CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A presente dissertaÃÃo propÃe uma anÃlise das aposiÃÃes nÃo restritivas nominais em artigos de opiniÃo, utilizando o suporte teÃrico da GramÃtica Discursivo-Funcional, de Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008). Rediscutimos a tipologia adotada por Nogueira (1999), mais especificamente em relaÃÃo à correspondÃncia entre funÃÃes textual-discursivas e relaÃÃes textual-semÃnticas no fenÃmeno da aposiÃÃo, visto que a unidade apositiva pode ter sua funcionalidade voltada para todo o discurso que a circunda. As construÃÃes apositivas nÃo restritivas nominais foram extraÃdas de artigos de opiniÃo disponÃveis no site das OlimpÃadas de LÃngua Portuguesa. Por conta da predominÃncia da sequÃncia argumentativa em tal gÃnero, lanÃamos como hipÃtese geral neste trabalho que a relaÃÃo textual-semÃntica mais frequente seria a de atribuiÃÃo, motivada por sua funÃÃo textual-discursiva de avaliaÃÃo. A anÃlise dos dados comprova parcialmente nossa hipÃtese: de fato, a avaliaÃÃo constitui a funÃÃo discursiva mais frequente nos textos, ao passo que a relaÃÃo semÃntica de equivalÃncia referencial foi predominante. ConcluÃmos que a avaliaÃÃo, nesse contexto, alÃm de estar a serviÃo da indicaÃÃo da atitude do falante em relaÃÃo ao que ele diz na primeira unidade apositiva, tambÃm està relacionada diretamente à tese que ele procura defender em todo seu texto, lanÃando mÃo de estratÃgias de referenciaÃÃo textual.

As education systems, in particular Technology Education, adapt to new expectations for secondary students entering an uncertain workforce, the time is appropriate to investigate the need for school facilities to meet these present demands and those that continue to change curricula. This study has been conducted in order to determine the facility requirements for the delivery of the evolving technology/manual arts curriculum in Queensland. A set of validated design criteria for evaluating technology education and vocational education settings was developed and trialed to assist the designer of such facilities to meet the needs of this area on schools designed in different eras from the 1 960s to the present. A review of the published literature would indicate that little has been written on this aspect of facilities design. While related studies have been conducted in North America, they were not confined to the designing of the facilities and only had specific relevance in that country. An expert group consisting of prominent Queensland educators provided the impetus for developing the criteria which had been generated through a systematic search of the literature. The methodology utilised to involve the expert group was the Nominal Group Technique. After the criteria had been developed, they were validated by questionnaire through a 30% random sample of practicing heads of department across Queensland in both state and independent systems. A trial evaluation using current facilities was subsequently conducted to determine the effectiveness of the criteria in terms of teacher acceptability as well as establishing a pattern of needs for modification. Practitioners who use the facility for teaching technology education and/or vocational education could use the set of criteria to evaluate their facility in a similar manner to that of evaluating their students. Such evaluations could then become the basis for ffiture school planning and budgetary allocations as well as asset management of existing facilities. The study proved to be valuable as the validated criteria have the potential of being used as a tool by teachers to evaluate their facilities. At the systems level of operation, the criteria will provide assistance for designers, architects and teachers to prepare informal educational briefs. Such briefs would provide a consistent approach to the some times difficult task of clearly defining the function of a facility. The modem facility must meet the needs of current curriculum and be sufficiently flexible and adaptable to provide the educational requirements well into the twenty-first century. These developed criteria will greatly assist in this process.

La morphologie des langues algonquiennes permet l'incorporation dans le verbe de morphèmes qui réfèrent à des entités. Ces éléments sont nommés "médianes" en ce qu'ils se situent au centre du radical verbal. Ces médianes peuvent être soit des noms existants, soit être dérivés de noms, soit ne sont reliées à aucun nom. Certaines d'entres elles sont des classificateurs. Ces éléments ont fait l'objet de peu d'études à ce jour. Dans ce mémoire, nous les analyserons du point de vue de la Linguistique Cognitive, école qui s'intéresse au rapport entre la sémantique et la cognition. Les médianes, qu'elles soient de type classificatoire ou non, ont la possibilité d'adopter plusieurs significations. Nous proposons que la catégorisation est d'importance cruciale dans la polysémie des médianes. Les effets de prototype, la métonymie et la métaphore sont les principales opérations de la catégorisation qui permettent cette polysémie. Les effets de prototypes permettent de déterminer le référent des médianes classificatoires. La métaphore permet d'exprimer des idées abstraites en termes concrets. Les métonymies permettent aux médianes non classificatoires de référer à plusieurs entités. À la fin nous, concluons que les opérations issues de la catégorisation permettent l'économie morphologique. Les effets de prototypes empêchent l'incorporation de plusieurs morphèmes en position médiane. La métaphore bloque également l'incorporation de morphèmes. La métonymie permet une économie sémantique en ce qu'elle permet de stocker davantage de sens à partir d'un seul morphème. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Incorporation nominale, Médiane, Catégorisation, Métaphore, Métonymie.

Ce travail porte sur la distribution et l'interprétation de l'adjectif dans le syntagme nominal en roumain. L'adjectif en roumain présente des interprétations différentes, selon qu'il précède ou suit le nom déterminé. La problématique est envisagée dans le cadre de l'approche compositionnelle et monosémique proposée par Bouchard (2002). Dans son modèle, le sens des combinaisons de l'adjectif avec le nom dépend strictement des éléments du syntagme nominal : l'adjectif, le nom et la façon dont ils se combinent. Bouchard montre qu'en français, l'adjectif postnominal modifie tout le réseau dénotatif du nom (fonction caractéristique f, intervalle de temps i, monde possible w et fonction d'assignation de variable g), alors qu'en position prénominale il ne modifie qu'un des éléments du réseau. Nous montrons que cette analyse de Bouchard s'applique généralement directement au roumain, mais en soulignant des cas particuliers au roumain. Le travail comprend une présentation chronologique des travaux relatifs à notre problématique, la présentation du cadre théorique choisi et de ses avantages, et les détails du traitement des données. Les données du roumain ont été organisées selon une classification de l'adjectif fréquemment rencontrée pour les langues romanes. Pour chaque sous-catégorie ont été choisis des exemples parmi les plus représentatifs, et pour faciliter la tâche du lecteur francophone, les exemples roumains plus proches phonologiquement et sémantiquement du français ont été considérés. Les données ont été aussi partiellement vérifiées par des locuteurs roumains. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : adjectif, syntagme nominal, roumain, ordre des mots, compositionalité, monosémie.

Multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques are developed to address challenging classification problems arising in engineering management and elsewhere. MCDA consists of a set of principles and tools to assist a decision maker (DM) to solve a decision problem with a finite set of alternatives compared according to two or more criteria, which are usually conflicting. The three types of classification problems to which original research contributions are made are <ol> <li>Screening: Reduce a large set of alternatives to a smaller set that most likely contains the best choice. </li> <li>Sorting: Arrange the alternatives into a few groups in preference order, so that the DM can manage them more effectively. </li> <li>Nominal classification: Assign alternatives to nominal groups structured by the DM, so that the number of groups, and the characteristics of each group, seem appropriate to the DM. </ol> Research on screening is divided into two parts: the design of a sequential screening procedure that is then applied to water resource planning in the Region of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; and the development of a case-based distance method for screening that is then demonstrated using a numerical example. <br /><br /> Sorting problems are studied extensively under three headings. Case-based distance sorting is carried out with Model I, which is optimized for use with cardinal criteria only, and Model II, which is designed for both cardinal and ordinal criteria; both sorting approaches are applied to a case study in Canadian municipal water usage analysis. Sorting in inventory management is studied using a case-based distance method designed for multiple criteria ABC analysis, and then applied to a case study involving hospital inventory management. Finally sorting is applied to bilateral negotiation using a case-based distance model to assist negotiators that is then demonstrated on a negotiation regarding the supply of bicycle components. <br /><br /> A new kind of decision analysis problem, called multiple criteria nominal classification (MCNC), is addressed. Traditional classification methods in MCDA focus on sorting alternatives into groups ordered by preference. MCNC is the classification of alternatives into nominal groups, structured by the DM, who specifies multiple characteristics for each group. The features, definitions and structures of MCNC are presented, emphasizing criterion and alternative flexibility. An analysis procedure is proposed to solve MCNC problems systematically and applied to a water resources planning problem.

Multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques are developed to address challenging classification problems arising in engineering management and elsewhere. MCDA consists of a set of principles and tools to assist a decision maker (DM) to solve a decision problem with a finite set of alternatives compared according to two or more criteria, which are usually conflicting. The three types of classification problems to which original research contributions are made are <ol> <li>Screening: Reduce a large set of alternatives to a smaller set that most likely contains the best choice. </li> <li>Sorting: Arrange the alternatives into a few groups in preference order, so that the DM can manage them more effectively. </li> <li>Nominal classification: Assign alternatives to nominal groups structured by the DM, so that the number of groups, and the characteristics of each group, seem appropriate to the DM. </ol> Research on screening is divided into two parts: the design of a sequential screening procedure that is then applied to water resource planning in the Region of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; and the development of a case-based distance method for screening that is then demonstrated using a numerical example. <br /><br /> Sorting problems are studied extensively under three headings. Case-based distance sorting is carried out with Model I, which is optimized for use with cardinal criteria only, and Model II, which is designed for both cardinal and ordinal criteria; both sorting approaches are applied to a case study in Canadian municipal water usage analysis. Sorting in inventory management is studied using a case-based distance method designed for multiple criteria ABC analysis, and then applied to a case study involving hospital inventory management. Finally sorting is applied to bilateral negotiation using a case-based distance model to assist negotiators that is then demonstrated on a negotiation regarding the supply of bicycle components. <br /><br /> A new kind of decision analysis problem, called multiple criteria nominal classification (MCNC), is addressed. Traditional classification methods in MCDA focus on sorting alternatives into groups ordered by preference. MCNC is the classification of alternatives into nominal groups, structured by the DM, who specifies multiple characteristics for each group. The features, definitions and structures of MCNC are presented, emphasizing criterion and alternative flexibility. An analysis procedure is proposed to solve MCNC problems systematically and applied to a water resources planning problem.

Because of the global economic depression and competitive stress from international industries, Kaohsiung also faces its difficulty for further development and construction. Due to the 911 terrorist attack event in the U.S., the total number of those who travel to Taiwan from January to June of year 2002 decreased 7.3% compared to the same period of year 2001, a sharp decline. In October year 2002, an explosion event happened in Bali in Indonesia, and furthermore, in April year 2003, another disaster, the dreadful SARS disease raged through Taiwan. These could make tourists worry about safety while traveling, making the dull tourism business an even worse situation. In order to carry out decisions made by Council for Economic Planning and Development, starting form January 1st, year 2002, the Executive Yuan opened the gate of visiting Taiwan for people from Mainland China under particular conditions. However, with concerns of safety of the whole island, we still hold serious control of opening our gate for tourism, so the tourism business still cannot make a hit as originally expected. Actually it is a very important step to open the tourism market for people from Mainland China to visit Taiwan, to make the relationship of cross strait normalize. With WTO principles do cross strait share equal rights to open the tourism market to each other. Our government has been seriously considering the issue of Three-Links in recent years but has made only little progress. The present study collected and investigated newspaper articles and editorials related to this issue in Taiwan of year 2002. The findings point out that the two political parties in Taiwan differed a lot in political stands. This may influence the economy in Taiwan. Though Three-Links is not a cure-all, it could definitely benefit the economic development in Taiwan. Moreover, according to interviews with some experts in this field and an analysis of questionnaires, it is easy to tell Three-Links is a future trend. Three-Links can benefit industries in Taiwan to make business contacts with industries in Mainland China, even to broaden the business scope to the whole world. The main spirit of tourism business is ¡§human¡¨. Mainland Chinese who regularly travel abroad and who are willing to visit Taiwan reached up to the number of 1.2 million. Kaohsiung is an international harbor and further a must pass port for Mainland Chinese. This should be an important chance and moment to develop and push Kaohsiung to become the entrance of tourism business in southern Taiwan. Nominal Group Technique (NGT) is one of the Interactive Management (IM) methods. This method can efficiently deal with complicated problems or controversial issues discussed in a group or a society. By questionnaire analysis and the NGT method did I complete this study and achieve the following goals: 1. Cooperative efficient participation 2. Clarify and define issues 3. Form common consensus and conclusion 4. Interactive learning rebuild cognition as a group We vote for the top 10 strategies to urge development of Kaohsiung. We consider that ¡§Make Kaohsiung the entrance of tourism business and deepen the mechanism of culture and biology in southern Taiwan.¡¨ and ¡§Release limitations for Mainland Chinese¡¦s¡¦ visiting Taiwan, make Kaohsiung international airport the first.¡¨ two worth studying future topics and very likely make benefits for the future development of Kaohsiung.

For years Penghu has been actively developing its tourism gaming (gambling) industry since its location, climate, and soil quality have hindered the development of its agriculture, fishery, and local industries and resulted in slow economy and reduced population. Its tourism industry had not developed well despite the unique natural sceneries and local history; therefore, the local government placed hope on the gambling industry in the wish of attracting foreign investors. For the past two decades, the local effort of legalizing off-shore gambling -- the only and the most important force behind this policy, has never ceased. The scenario adopted in this study is that the draft of the "Offshore Islands Development Act" that serves as the legal basis of Penghu's development of the gambling industry has been approved by the Legislative Yuan and is supported by the majority in a public vote. Being the only area where legalized gambling is allowed, the local government of Penghu and the central government immediately start to work on the applicable legal basis and regulations. Born and raised in Penghu, the researcher of this study also cares very much about this topic and thus wishes to come up with the recommendations for optimal local development. In this study the "Nominal Group Technique" (NGT) of "Interactive Management" (IM) was utilized for the purpose of getting everyone's opinions across in a democratic manner and reducing egocentric and arbitrary perspectives. Through NGT, an interactive seminar is held where "feasible and specific recommendations for the influences of Penghu's gambling industry on its economy and society" are provided. The 2-stage Seminar is held based on the unique procedures of NGT: Identify problems, clarify problems, vote and select problems, and come up with 12 specific strategies: 1. Invest a certain portion of the gambling revenue in the local environment in order to maintain the local landscapes and culture. 2. Establish a Penghu Gambling Committee or a dedicated authority that carries out its duties objectively and wins public trust and support. 3. Give a certain portion of the jobs in the gambling industry to the local residents whose households have been registered in Penghu for at least 5 years. 4. Make timely plans that are dedicated to Penghu's environment and surrounding. Gambling authorities should hold studies on the size of the gambling market. 5. Establish a security system between a service provider and a security authority and invest more in software/hardware for crime prevention. 6. Reinforce personnel training and industrial-academic collaborations in order to provide more jobs. 7. Establish a Supervisory Committee that is in charge of analyzing/evaluating relevant policies and formulating tasks. 8. Formulate strategies that protect the development of local industries and create a win-win situation for them and foreign inventors. 9. Penghu County Government should formulate a public-supervision system for the gambling industry in order to prevent corruptions and political manipulation. 10. Complete the infrastructure and public transportation as quickly as possible. 11. Actively help Penghu's traditional industries and develop tourism with the gambling industry and create a win-win situation. 12. Evaluate the influences of the population-carrying capacity on infrastructure and ecosystems and determine the responses. After comparing all the strategies, the inter-strategic relationships are reinforced using "Interpretive Structural Modeling" (ISM), and the ISM software was used to draw the diagram of the structural enhancement. After the second-stage discussions and revisions, the final, revised Diagram of Enhanced Structure was completed that clearly shows the causal relationships between each strategy and how they are ordered and ranked. The main contribution of this study is the information found provides the government with a clear, prioritized set of instructions that help the authority understand how the 12 strategies work and what they actually achieve. Through the 2-stage interactive seminar, questionnaire surveys were conducted twice on the participants in order for us to understand their expectations for the actual procedures, participation, understanding, and interactions in the seminar, and such information helps us understand how satisfied they are towards the interactive learning and whether they have actually achieved the expected results through independent thinking, diverse perspectives, debates, listening, group discussions, brain storming, and communication. In other words, we wish to find out how effective participation, problem-defining and clarifications, and consensus-reaching benefit the entire effort.

Texte remanié de: Tesis doctoral--Universidad de Salamanca, 2001. / Bibliogr. p. 327-343.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Linguistique : Paris 8 : 2006. / Cette étude explore l'acquisition des procédures de détermination nominale, c'est-à-dire au sens large, la construction de la référence aux entités, dans le récit des enfants francophones et polonophones de 4, 7 et 10 ans, et des adultes polonophones débutants et avancés en français L2. Peu d'études ont analysé le cas du polonais dans une perspective acquisitionnelle. L'interaction des règles phrastiques et discursives - qui déterminent l'utilisation d'une forme particulière du syntagme nominal dans un contexte particulier, a permis de déceler la spécificité de chaque type d'apprenant. Chez l'enfant, les résultats montrent une acquisition tardive des fonctions intra-discursives, liée à l'absence de prise en considération des connaissances partagées avec l'interlocuteur. L'apprenant adulte s'appuie en revanche sur les connaissances discursives acquises à travers sa langue maternelle et acquiert une nouvelle formulation linguistique pour s'acquitter minimalement de la tâche. This study explores the acquisition of nominal determination procedures - in a broad sense the construction of reference to entities - in a story-telling task, by French and Polish 4, 7 and 10 year-old children, and by Polish adult beginners and advanced learners of L2 French. Polish is a relatively under-studied language in the acquisition litterature. The specificity of each learner type was determined through the analysis of the interaction of phrasal rules and discourse-organising principles determining the use of a particular form of NP in a specific context. Results show that children do not calculate their interlocutor's (given-new) knowledge-state and thus acquire intra-discursive functions late. On the contrary, adult learners use the discursive knowledge acquired through their mother tongue and develop basic linguistic means to perform the task. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr.