritas a preparação, caracterização e propriedades de nanomateriais de hidróxido de níquel, obtidos pelo processo sol-gel; e também dos nanocompósitos obtidos por meio da interação do sol de Ni(OH)2 com argilas catiônica (hectorita) e aniônica (HDL similar a hidrotalcita). Os materiais foram caracterizados por análise térmogravimétrica, espectroscopia UV-Vis e infravermelho, difração de raios-X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, voltametria cíclica e microbalança eletroquímica a cristal de quartzo. Os resultados obtidos são claramente consistentes com a forma α-Ni(OH)2, e apresentam uma maior reversibilidade eletroquímica que os nanomateriais análogos preparados por outros métodos. Além disso, essa característica foi melhorada por meio de tratamento térmico a 240 °C, ou por meio da incorporação nas matrizes lamelares hospedeiras, gerando nanomateriais com grande potencialidade para o desenvolvimento de dispositivos eletroquímicos, em particular baterias, dispositivos eletrocrômicos, catalisadores e sensores amperométricos. / Nickel hydroxide has been extensively studied because of its use as active material in the cathode of alkaline secondary batteries, but the main problem related to the progressive decrease of charge capacity as a function of the number of oxidation/reduction cycles still remains unsolved. In this work, the preparation, characterization and electrochemical properties of nickel hydroxide nanomaterials obtained by sol-gel method, and of nanocomposites materials prepared by the combination of nickel hydroxide sol and a cationic clay (hectorita) and an anionic clay (LDH like hydrotalcite) are described. The materials were characterized by thermogravimetric analyses, UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical quartz microbalance. The results were consistent with the α-Ni(OH)2 phase, but showing better electrochemical reversibility than that of similar materials obtained by others methods. Furthermore, this property was enhanced by thermal treatment at 240 °C or by Ni(OH)2 incorporation into the layered hosts. In conclusion nickel hydroxide nanomaterials with possible applications for the development of electrochemical devices such as batteries, electrochromic devices, catalysts and amperometric sensors were prepared and their exceptional electrochemical reversibility demonstrated

Orientador: Lauro Tatsuo Kubota / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T23:55:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miranda_BarbaraSantosde_D.pdf: 3761472 bytes, checksum: d04db9862f7022a5bea49d756efbfdbc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de dois sensores distintos que através da aplicação de nanomateriais em seus sistemas apresentam uma melhora no desempenho. Com o objetivo de estabilizar a fase alfa do hidróxido de níquel, foi proposta uma nova síntese que resultou em um novo material de hidróxido de níquel e nanopartículas de ouro. O do hidróxido de níquel se apresentou com a estrutura alfa desejada, a estrutura e morfologia das nanopartículas de ouro foram preservadas. O material híbrido se apresenta nanoestruturado e sem separação de fases. Sugere-se que este novo material seja formado como um nanocompósito onde as nanopartículas de ouro formam a matriz e o hidróxido de níquel recobre a superfície. A estabilidade do novo material é bem superior que a do hidróxido de níquel puro, quedas de corrente após 50 ciclos consecutivos de 6% contra 50% respectivamente. A atividade eletrocatalítica deste novo nanomaterial foi investigada frente à glicose e a constante eletrocatalítica obtida para o nanocompósito foi cerca de 7 vezes maior que para o hidróxido de níquel puro. A sensibilidade do eletrodo modificado com a-Ni(OH)2/AuNP se manteve similar aos da literatura. O segundo sensor estudado foi a aplicação de nanopartículas fluorescentes como marcadores do imunosensor para a detecção precoce do esporo do fungo da ferrugem asiática da soja. As nanopartículas fluorescentes permitiram alcancar um baixo limite de detecção, 2.2 ng/mL, o menor encontrado na literatura. Além disso, foi investigado outros parâmetros para o desenvolvimento de um dispositivo point-of-care, como o melhor substrato para reter o analito, a membrana de nitrocelulose, se apresentou com as melhores propriedades frente as alternativas. Ainda mais, o dispositivo foi construido para que possa ser utilizado por pessoas não treinadas no campo, em um tempo de análise menor que ELISA e PCR, sem o uso de equipamento caros e complicados, usando somente uma lâmpada de UV simples como fonte de excitação e a visualização do sinal a olho nu com um limite de detecção de apenas 300 esporos, o que e ainda dez vezes mais baixo que o atual teste comercial. / Abstract: This work presents the development of two distinct sensors that have shown great improvements in their performance trough nanoparticle application in their systems. The first study aims to stabilize the nickel hydroxide alpha structure for future carbohydrate detection. We proposed a new synthesis, which resulted in a nickel hydroxide and gold nanoparticle hybrid material. The new material has the expected nickel hydroxide alpha structure, maintains gold nanoparticle¿s structure and morphology and allows a simple electrode modification. We suggest that the new material is a nanocomposite where gold nanoparticles are the matrix while the nickel hydroxide cover the surface. The new material has higher stability properties than the pure nickel hydroxide, after 50 cycles the current decreased 6 and 50% respectively. In addition, an improvement was observed in the catalytic constant, approximately 7 times bigger than plain nickel hydroxide. Although the new material showed these good improvements, the electrode sensitivity did not differ from other studies in the literature. The second study presented comprehends the application of fluorescent nanoparticles as markers of an immunosensor for early diagnosis of Asian soybean rust spore. The use of these nanoparticles resulted in a very low limit detection sensor, 2.2 ng/mL, the lowest ever found in the literature. Moreover, others parameters were investigated in order to develop a point-of-care device, as the substrate to retain the analyte for the assay. Furthermore, the device was built in order to be used by the farmer himself, in loco, fast, without expensive equipment, a UV lamp as an excitation source and the signal is visible to naked eye. The visual detection limit is around 300 spores, which is tenfold lower than the available commercial kit. / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutora em Ciências

Nickel-based catalysts in aqueous alkaline media are low-cost electrode materials for electrolytic hydrogen generation, a renewable method of producing fuel and industrial feedstock. However, further work is necessary to develop inexpensive electro-catalyst materials with high activity and long-term stability. This thesis employs spectroscopic and electrochemical methods to directly address specific research problems for the development of improved materials and devices with commercial or industrial value. The first chapter reviews the applications of nickel electrodes; the structures of nickel, nickel hydroxides, and nickel hydrides; and techniques for measuring the electrochemically active surface area (AECSA) of nickel. In the second chapter, electrochemically precipitated nickel hydroxide materials are fully characterized by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). This work unifies and simplifies the large body of literature on the topic by considering two fundamental phases, α- and β-Ni(OH)2, and various types and extents of structural disorder. The third chapter examines and demonstrates the potential applications of in situ Raman spectroscopy by monitoring the spontaneous ageing of α-Ni(OH)2 to β-Ni(OH)2 in pure water at room temperature. The fourth chapter considers the longstanding problem of electrode deactivation, the gradual decrease in nickel electro-catalyst activity during prolonged hydrogen production. Voltammetric and XRD evidence demonstrates that hydrogen atoms can incorporate into the electrode material and cause structural disorder or the formation of α-NiHx and β-NiHx at the surface. The voltammetric formation of NiOx, α-Ni(OH)2, β-Ni(OH)2, and β-NiOOH surface species are examined by electrochemical and XPS measurements. The fifth chapter of this thesis presents a new method to measure the AECSA by adsorption of oxalate to the (001) surface of the surface Ni(OH)2, as evidenced by voltammetric and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FT-IR spectroscopy measurements. The adsorbed oxalate limits the surface hydroxide to a single layer. The surface NiOOH/Ni(OH)2 reduction peak during the reverse scan may be used to accurately and precisely measure the AECSA. The error of this method is estimated at < 10 %.

O presente trabalho descreve a síntese e caracterização de nanopartículas de hidróxido de níquel, puras e aditivadas por cobalto e cádmio, empregando a radiação sonoquímica. Foram obtidas partículas de aproximadamente 5 nm de diâmetro, sendo caracterizadas por HRTEM, espectroscopia Raman e no Infravermelho, Termogravimetria, ICP-OES e Difração de Raios-X. A imobilização das nanopartículas sobre o eletrodo transparente condutor foi efetuada pela técnica de deposição de camadas eletrostáticas e pela deposição eletroforética. Foram obtidos eletrodos eletrocrômicos de alto desempenho, apresentando altos valores de eficiência eletrocrômica e baixos tempos de resposta, evidenciando a arquitetura nanométrica do hidróxido de níquel. A incorporação de aditivos às nanopartículas conferiu uma grande melhora nas propriedades do hidróxido de níquel. A adição de cobalto levou ao deslocamento dos picos redox para valores de potenciais menos positivos, se afastando da reação de desprendimento de oxigênio. A incorporação de cádmio levou a uma diminuição da repulsão eletrostática entre as lamelas do hidróxido, impedindo o chamado efeito , conferindo ao eletrodo uma alta durabilidade. / The present work describes the synthesis and characterization of pure Nickel Hydroxide nanoparticles, and with cobalt and cadmium as additives, by applying ultrasound radiation. Were obtained nanoparticles of about 5 nm, being characterized by HRTEM, Raman and Infrared spectroscopies, thermogravimetric, ICP-OES and X-ray diffraction. Nanoparticles immobilization onto conducting glass substrates was performed by adsorption of electrostatic layers and by electrophoretic deposition. High performant electrochromic electrodes were obtained, showing high electrochromic efficiencies and low response times, evidencing the nickel hydroxide nanometric architecture. Additives incorporation on nickel hydroxide nanoparticles provided high improvements on electrochromic properties. Cobalt addition shifted the redox peaks to lower potentials, avoiding by this way the oxygen reaction. Cadmium addition diminished the electrostatic repulsion between layers, avoiding the so-called effect, providing a high durability to the electrochromic electrode.

O presente trabalho descreve a síntese e caracterização de nanopartículas de hidróxido de níquel, puras e aditivadas por cobalto e cádmio, empregando a radiação sonoquímica. Foram obtidas partículas de aproximadamente 5 nm de diâmetro, sendo caracterizadas por HRTEM, espectroscopia Raman e no Infravermelho, Termogravimetria, ICP-OES e Difração de Raios-X. A imobilização das nanopartículas sobre o eletrodo transparente condutor foi efetuada pela técnica de deposição de camadas eletrostáticas e pela deposição eletroforética. Foram obtidos eletrodos eletrocrômicos de alto desempenho, apresentando altos valores de eficiência eletrocrômica e baixos tempos de resposta, evidenciando a arquitetura nanométrica do hidróxido de níquel. A incorporação de aditivos às nanopartículas conferiu uma grande melhora nas propriedades do hidróxido de níquel. A adição de cobalto levou ao deslocamento dos picos redox para valores de potenciais menos positivos, se afastando da reação de desprendimento de oxigênio. A incorporação de cádmio levou a uma diminuição da repulsão eletrostática entre as lamelas do hidróxido, impedindo o chamado efeito , conferindo ao eletrodo uma alta durabilidade. / The present work describes the synthesis and characterization of pure Nickel Hydroxide nanoparticles, and with cobalt and cadmium as additives, by applying ultrasound radiation. Were obtained nanoparticles of about 5 nm, being characterized by HRTEM, Raman and Infrared spectroscopies, thermogravimetric, ICP-OES and X-ray diffraction. Nanoparticles immobilization onto conducting glass substrates was performed by adsorption of electrostatic layers and by electrophoretic deposition. High performant electrochromic electrodes were obtained, showing high electrochromic efficiencies and low response times, evidencing the nickel hydroxide nanometric architecture. Additives incorporation on nickel hydroxide nanoparticles provided high improvements on electrochromic properties. Cobalt addition shifted the redox peaks to lower potentials, avoiding by this way the oxygen reaction. Cadmium addition diminished the electrostatic repulsion between layers, avoiding the so-called effect, providing a high durability to the electrochromic electrode.

Ce travail est peut être séparé en deux parties. Dans la première, nous rapportons l'étude menée sur un composé modèle d'hydroxyde de Nickel. La caractérisation de ce composé par diffraction X montre qu'il possède une cristallinité supérieure aux hydroxydes de nickel habituellement utilisés. L'observation au microscope électronique à balayage révèle que la poudre est constituée de grains hexagonaux, de dimension supérieure au micromètre, formés de monocristaux, eux aussi hexagonaux, empilés de façon très ordonnée. Les mesures électrochimiques montrent quant à elles que les composés modèles présentent des propriétés redox intéressantes. La morphologie très particulière de ce composé confère à cet hydroxyde de nickel un comportement de type monocristal en spectroscopie Raman. Des mesures in-situ, couplant voltamétrie cyclique et spectroscopie Raman, réalisées sur ce composé modèle, ont donc été mises en place. Les premiers résultats montrent que ces expériences pourraient nous aider à améliorer notre compréhension des mécanismes redox fondamentaux mis en jeu.Dans la deuxième partie, nous étudions le comportement électrochimique d'une électrode de nickel lorsque l'électrolyte (i.e. KOH 7N) est saturé en zinc. Des électrodes de type industriel ont été préparées à partir d'un hydroxyde de Nickel standard et non dopé, puis cyclées en condition galvanostatique. Les échantillons ainsi obtenus ont ensuite été caractérisés par MEB, DRX, IR et EXAFS. Cette dernière technique qui s'est avérée être la plus appropriée pour l'analyse de ces matériaux d'électrodes très hétérogènes nous a ainsi permis d'apporter des réponses pertinentes sur l'insertion du zinc dans la structure cristalline de Ni(OH)2. / This work may be separated in two parts. First, we report the study of a model compound of nickel hydroxide. X-ray diffraction shows that this compound has a better crystallinity than the standard nickel hydroxides used in commercial battery. Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed that the powder of this model hydroxide is composed of hexagonal grains whose dimension is larger than micrometer and who are formed of single-crystals, also hexagonal, stacked in a well ordered way. The electrochemical measurements show that this nickel hydroxide exhibit interesting redox properties. The particular morphology of the compound gives single-crystal type behavior in Raman spectroscopy. Therefore, in-situ measurements combining electrochemical measurements and Raman spectroscopy, performed on a single microscopic hexagonal plate, are proposed. Preliminary results emphasize that this experiment may help us to improve our understanding of the fundamental redox mechanism taking place in nickel hydroxide.Secondly, we study the electrochemical behavior of a nickel electrode in the presence of Zinc in the electrolyte. Industrial-type electrodes were prepared from a standard undoped nickel hydroxide. Then, samples obtained after electrochemical test were characterized by SEM, XRD, IR and EXAFS. The later which turned out to be the most appropriate for the analysis of our electrode materials, allowed us to get deeper insights in the insertion of zinc in the structure of Ni(OH)2.