Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:22:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao flavio pereira.pdf: 1203680 bytes, checksum: bcaf62e9eb5545119172fb4728bdaaee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / Raw milk is a natural culture medium for the microbial growth and easy deterioration, because of that, thermal processing is needed as soon as possible. A new technology has been used to improve the food quality, active packaging, such as antimicrobial films, wich the intention to control the microbial growth in the products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the UHT milk quality produced in Goiás State, isolation and identification of Bacillus sporothermodurans, beside create a antimicrobial film for inhibition of this microrganism high heat resistance spore former. The isolation of psychrotrophic in raw milk was used PCA with incubation at 21 °C for 72h. To evaluate the UHT milk has been doing research on aerobic mesophilic in PCA with incubation at 30 °C for 72h and to thermoresistents microrganisms was in ABHI with incubation at 35 °C for 48h. The identification of isolates was performed according to convetional methods of biochemistry identification. From raw milk, the psychrotrophic microrganisms most isolates were Staphylococcus sp. and Corynebacterium sp., both with 21,5% from 70 isolates, verifying a higher contauge of Gram-positive microrganisms (82,85%). Considering the 157 UHT isolates, just 31 were identified as Gram-positive microrganisms through biochemical tests, only 2 correponded to B. sporothermodurans, although there are differences from the tests and their results between various authors, requiring more accurate identification using molecular biology. The antimicrobial film maded of cellulose acetate with addition of nisin to inhibit the development of B. sporothermodurans, the results indicated action of nisin in inhibition this microrganism, however, when incorporated into the film, did not show the expected results in both tests, solid and liquid medium, although the specific rate (μ) growth of the microrganism was changing iin the lowest concentration tested. There is a need to conduct testing in foods, mainly in dairy products which have been reported contamination by B. sporothermodurans. / O leite por ser um alimento rico, constituí-se em um meio natural para o desenvolvimento de vários microrganismos, principalmente bactérias; desta forma, muito perecível. É necessário tratamento térmico o mais rápido possível, a fim de manter a qualidade. Uma nova tecnologia vem sendo utilizada na melhoria dos alimentos, denominada de embalagem ativa, como os filmes antimicrobianos, na intenção de controlar o desenvolvimento microbiano no produto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar a qualidade de leite UAT produzido no Estado de Goiás, assim como isolar e identificar microrganismos psicrotróficos de leite cru e microrganismos de leite UAT, sendo que para este direcionado para identificação de Bacillus sporothermodurans, bem como criação de filme antimicrobiano para inibição deste microrganismo produtor de esporos altamente resistentes. Para o isolamento de psicrotróficos em leite cru, foi utilizado PCA e incubação à 21°C por 72h. Para avaliação de qualidade do leite UAT, foi feito a pesquisa de aeróbios mesófilos em PCA com incubação à 30°C por 72h e o isolamento de microrganismos termorresistentes foi realizado em ABHI com incubação a 35°C por 48h. A identificação dos isolados foi realizada conforme metodologias clássicas de identificação bioquímica. Segundo esta identificação, os microrganismos psicrotróficos mais isolado foram Staphylococcus sp. e Corynebacterium sp. com 21,5% cada, dos 70 isolados, verificando uma percentagem maior de microrganismos Gram-positivos (82,85%). Considerando os isolados de leite UHT, dos 157, apenas 31 foram identificados como sendo bastonetes Gram-positivos que submetidos a testes bioquímicos, apenas 2 corresponderam ao B. sporothermodurans seguindo-se os resultados conforme registrado, apesar de haver divergências quanto a alguns testes e seus resultados, necessitando de identificação mais apurada utilizando-se de biologia molecular. Quanto ao filme antimicrobiano a base polimérica utilizada foi o acetato de celulose com incorporação de nisina, a fim de inibir o desenvolvimento do B. sporothermodurans com o intuito de verificar a ação deste peptídeo antimicrobiano frente a este microrganismo. Os resultados obtidos indicaram ação da nisina na inibição do microrganismo estudado, no entanto, quando incorporado ao filme, não apresentou o resultado esperado, tanto em testes em meio sólido como em meio líquido, apesar de ter alterando a velocidade específica (μ) de crescimento do microrganismo na concentração mais baixa testada. Há a necessidade de realização de teste em alimentos, especialmente em leite e derivados em que foram relatados a contaminação pelo B. sporothermodurans

O peptídeo antimicrobiano retratado neste trabalho é a nisina, produzido pela bactéria Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, um peptídeo estruturalmente composto por 34 aminoácidos, mostra um vasto espectro de atividade inibitória em microrganismos Gram-positivos, Gram-negatios e esporo formadores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir a nisina a partir de células de Lactococcus lactis utilizando soro de leite e leite desnatado como meio de cultivo. Para tanto as células de L. lactis foram desenvolvidas em agitador rotacional (30°C/36 h/100 rpm) e a atividade de nisina, os parâmetros de crescimento e os componentes do meio de cultivo foram analisados. Em leite desnatado, contendo 2,27 9 de sólidos totais, a atividade de nisina foi 20077,05 AU.mL-1 sendo 3 vezes maior em relação ao leite desnatado com 4,54 9 sólidos totais, 8739,77 AU.mL-1 ; e foi 73 vezes maior em relação ao leite desnatado com 1,14 9 sólidos totais, 273,21 AU.mL-1. Osoro de leite utilizado foi doado por uma indústria de lacticínios, em laboratório parte do soro foi tratada de duas formas: (i) filtrado e (ii) esterilizado, e ambos foram utilizados para cultivo das células produtoras de nisina em agitador rotacional 30°C/36 h/100 rpm. Os resultados mostraram que o meio de cultivo composto por soro de leite não filtrado forneceu uma adaptação ao L. lactis, sendo a concentração de nisina obtida 1628 vezes maior que do soro de leite filtrado, 11120,13 e 6,83 mg.L-1 respectivamente. Em relação à atividade de nisina contra Gram-negativos, aumentou-se o efeito bactericida quando adicionada ao EDTA. O comportamento da nisina no sistema micelar de duas fases aquosas foi investigado experimentalmente, demonstrando que a biomolécula alvo pode ser extraída tanto do meio fermentado complexo quanto daslmpurezas presentes na nisina comercial. Nos testes com o sistema micelar de duas fases aquosas, a nisina particionou, preferencialmente, para a fase rica em micelas (coeficiente de partição (KNis) maior que 1,5), ocorrendo um aumento de 1 ciclo logaritimo na concentração inicial de nisina comercial (105 AU, no sistema). Este trabalho reúne os estudos desenvolvidos onde o principal objetivo foi a obtenção da nisina através de meios- de cultivo alternativos, além de sua aplicação e purificação. / Nisin is a natural antimicrobial peptide used as food preservative produced by Lactococcus lactis, that inhibits the outgrowth of spores, the growth of a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Applications of this bacteriocin include dental care products pharmaceutical products such as stomach ulcers and colon infection treatment and potencial birth control. This study aims to evaluate growth conditions for L. lactis as well as the effect in nisin production when utilizing milk whey and skimmed milk. Lactococcus lactis ATCC 11454 was developed in a rotatory shaker (30°C/36 h/100 rpm) in diluted skimmed milk and nisin expression, growth parameters and media components were also studied. Nisin expression in skimmed milk 2.27 9 total solids (20077.05 AU.mL-1) was up to 3-fold higher than transfers in skimmed milk 4.54 9 total solids (8739.77 AU.mL-1) and was up to 85-fold higher than transfers in skimmed milk 1.14 9 total solids (273.21 AU.mL-1). Milk whey, abyproduct from dairy industries, was utilized in two different ways (i) without filtration, autoclaved at 121°C for 30 min and (ii) filtrated (1.20 µm and 0.22 µm membrane filter), L. lactis was developed in a rotary shaker (30°C/36 h/100 rpm) and these cultures were transferred five times using 5 mL aliquots of broth culture for each new volume of the respective media. The results showed that culture media composed by milk whey without filtration was better for L. lactis in its adaptation than milk whey without filtration. Nisin titers, in milk whey without filtration, was 11120.13 mg.L-1 in 2nd transfer, and Up to 1628-fold higher than the filtrated milk whey, 6.83 mg.L-1 in 1st transfer. Nisin activity was assayed by the agar diffusion method using Lactobacillus sakei ATCC 15521 and a recombinant Escherichia coli DH5α expressing the recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFPuv) as the nisin-susceptible test organisms. Combining EDTA with nisin increased the bactericidal effect of nisin upon the bacteria examined. A potentially scalable and cost-effective way to purify commercial and biosynthesized in bioreactor nisin, including simultaneously removal of impurities and contaminants, increasing nisin activity, was studied (two phase micellar system). Results indicated that nisin partitions preferentially to the micelle richphase, despite the surfactant concentration tested, and its antimicrobial activity increases. Biological processing of byproducts (milk whey) can be considered one profitable alternative, generating highvalued bioproducts.

Listeria monocytogenes é conhecida como um importante patógeno causador de doenças transmitidas por alimentos na última década. Apesar do número de casos por ano ser relativamente baixo, a infecção pode ser grave, com mortalidades acima de 30%. Pesquisas realizadas no Brasil relataram uma incidência de 32% em amostras de produtos cárneos, e o microrganismo foi encontrado em 80% das amostras lingüiças frescal de carne suína. Apesar dos recentes avanços nas tecnologias de controle de patógenos em alimentos, os consumidores têm procurado alimentos \"naturais\", isto é, submetidos a tratamentos menos agressivos e isentos de conservadores químicos. Antimicrobianos naturais são uma opção interessante, mas sua aplicação requer uma melhor compreensão de sua funcionalidade nos alimentos. Os óleos essenciais e seus compostos fenólicos estão se tornando agentes antimicrobianos naturais bastante populares, assim como a nisina, uma bacteriocina produzida por Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida para avaliar o efeito de óleo essencial de orégano (O.E.O.) e de nisina, individualmente ou em combinação, na inibição da multiplicação de Listeria monocytogenes Scott A in vitro (meio de cultura) e in situ -(lingüiça frescal suína). A atividade inibitória foi testada pela metodologia de difusão em poços, e os halos de inibição foram medidos 24 horas após a incubação à 37ºC. Foram testadas as concentrações 0,05%, 0,1%, 0,2%, 0,3%, 0,4% e 0,5% (v/v) de O.E.O. e 0, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800 e 2000 ppm de nisina. Quando o óleo essencial foi usado em combinação com a nisina foi observado um efeito sinérgico na inibição de L. monocytogenes. As concentrações que apresentaram o maior efeito contra o patógeno nos testes in vitro, ou seja 0,5% (v/v) O.E.O. com 200 ppm de nisina, foram utilizadas nos experimentos com três formulações diferentes lingüiça frescal, contendo pernil de porco, sal (2%), nitrito (0,015%), condimentos, emulsificantes e antioxidantes, experimentalmente contaminadas com L. monocytogenes Scott A (106 UFC/g). A multiplicação do patógeno foi monitorada no produto refrigerado a 5oC por até 10 dias, através da contagem em placas. Controles sem antimicrobianos também foram estudados. Os resultados indicaram que o O.E.O., usado isoladamente, não conferiu proteção ao alimento. A nisina causou uma redução de 2 log imediatamente após o contato com o microrganismo, mas durante o armazenamento, as células sobreviventes apresentaram a mesma taxa de multiplicação que na lingüiça controle (??0,05), mantendo as contagens 2 log inferiores as do controle por até 9 dias. Quando os dois antimicrobianos foram usados em combinação, a redução imediata após o contato foi de 4 log, e, quando comparado ao controle, a taxa de multiplicação durante o armazenamento a 5oC foi significativamente mais altas que no controle (??0,05). Entretanto, as amostras de lingüiça contendo esses antimicrobianos nas concentrações testadas não foram aprovadas nos testes sensoriais de aceitação (??0,05). Esses resultados indicam que a combinação desses antimicrobianos pode ser utilizada como uma barreira adicional para a multiplicação de L.monocytogenes em lingüiça frescal suína, mas os atributos sensoriais que conferem ao produto podem limitar sua aplicação. / Listeria monocytogenes has been recognized as an important foodborne pathogen for the past decade. Although the number of cases per annum is relatively low, the infections can be acute, with mortality up to 30%. In Brazil, some works reported that 32% of dairy meat products were contaminated with L. monocytogenes, and this organism was found in 80% of fresh pork sausage. In spite of modern improvements in food production techniques, the consumers are seeking for \"natural\" food products, i.e., not submitted to aggressive treatments or added of chemical preservatives. Natural antimicrobials are a promising option, but their application requires a better understanding of their functionality in foods. Naturally occurring antimicrobial agents, such as essential oils and their phenolic components, are becoming increasingly popular as preservation agents. Other compound with increased application in foods is nisin, a bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of oregano essential oil (O.E.O.) and nisin, individually or in combination, on the inhibition of growth of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A in vitro (agar culture medium) and in situ (fresh pork sausage). The inhibitory activity was tested by the well diffusion method, measuring the inhibition halos after 24hours incubation at 37ºC. The concentrations tested were 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% (v/v) for OEO and 0, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800 and 2000 ppm for nisin. When the essential oil was used in combination with nisin, a synergistic effect was observed for L. monocytogenes, i.e., the oil enhanced the activity of the bacteriocin. The combination 0.5% (v/v) O.E.O. with 200 ppm nisin presented the best results and was used to test the functionality in fresh pork sausage prepared with three different formulations, containing deboned minced pork meat, 2% salt and 0.015% nitrite, plus spices, emulsifier and antioxidant, and experimentally contaminated with L. monocytogenes Scott A (106 CFU/g). The growth of the pathogen was monitored in the refrigerated product (5oC) up to 10 days, by means of plate counting. Controls without antimicrobials were included in the experiments. Results indicated that O.E.O., used alone, was not effective. Nisin alone caused a 2-log reduction immediately after contact, but during storage the surviving cells presented the same multiplication rate as in the control (? ? 0.5), keeping the counts 2 log lower up to 9 days. When used in combination, the two antimicrobials caused a 4-log count reduction immediately after addition and, when compared to the control, the multiplication rate of the surviving cells during storage under refrigeration up to 10 days was significantly higher (? ? 0.5). However, samples containing these antimicrobials in the tested concentrations failed the sensorial acceptance tests (? ? 0.5). These results indicate that the combination of these antimicrobials can be an additional hurdle for the control of L. monocytogenes in fresh pork sausages, but the final sensorial attributes of the product may hamper their application.

Após a constatação da escassez de estudos realizados com vegetais crus na busca por novas estirpes de bactérias láticas (BAL) produtoras de bacteriocinas e diante do potencial tecnológico da aplicação destas cepas tanto como agentes de conservação em alimento, bem como cultura probiótica em alimentos funcionais, este estudo objetivou isolar e identificar cepas de bactérias láticas potencialmente bacteriocinogênicas de amostras de rúcula obtidas no comércio local de São Paulo, SP - Brasil, identificar e caracterizar as bacteriocinas produzidas pelos isolados e avaliar o potencial probiótico dos isolados testando sua sobrevivência no modelo dinâmico do trato gastrointestinal TNO gastro-Intestinal Model - TIM-1 disponível no TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research) divisão Quality of Life (Zeist, Holanda). A produção de bacteriocinas neste modelo também foi avaliada, comparando-se com L. sakei 2a, também produtora de bacteriocinas e ainda avaliou-se a interferência na viabilidade de E. faecium LMA1. A cepa Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis MK02R de rúcula produziu uma bacteriocina sensível à enzimas proteolíticas, termoestável e não influenciada pelo pH, sendo capaz de inibir Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus sakei, Listeria innocua, Lactobacillus delbrueckii e Listeria Monocytogenes de diferentes grupos sorológicos. Os ensaios genéticos utilizando primers Nisf e Nisr confirmaram que a bacteriocina MK02R é uma nisina, apresentando uma alteração dos aminoácidos no peptídeo líder em relação às nisinas A, Z, Q, F e U, porém com a estrutura do peptídeo maduro idêntica ao da nisina F. Estes resultados foram confirmados por espectrometria de massas de amostras purificadas por HPLC. L. lactis MK02R resistiu à passagem no modelo dinâmico TIM-1, apresentando uma alta capacidade de sobreviver nas condições simuladas do trato gastrointestinal humano. Entretanto, não foi capaz de causar a redução no número de E. faecium LMA1. Em contrapartida, L. sakei 2a, mesmo apresentando uma sobrevivência menor, foi capaz de causar uma redução de 70% na população de E. faecium LMA1 no ambiente simulado do TGI. Não foi detectada atividade residual da ação antimicrobiana das bacteriocinas produzidas por L. lactis MK02R ou L. sakei 2a após a passagem pelo modelo dinâmico TIM-1. Estes resultados evidenciam a possível aplicação de L. lactis MK02R como um agente de controle biológico na conservação de alimentos e também como uma cultura potencialmente probiótica. / Given the scarcity of studies performed with raw vegetables addressing the search for new bacteriocinogenic strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and considering the technological application of these strains as food preservatives and probiotic cultures in functional foods, this study was aimed at isolation and identification of bacteriocinogenic LAB strains from samples of rocket salad obtained in the local market of São Paulo, SP - Brazil, subsequent characterization of the bacteriocins produced by these LABs and evaluation of their probiotic potential by testing their survival in the dynamic gastrointestinal model TNO gastro- Intestinal-Model - TIM-1, available at the TNO (Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research) Quality of Life division (Zeist, Netherlands). The studies in the TIM-1 model were also done with another bacteriocinogenic strain L. sakei 2a for comparison, evaluating their interference on the viability of E. faecium LMA1. The bacteriocin produced by strain Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis MK02R isolated from rocket salad was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes, heat-stable and not influenced by the pH. The bacteriocin inhibited the growth of Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus sakei, Listeria innocua, Lactobacillus delbrueckii the primers Nisf and Nisr indicated that the bacteriocin produced by the strain MK02R is a nisin, with a change in the amino acid sequence of the leader peptide when compared to nisin A, Z, Q, U and F, but with the structure of the mature peptide homologous to that of nisin F. These results were confirmed by mass spectrometry of purified samples obtained by HPLC. L. lactis MK02R withstood the test in the dynamic model TIM-1, presenting capability to survive in the simulated conditions of the human gastrointestinal tract. However, the strain was not able to cause a reduction in the number of E. faecium LMA1. On the other hand, L. sakei 2a, even presenting lower survival, was able to cause 70% reduction in the population of E. faecium LMA1 in the gut simulated environment. No residual antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin produced by L. lactis MK02R or L. sakei 2a was detected after the transit through the dynamic model TIM-1. These results demonstrate the possible application of L. lactis MK02R both as a biocontrol agent in food preservation and as a potentially probiotic culture.

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) é um enteropatógeno de grande preocupação para indústria de alimentos, principalmente de produtos que não podem ser submetidos a tratamento térmico, como as saladas à base de maionese, freqüentemente envolvidas em surtos de salmonelose. O uso de antimicrobianos naturais nesses produtos pode ser um método alternativo para o controle de SE. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito antimicrobiano de óleo essencial de orégano, EDTA e nisina individualmente e a combinação de nisina com EDTA e nisina com óleo essencial de orégano no controle da multiplicação SE em salada de legumes com maionese. A atividade inibitória foi inicialmente avaliada in vitro e posteriormente em salada preparada com legumes, experimentalmente contaminados com SE, misturados à maionese, na concentração de 103 UFC/g, e armazenados em refrigeração (8°C) e em temperatura ambiente (30°C). Os resultados da avaliação in vitro indicaram que o OEO usado individualmente tem melhor efeito antimicrobiano contra SE do que quando empregado em combinação com nisina. Nem a nisina nem o EDTA, quando testados isoladamente ou combinados apresentaram efeito sobre SE. Na salada de legumes com maionese preparada artesanalmente, a presença de 0,2% de OEO resultou em redução na contagem de SE, constituindo-se em uma barreira adicional para a multiplicação do patógeno nesse produto. A análise sensorial da salada de legumes com maionese contendo 0,2% de OEO indicou que houve 95% de aceitação do aroma, 93% de aceitação do sabor e 74% de intenção de compra. A análise sensorial da maionese contendo 0,5% ou 1% de OEO indicou a inviabilidade de se aumentar a concentração do OEO na maionese como alternativa para melhorar o efeito antimicrobiano. / Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is an enteropathogen relevant for the food industry, especially in foods that do not require heat treatment before consumption such as salads prepared with mayonnaise, frequently associated to outbreaks of salmonellosis. Natural antimicrobials can be used as an alternative procedure to control SE in these foods. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of origanum essential oil (OEO), nisin and EDTA, used individually and in combination, on the growth of SE in mayonnaise and in mayonnaise-based legume salad. The inhibitory activity was evaluated in vitro, in home made mayonnaise and in mayonnaise-based legume salad experimentally contaminated with SE at 103 CFU/g, stored under refrigeration (8°C) and at room temperature (30°C). The results of the in vitro tests indicated that a better antimicrobial effect of OEO on SE was achieved when OEO was used individually than when used combined with nisin or EDTA. Nor nisin nor EDTA, used individually, presented any effect against SE. The presence of OEO in mayonnaise did not add any additional effect to the antimicrobial activity of the intrinsec parameters in this food. In mayonnaise-based legume salad, 0.2% of OEO caused a reduction in the counts of SE, and was an additional hurdle for the growth of the pathogen in this product. The sensorial testing of mayonnaise-based legume salad containing 0.2% OEO indicated an acceptance of 95% for the aroma and 93% for the taste and 74% of purchasing intention. The sensorial testing of mayonnaise containing 0.5% or 1% OEO indicated that the increase in the content of OEO to increase the antimicrobial activity is not feasible.

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) é um enteropatógeno de grande preocupação para indústria de alimentos, principalmente de produtos que não podem ser submetidos a tratamento térmico, como as saladas à base de maionese, freqüentemente envolvidas em surtos de salmonelose. O uso de antimicrobianos naturais nesses produtos pode ser um método alternativo para o controle de SE. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito antimicrobiano de óleo essencial de orégano, EDTA e nisina individualmente e a combinação de nisina com EDTA e nisina com óleo essencial de orégano no controle da multiplicação SE em salada de legumes com maionese. A atividade inibitória foi inicialmente avaliada in vitro e posteriormente em salada preparada com legumes, experimentalmente contaminados com SE, misturados à maionese, na concentração de 103 UFC/g, e armazenados em refrigeração (8°C) e em temperatura ambiente (30°C). Os resultados da avaliação in vitro indicaram que o OEO usado individualmente tem melhor efeito antimicrobiano contra SE do que quando empregado em combinação com nisina. Nem a nisina nem o EDTA, quando testados isoladamente ou combinados apresentaram efeito sobre SE. Na salada de legumes com maionese preparada artesanalmente, a presença de 0,2% de OEO resultou em redução na contagem de SE, constituindo-se em uma barreira adicional para a multiplicação do patógeno nesse produto. A análise sensorial da salada de legumes com maionese contendo 0,2% de OEO indicou que houve 95% de aceitação do aroma, 93% de aceitação do sabor e 74% de intenção de compra. A análise sensorial da maionese contendo 0,5% ou 1% de OEO indicou a inviabilidade de se aumentar a concentração do OEO na maionese como alternativa para melhorar o efeito antimicrobiano. / Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is an enteropathogen relevant for the food industry, especially in foods that do not require heat treatment before consumption such as salads prepared with mayonnaise, frequently associated to outbreaks of salmonellosis. Natural antimicrobials can be used as an alternative procedure to control SE in these foods. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of origanum essential oil (OEO), nisin and EDTA, used individually and in combination, on the growth of SE in mayonnaise and in mayonnaise-based legume salad. The inhibitory activity was evaluated in vitro, in home made mayonnaise and in mayonnaise-based legume salad experimentally contaminated with SE at 103 CFU/g, stored under refrigeration (8°C) and at room temperature (30°C). The results of the in vitro tests indicated that a better antimicrobial effect of OEO on SE was achieved when OEO was used individually than when used combined with nisin or EDTA. Nor nisin nor EDTA, used individually, presented any effect against SE. The presence of OEO in mayonnaise did not add any additional effect to the antimicrobial activity of the intrinsec parameters in this food. In mayonnaise-based legume salad, 0.2% of OEO caused a reduction in the counts of SE, and was an additional hurdle for the growth of the pathogen in this product. The sensorial testing of mayonnaise-based legume salad containing 0.2% OEO indicated an acceptance of 95% for the aroma and 93% for the taste and 74% of purchasing intention. The sensorial testing of mayonnaise containing 0.5% or 1% OEO indicated that the increase in the content of OEO to increase the antimicrobial activity is not feasible.

Une recherche de souches bactériennes lactiques productrices de bactériocine a été entreprise à partir daliments traditionnels dorigine sénégalaise et les souches les plus actives ont été mises en uvre comme barrière en supplément du sel (NaCl) contre la croissance de la flore contaminante de différents poissons maigre [sompat (Pomadasys jubelini)], moyennement gras [capitaine (Polydactylus quadrifilis)], et gras [mâchoiron (Arius heudeloti)] de production artisanale au Sénégal. La prévalence des bactéries lactiques a été déterminée à 109 UFC/(g ou ml) dans les produits fermentés traditionnels à base de céréale et de lait, et 103 UFC/g dans les produits de la pêche fermentés. Douze souches bactériennes à activité inhibitrice de type bactériocine ont été détectées au sein de 220 souches de bactéries lactiques isolées de 32 échantillons de ces différents types de produits. Les 11 souches ont été caractérisées (API 50 CH, 16S rDNA) comme étant des souches de Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis qui portent le gène codant pour la nisine, la souche restante est une souche dEnterococcus faecium et possède le gène codant pour lEntérocine B. Les deux souches, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CWBI-B1410, isolée de farine de mil fermentée et productrice de nisine, et la souche Lactobacillus curvatus CWBI-B28 provenant de la collection du CWBI de la FUSAGx, produisant trois bactériocines de type curvalicine 28a, b et c, ont été mises en uvre en combinaison avec du sel comme barrière contre la croissance de la flore contaminante dans les poissons. La flore totale dans les poissons de production artisanale atteingnait 5,70 log UFC/g. La transformation des poissons par fermentation naturelle à 30°C (sans traitement préalable : procédé traditionnel), entraîne une prolifération de bactéries Gram-négatives comme Proteus sp, Shewanella putrefaciens et des souches de Bacillus sp qui atteignent 109-10 UFC/g en moins de 24 h dans les produits. Lutilisation de CWBI-B1410 (107 UFC/g) comme ferment avec ajout de glucose (1% m/m) dans les filets, entraîne une production in situ de substances antagonistes (acides organiques et bactériocine). Il en résulte une réduction du niveau de la flore contaminante entérique de 2 (P. quadrifilis) et de 4 (P. jubelini) log UFC/g par rapport aux poissons préparés traditionnellement. Lajout de sel dans des produits ainsi fermentés réduit la flore entérique. Laddition des surnageants de culture neutralisés (pH 6) bactéricides issus de CWBI-B1410 ou de CWBI-B28 en combinaison avec du chlorure de sodium (0,14 g/ml) sur les filets crus (100 ml/100 g) incubés à 10°C réduit le niveau de la contamination bactérienne de 1,5 log UFC/g et retarde laugmentation de la flore qui reste à un niveau < 106 UFC/g pendant 13 à 18 jours dincubation à 10°C selon le type de poisson, alors que pour les filets contrôles, traités avec des surnageants de culture neutralisés de souches non productrices de bactériocines (Lactobacillus curvatus LMG 21688 et Lactococcus lactis LMG 6890) salés (NaCl 0,14 g/ml), la flore contaminante dépasse 106 UFC/g au bout de 3 à 7 jours. Les effets antibactériens des surnageants de cultures neutralisés bactéricides et salés (NaCl 0,14 g/ml), sont par ailleurs, plus importants que ceux dune solution salée (NaCl 0,14 g/ml) supplémentée de sels de benzoate et de sorbate en concentration de 0,5 mg/ml chacun sur les poissons riches en lipides. Ces résultats suggèrent que, la combinaison des effets antibactériens des bactéries lactiques productrices de bactériocines et du sel, plus particulièrement lutilisation de SCN salés, comme préservatifs, peut constituer un moyen approprié damélioration de la conservation et de la qualité microbiologique des produits de la pêche artisanale au Sénégal. Le traitement des poissons selon lune ou lautre des stratégies décrites précédemment, combiné à un système de séchage devrait permettre de produire des produits halieutiques traditionnels de meilleures qualités microbiologiques et de durée de conservation plus longue, justifiant limportance de continuer cette étude sur lamélioration de la productivité de bactériocine par CWBI-B1410, et les impacts des nouveaux traitements sur les qualités organoleptiques et nutritionelles des produits. A screening of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria from Senegalese traditional food products was undertaken and the most active strains were tested in combination with sodium chloride as barrier to control spoilage bacteria growth on different artisanal fish products [lean sumpat grunt (Pomadasys jubelini), moderarely fat giant African threadfin (Polydactylus quadrifilis) and fat smoothmouth sea catfish (Arius heudeloti)] in Senegal. The prevalence of lactic acid bacteria was determined at 109 CFU/(g or ml) in traditional fermented cereals and fermented milk products, and 103 CFU/g in fermented seafood products. Twelve bacteriocin-producing strains were detected of 220 lactic acid bacteria strains randomly selected from such products. The eleven were characterized (API 50CH and 16S rDNA) as Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis strains and contain gene encoding nisin, and the remaining one an Enterococcus faecium strain which contains gene encoding Enterocin B. Two strains, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CWBI-B1410, a nisin producer isolated from fermented millet flour from Senegal, and Lactobacillus curvatus CWBI B28 which produces three bacteriocins (Curvalicin 28a, b et c) from CWBI collection, were tested in combination with sodium chloride as barrier to control spoilage bacteria growth on fish from artisanal production. The total bacterial counts of fishes reached 5.7 log CFU/g. The processing of such products by natural fermentation at 30°C (without any preliminary treatment as in traditional process) result in proliferation of Gram-negative bacteria such as Proteus sp and Shewanella putrefaciens, and some Bacillus sp strains, which reached 109-10 CFU/g in products within less than 24 h of incubation. When using CWBI-B1410 living culture (107 CFU/g) with glucose (1% wt/wt) supplementation as barrier against bacterial growth in fishes, a depression of the pH as well as a bacteriocin-like activity were noted, resulting in a decrease of the Gram negative strains counts of 4 log CFU/g (P. jubelini) and 2 log CFU/g (P. quadrifilis) in comparison to fishes prepared in using traditional process. The addition of salt in such fermented products reinforced the antimicrobial effect by CWBI-B1410 strain. The addition of neutralized (pH 6) culture supernatants of CWBI-B1410 or CWBI-B28 strains in combination with sodium chloride (0.14 g/ml) as preservatives on fishes (100 ml/100 g) incubated at 10°C, declined the level of total bacterial counts of 1.5 log CFU/g within 48 h, and delayed the increase of bacteria number in fishes: bacterial counts remained under 106 CFU/g for 13 to 18 days of storage at 10°C following the fish, whereas they were over 106 CFU/g after 3 to 7 days fish storage at 10°C in controls, treated with salted (NaCl 0.14 g/ml) neutralized (pH 6) culture supernatants of non-bacteriocin producers (Lactococcus lactis LMG 6890 and Lactobacillus curvatus LMG 216888). The antimicrobial effects by salted neutralized culture supernatants of the bacteriocin producers were higher to those of salted solution (NaCl 0.14 g/ml) supplemented with benzoate and sorbate acid salts each at concentration of 0.5 mg/ml on the moderate and fat fishes. These data suggest that the use of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria in combination with sodium chloride as described above, particularly the use of salted bactericidal culture supernatant, as preservatives, can be a suitable strategy to enhance the storage and the bacterial quality of traditional fish products in Senegal. The treatment of fishes in using one of the strategies as described above combined with a drying process could permit production of seafood commodities with higher bacterial quality and time of storage, justifying to continue this investigation on the enhancement of the bacteriocin-productivity by CWBI-B1410, and the evaluation of the effects of the new treatments on the organaoleptic and nutritional quality of products.

The presented doctoral thesis is focused on preparation, characterization and application of organic micro- and nanoparticles as transport systems for active components and some their complex natural sources. Active component were packed into liposomes and polysaccharide particles. As active components were used caffeine, some drugs – clotrimazole and ibuprofen, further antioxidants and vitamins. Antimicrobial herbs and spices extract, antimicrobial peptides lysozyme, nisin and other antimicrobial ingredients were encapsulated too. Encapsulation of selected hydrolytic enzymes was tested, too. Particles were also used for encapsulation of probiotic strains Bifidobacterium breve and Lactobacillus acidophilus and prebiotic components. These prebiotics were co-encapsulated into capsules with probiotic cells. Natural extracts were encapsulated e.g. extracts of guarana, ginseng, goji, green barley, propolis, black, green and white tea, coffee, fruit and vegetable extracts. The efficiency of encapsulation was determined by HPLC/PDA and by spectrophotometry. Long-term stability of particles and amount of released component in model/real foods, in model cosmetic conditions and in a model physiological environment were monitored too. Size of prepared liposomes and polysaccharide particles was determined by dynamic light scattering and by light microscopy and electron microscopy, respectively. Stability of the particles was measured using a zeta potential. Also, analytical centrifugation was used to measurement of sedimentation velocity and stability of the prepared particles. The antimicrobial activity were tested using two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus), two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens) bacteria and one fungal strains (Candida glabrata). For determining the antimicrobial properties of active component and prepared particles two the most widely used methods were used - agar diffusion method and broth dilution method. The viability of probiotic strains were performed using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Encapsulation of active component was successful in all types of particles. Liposome showed a very good long-term stability mainly in water conditions with neutral pH and polysaccharide particles were stable in acidic conditions. Prepared particles showed a very good stability in model stomach environment, while in model intestines environments particles were disintegrated and active component were released. Prepared particles with encapsulated caffeine as well as other tested antioxidants and vitamins could be used to modern types of energy drinks, food supplements and also for some cosmetics applications. Encapsulated antimicrobial components could be used for food application as well as for cosmetics and pharmaceutical application like antimicrobial wound formulation. Encapsulated enzymes can be used for controlled release of proteases in wound healing, as delivery systems in digestive tract and as a part of pharmaceutical preparative and food supplements for enzyme therapy. The study revealed that encapsulation of probiotics and also co-encapsulation of probiotics with prebiotics exhibited longer stability of particles and survival bacterial cells. So, prepared particles are suitable for use to food product with beneficial effects on the human body.