京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(農学) / 乙第12897号 / 論農博第2811号 / 新制||農||1029(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4887(農学部図書室) / 31651 / (主査)教授 伏木 亨, 教授 保川 清, 教授 入江 一浩 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

With the growing demand for sustainable options, the existing sorting capacities are limiting the potential for fiber-to-fiber recycling. With the help of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), automated sorting of textiles with high accuracy is possible due to the easy access for polymer identification. Despite the effectiveness of NIRS, some limitations of the process still limit its full potential. Possible disruptors may interfere with and disturb the identification of polymer identities and compositions in different ways. In the following thesis, additives, treatments, and other environmental factors that may hinder fiber identification are further acknowledged. The key results of the thesis state that stains and factors due to wear and tear are the most common possible disruptors that could be identified from pre-sorted post-consumer end-of-life textiles. Further on, stains of ketchup, deodorant, and oil affect the polymer recognition by lowering the recognized fiber content. Water-repellent coatings on 100 % polyamide woven fabric were not detected correctly according to the NIR scanner, as the stated polymer composition was >90 %. Even though some investigated factors, e.g., material structures, were correctly identified by the NIR scanner, the internal deviation of the knitted polyester structure indicates that porous and loose structures hold the ability to interfere with the detection of polymers. To what extent the operating software has been developed is highly relevant to the outcome of how accurate textile sorting may be.

Forage quality is a principal factor in managing both herbivores and the landscapes they use. Nutrition varies across the landscape, and in turn, so do the distributions of these populations. With the rise of remote sensing technologies (i.e. satellites, unmanned aerial vehicles, and multi/hyperspectral sensors), comes the ability to index forage health and nutrition swiftly. However, no methodology has been developed which allows managers to use unmanned aerial systems to the fullest capacity. The following methodologies produce compelling evidence for predicting forage quality metrics (such as fiber, carbohydrates, and digestibility) using 5 measured bands of reflectance (Blue, Green, Red, Red Edge, and NIR), 3 derived vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI and VARI), and a variety of environmental factors (i.e. time and sun angles) in a LASSO framework. Fiber content, carbohydrates, and digestibility showed promising model performance in terms of goodness-of-fit (R2= 0.624, 0.637, and 0.639 respectively).

No description available.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas (GHG) with 300 times the radiative forcing in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide (CO2), and has recently become a subject of great concern because the nitrogen (N) fertilizers which have been necessary to increase agricultural productivity have also dramatically increased N2O emissions from agroecosystems. Many N control practices have been suggested and implemented in agroecosystems, but their ability to simultaneously remove reactive N from the environment and prevent the production of N2O is, at best poorly understood. The goal of this work is to characterize environmental controls on production of N2O in denitrifying bioreactors. The review portion of this work first discusses the geologic history of the N cycle, how its past and present processes differ, and how it is being affected by human activity. It then explores the N cycle's biochemical pathways, reviews the controls for each of its steps, and discusses the environmental drivers of these controls. The review closes with a discussion of environmental N management strategies. The experimental portion of this work further explores these concepts by observing how biochar amendment and the modification of pH affect N2O production in the denitrification pathway in denitrifying bioreactors. Both pH and biochar have previously been shown to affect N2O production and many N management practices utilize biochar or manipulate pH to increase N retention. The objectives of the experiment were to: 1) Examine headspace N2O concentration in sealed, biochar-amended, denitrifying bioreactors; 2) Determine if the effects of pH on N2O production differ in biochar-amended systems versus controls (under acidic, unbuffered, and buffered conditions); 3) Quantify key denitrification genes (nirK, nirS, nosZ) in each treatment combination. Experimental results showed biochar treatment to significantly increase N2O emissions, a result which runs contrary to most, but not all studies regarding its effects on N2O production. Differences between treatments decreased with increasing pH levels. Biochar did not exhibit significant effects on individual denitrification genes, but it did show influence on the ratios of their populations. On the other hand, pH was found to have significant effects on nirS and nosZ populations. Differences in N2O production between biochar and controls were thus explained by biochar's chemical effects, likely its ability to increase denitrification activity. Developing an understanding of the mechanisms behind these differences will require using a combination of isotope tracing, enzyme assays, and mass balance approaches. Future microbial work in biochar-amended systems should attempt to characterize differences in gene expression, overall community structure, and long-term population trends in the genes of interest. The combination of these approaches should allow researchers to better predict where N2O production will occur and develop strategies to mitigate it while simultaneously increasing food production to meet the demands of a growing population. / Master of Science

Many cerebral diseases are associated with abnormal cerebral hemodynamics and impaired cerebral autoregulation (CA). CA is a mechanism to maintain cerebral blood flow (CBF) stable when mean arterial pressure (MAP) fluctuates. Evaluating these abnormalities requires direct measurements of cerebral hemodynamics and MAP. Several near-infrared diffuse optical instruments have been developed in our laboratory for hemodynamic measurements including near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS), hybrid NIRS/DCS, and dual-wavelength DCS flow-oximeter. We utilized these noninvasive technologies to quantify CBF and cerebral oxygenation in different populations under different physiological conditions/manipulations. A commercial finger plethysmograph was used to continuously monitor MAP. For investigating the impact of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on cerebral hemodynamics and CA, a portable DCS device was used to monitor relative changes of CBF (rCBF) during bilateral thigh cuff occlusion. Compared to healthy controls, smaller reductions in rCBF and MAP following cuff deflation were observed in patients with OSA, which might result from the impaired vasodilation. However, dynamic CAs quantified in time-domain (defined by rCBF drop/MAP drop) were not significantly different between the two groups. We also evaluated dynamic CA in frequency-domain, i.e., to quantify the phase shifts of low frequency oscillations (LFOs) at 0.1 Hz between cerebral hemodynamics and MAP under 3 different physiological conditions (i.e., supine resting, head-up tilt (HUT), paced breathing). To capture dynamic LFOs, a hybrid NIRS/DCS device was upgraded to achieve faster sampling rate and better signal-to-noise. We determined the best hemodynamic parameters (i.e., CBF, oxygenated and total hemoglobin concentrations) among the measured variables and optimal physiological condition (HUT) for detecting LFOs in healthy subjects. Finally, a novel dual-wavelength DCS flow-oximeter was developed to monitor cerebral hemodynamics during HUT-induced vasovagal presyncope (VVS) in healthy subjects. rCBF was found to have the best sensitivity for the assessment of VVS among the measured variables and was likely the final trigger of VVS. A threshold of ~50% rCBF decline was observed which can completely separate subjects with or without presyncope, suggesting its potential role for predicting VVS. With further development and applications, NIRS/DCS techniques are expected to have significant impacts on the evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics and autoregulation.

Chernozem became the crucial soil for the beginnings of soil science through the work of Dokuchaev from 1883. Since then the genesis of chernozems in Central Europe has raised many questions among soil scientists, botanists and paleo-environmentalists. While in Eastern Europe chernozems have been described as zonal soils, that are typical for continental steppe and forest-steppe areas, there are areas in Central Europe which are predisposed by their climatic characteristics to the presence of woodlands. The goal of this dissertation is to enrich the discussion about the genesis of chernozems by restoring the environmental conditions that were prevalent during the formation of chernozem soils in Central Europe. Chernozems are usually developed on loess with a very thick and dark organic surface which passes directly to a calcareous horizon. The organic matter underwent a polymerization in dependence on climate contrasts. However, in Central Europe, the climatic characteristics of the areas of chernozems are a bit different. These chernozems are supposed to have been formed under the climatic conditions that dominated Central Europe during the Late Glacial and the Early Holocene. The climatic nuances may contribute to the explanation of the differences in distribution of chernozems ("drier") and...

Notre comportement au quotidien nécessite la prise en compte d'informations et l'élaboration d'actions qui peuvent nous paraître banales. Il est cependant le fruit d'un traitement élaboré et complexe de la part de notre cerveau. Ce traitement cérébral est à la base des fonctions cognitives et motrices chez l'homme. Si nous voulions enregistrer in situ l'évolution temporelle des signaux cérébraux traduisant notre comportement lors de tâches cognitives et/ou sensori-motrices, nos choix se porteraient sur l'utilisation de méthodes non-invasives utilisées en neuroergonomie. Parmi les méthodes actuellement disponibles en neuroimagerie fonctionnelle, la spectroscopie proche infrarouge (NIRS) quantifiant indirectement l'activité corticale (i.e., modification de la réponse hémodynamique) apparaît la plus pertinente quant à l'appréciation de l'activité corticale en continu. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés, en exploitant la NIRS, à mettre en évidence les corrélats entre l'activité corticale (lobe frontal) et le niveau de sollicitation engendré par des charges de travail dans des tâches cognitives et/ou motrices à des intensités sous-maximales et de difficultés variables. Trois études ont été menées, dont les résultats montrent que l'activité hémodynamique mesurée par NIRS varie en fonction de la charge de travail. L'activité corticale est estimable à une intensité d'effort sous-maximale pour des tâches cognitives et/ou motrices, à condition que l'analyse des signaux soit suffisamment discriminante pour des sollicitations faibles à modérées. Ce travail a révélé la sensibilité et l'utilité de la NIRS dans l'exploration de la charge de travail. / Daily behavior requires taking into account some information and actions planning which may seem trivial for us. However, it is the fruit of a complex and sophisticated processing from the brain. The cerebral processes underlie cognitive and motor functions in humans. In order to record in situ the temporal evolution of cerebral signals reflecting our behavior during cognitive and/or sensorimotor tasks, different non-invasive methods from Neuroergonomics could be used. Among the available functional neuroimaging methods, the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) allowing indirectly to measure cortical activity (ie, changes in hemodynamic response) appears relevant to appreciate continuously cortical activity.In this thesis, using NIRS, we were interested in highlighting the correlates between cortical activity (frontal lobe) and the level of stimulation induced by workload during cognitive and/or motor tasks at sub-maximal efforts and variable difficulties. Three studies were conducted. The results indicate that the hemodynamic activity changes by NIRS depend on the workload. The cortical activity is measurable at a sub-maximal intensity for cognitive and/or motor tasks, as long as the signal analysis can discriminate low to moderate loads. This work has revealed the sensitivity and usefulness of NIRS in workload application.

Measurement of tissue hemodynamics provides vital information for the assessment of tissue viability. This thesis reports three noninvasive near-infrared diffuse optical systems for spectroscopic measurements and tomographic imaging of tissue hemodynamics in vulnerable tissues with the goal of disease diagnosis and treatment monitoring. A hybrid near-infrared spectroscopy/diffuse correlation spectroscopy (NIRS/DCS) instrument with a contact fiber-optic probe was developed and utilized for simultaneous and continuous monitoring of blood flow (BF), blood oxygenation, and oxidative metabolism in exercising gastrocnemius. Results measured by the hybrid NIRS/DCS instrument in 37 subjects (mean age: 67 ± 6) indicated that vitamin D supplement plus aerobic training improved muscle metabolic function in older population. To reduce the interference and potential infection risk on vulnerable tissues caused by the contact measurement, a noncontact diffuse correlation spectroscopy/tomography (ncDCS/ncDCT) system was then developed. The ncDCS/ncDCT system employed optical lenses to project limited numbers of sources and detectors on the tissue surface. A motor-driven noncontact probe scanned over a region of interest to collect boundary data for three dimensional (3D) tomographic imaging of blood flow distribution. The ncDCS was tested for BF measurements in mastectomy skin flaps. Nineteen (19) patients underwent mastectomy and implant-based breast reconstruction were measured before and immediately after mastectomy. The BF index after mastectomy in each patient was normalized to its baseline value before surgery to get relative BF (rBF). Since rBF values in the patients with necrosis (n = 4) were significantly lower than those without necrosis (n = 15), rBF levels can be used to predict mastectomy skin flap necrosis. The ncDCT was tested for 3D imaging of BF distributions in chronic wounds of 5 patients. Spatial variations in BF contrasts over the wounded tissues were observed, indicating the capability of ncDCT in detecting tissue hemodynamic heterogeneities. To improve temporal/spatial resolution and avoid motion artifacts due to a long mechanical scanning of ncDCT, an electron-multiplying charge-coupled device based noncontact speckle contrast diffuse correlation tomography (scDCT) was developed. Validation of scDCT was done by imaging both high and low BF contrasts in tissue-like phantoms and human forearms. In a wound imaging study using scDCT, significant lower BF values were observed in the burned areas/volumes compared to surrounding normal tissues in two patients with burn. One limitation in this study was the potential influence of other unknown tissue optical properties such as tissue absorption coefficient (µa) on BF measurements. A new algorithm was then developed to extract both µa and BF using light intensities and speckle contrasts measured by scDCT at multiple source-detector distances. The new algorithm was validated using tissue-like liquid phantoms with varied values of µa and BF index. In-vivo validation and application of the innovative scDCT technique with the new algorithm is the subject of future work.

L'objectiu general d'aquest treball fou aprofundir en el coneixement dels sistemes de fotoprotecció en fulles de Quercus ilex. Per assegurar l'homogenitat i conservació del material vegetal durant el seu magatzematge i transport fins al moment de l'anàlisi de compostos fotoprotectors, s'ha estandarditzat un protocol consistent en la liofilització de les mostres vegetals amb la prèvia addició de 2-butilamino etanol. Es va comprovar que aquest protocol evita la degradació de les molècules implicades en la fotoprotecció i ha permès disposar de material vegetal sec i homogeni per a poder treballar amb espectroscòpia de reflectància al vermell proper (NIRS).La quantificació de compostos fotoprotectors i antioxidants és costosa en temps i diners. Per a aconseguir-ne una avaluació ràpida i àgil es construí una base de dades (BD) correlacionant, a cadascuna de les mostres de fulles de Q. ilex liofilitzades, les anàlisi bioquímiques de cada molècula amb els seus espectres del NIRS. S'establiren les equacions de cal·libració predictives per la quantificació dels pigments cloroplàstics (clorofil·les a i b, neoxantina, violaxantina, zeaxantina, anteraxantina, α- i ß-carotè, luteïna i luteïna epòxid (Lx)) i compostos antioxidants (α-, (β+γ)-tocoferol, ascorbat i fenols totals) mitjançant l'algoritme per regressió de mínims quadrats parcials. Les equacions de cal·libració de clorofil·les a i b, feofitina, β-carotè, neoxantina, luteina, fenols totals i α-tocoferol foren cal·librades acuradament mentre que les de la Lx i l'α-carotè mostraren resultats de cal·libració no tan bons degut a les baixes concentracions. Aquesta BD permet, per primera vegada, amb una sola lectura NIRS, la predicció de les concentracions de molècules amb caràcter fotoprotector o antioxidant emprades amb més freqüència en estudis ecofisiològics. Se n'ha demostrat la fiabilitat mitjançant un estudi de bosc caracteritzant fulles d'alzines adultes i de rebrots després de tala durant les dues estacions més estressants (estiu i hivern). També s'aplicà la nova BD NIRS per caracteritzar les respostes fotosintètiques i antioxidants de fulles d'alzines i dels seus rebrots originats sota diferents concentracions de CO2: ambiental (350 µL·L-1) (RA) i elevada (750 µL·L-1) (RE). En aquest estudi es demostrà que els RE compensaren la baixa fotosíntesi amb una major participació dels cicles de les xantofil·les (major Z/VAZ) i de la luteina epòxid (menor Lx), els quals són responsables de la dissipació tèrmica de l'excés d'energia d'excitació. Els RE mostraren també un major contingut en ascorbat (el qual es considera responsable de la major part de l'activitat antioxidant a Q. ilex) i un menor contingut en el compostots lipofílics (clorofil·les, carotenoids i tocoferols). Quan es someteren ambdos tipus de rebrots a estrès tèrmic (per alta temperatura), els RE mostraren una major resistència a l'estrès per altes temperatures.Els dos últims objectius d'aquest treball aprofundeixen en el paper de les poliamines en la fotoprotecció de les fulles d'alzina en condicions naturals i en condicions d'irradiància controlada, així com en la funció de les transglutaminases vegetals com a lligands de les poliamines a membranes. Primer trobàrem una disminució de les poliamines lliures (i en especial la putrescina) en augmentar la disponibilitat lluminosa (PPFD), atribuible a una necessitat superior de lligar poliamines als tilacoides per ajudar a la fotoprotecció de l'aparell fotosintètic en front a la situació d'estrès. Posteriorment, observàrem una tendència diürna on els valors més alts de la putrescina lligada a proteïnes i de l'activitat transglutaminasa correspongueren sempre al màxim d'intensitat lumínica i dosi de llum rebuda per les fulles. Aquests dos treballs indiquen la participació de les poliamines, i especialment la putrescina, en la fotoprotecció de l'aparell fotosintètic. En concret, l'activitat transglutaminasa, la quantitat de putrescina lligada i l'índex putrescina/espermidina lligades són uns clars indicadors de la magnitud d'estrès per excés de llum de la planta. / SUMMARY:"PHOTOPROTECTION SYSTEMS IN Quercus ilex L. AND THE APPLICATION OF THE NIRS (NEAR-INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY) AS AN ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL TOOL TO DETECT OXIDATIVE STRESS" TEXT:The present work goes deeper into our knowledge of photoprotection systems acting in Quercus ilex leaves.To ensure homogeneus plant material and its conservation during storage and transport until analysis avoiding the degradation of the molecules implied in photoprotection we standardized the conditions during freeze-drying to obtain dry material with an unaltered biochemical composition.Quantifying photoprotective and antioxidant compounds is laborious and expensive. A Q. ilex leaves database using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS-database) and chemical analyses was built. Predictive calibration equations for concentration of chloroplast pigments (chlorophylls a and b, phaeophytin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, alpha- and β-carotene, lutein and lutein epoxide) and antioxidants (alpha-, (β+γ)-tocopherol, ascorbate and total phenolics) were established using partial least squares regression algorithm. This is the first time that NIRS is used to characterize pigment composition in plants. NIRS constitutes a valid tool to characterize photoprotection compounds with only one single measurement allowing time and money saving.The NIRS-database feasibility was demonstrated by the characterization of adult holm oak leaves and resprouts after clear cut in their natural environment during the two stressing seasons.The new NIRS-database was applied to characterize the antioxidant compounds responses in holm oak resprouts under ambiental (350 µL·L-1; RA) and elevated (750 µL·L-1; RE) CO2 conditions and high temperature stress (HTS). RE showed higher resistance to HTS showing little response in their antioxidant composition. At the contrary, RA showed a significant increase in lipophilic compounds. Therefore, the higher antioxidant protection and higher temperature tolerance of RE would mitigate the effect of photosynthesis acclimation during the regeneration of Q. ilex plants.Two studies went deeper to the role of polyamines in holm oak photoprotection in its natural habitat or under controlled-irradiance conditions and plant's transglutaminases function binding polyamines to membrane proteins in the protection against high light stress. The obtained results support the hypothesis that the relationship between polamines, and specially putrescine, concentration (free and protein-bound) and transglutaminase activity is modulated by light intensity in Q. ilex leaves and that polamines are involved in the photoprotection of the photosynthetic apparatus.