Written for the Dept. of Italian Studies. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2020/03/30). Includes bibliographical references.

Si la situation armée que traverse la Colombie n'est pas inconnue du grand public, tel n'est pas le cas pour les cohortes de réfugiés qui se sont formées dans son sillage. Relativement peu médiatisés sur la scène internationale, ces mouvements de populations représentent une constance dans l'histoire de ce conflit armé. Aujourd'hui, ce pays comptabilise le plus de réfugiés internes au monde. Renvoyant tout à la fois à une typologie migratoire et à une catégorie institutionnelle, ce travail de recherche en anthropologie politique revient sur ces mobilités contraintes « par la guerre ». Désignés et regroupés sous l'appellation « desplazamientos forzados por la violencia », ces mouvements sont de l'ordre du multiple et font localement l'objet d'une veille scientifique, politique et humanitaire importante. Cependant, il existe de grandes disparités dans les discours et dans les analyses le concernant, notamment lorsque se pose la question de la nature du territoire de départ des migrants. Ainsi, l'imaginaire veut que la situation armée qui impulse ces mobilités soit circonscrite au milieu rural et absent des milieux urbains.Or, les données recueillies et présentées dans cette thèse viennent bousculer ce postulat. Menées auprès de différents acteurs dans les villes de Bogotá et de Soacha entre 2010 et 2012, ces enquêtes de terrains témoignent de l'efficience de ces pratiques, tout en soulignant la pluralité de trajectoires qu'elles recoupent et la complexité des situations auxquelles elles répondent. Ainsi, ce travail de recherche fait resurgir l'importance des thèmes de la mémoire, de l'informalité, de l'appartenance ou encore de la distribution des richesses. / If the armed conflict affecting Colombia is known from the public, it is not the case of the numerous refugees it has created. Movements of population are constant across the history of this armed conflict although it did not attract the media’s attention. Nowadays this country has the largest number of internal refugees in the world. The present document is the result of a research in political anthropology on the migration patterns of populations caused by the threatening « of the war ». Identified and grouped under the denomination of « desplazamientos forzados por la violencia », these movements are plural. Locally this « total social fact » is closely monitored by scientific, political and humanitarian institutions. However significant disparities exist on both the analysis and the reasons of these migrations, especially regarding the condition of the migrant’s departure territory. It is often a statement in people’s mind that the conflicts at the origin of these motilities are limited to the countryside, and thus absent from the urban zones. However the data presented in this PhD thesis goes against this postulate. It was collected between 2010 and 2012 among various Colombian actors and institutions based in the cities of Bogotá and Soacha. By combining this data, the fieldwork demonstrates the reality of a transfer of the old conflicts into urban areas, stressing the existence of a plurality of trajectories and testifying about the complexity of situations to which they respond. This research emphasis the importance of themes such as memory, territory, informality, membership, distribution of wealth and knowledge transmission.

Fishers are among the biggest commercial resource users in the marine environment. In order to meet international, national and local policies, the UK has to designate a suite of marine protected areas (MPAs) and reach marine renewable energy (MRE) targets. Inevitably, there will be conflict between these two industries and marine conservation. This study uses a multi-disciplinary approach to examine evaluate the suitability of various sources of data, which could be used to detect, assess, and ultimately predict, fishing effort displacement within the different sectors of the > 15 m fleet in the South West of the UK. Gear-specific Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) data from 2005-2008 was used to assess potential effort displacement due to Haig Fras, a proposed MPA and Wave Hub, a marine renewable energy installation (MREI). The spatial distribution of fishing activity was highly heterogeneous and distinct areas of intense fishing could be identified for all gear-types. A closure of Haig Fras would have the greatest impact on gillnetters. Scallop dredgers also occasionally use the area. The current closure at Wave Hub has the greatest impact on potters and whelkers whose geographic specialisation is most pronounced and who use the area extensively. Longliners also use the area disproportionately would be affected. A simple index of variability was developed in order to determine baselines and two other sources of data were used. High resolution seabed data and low resolution catch data. A semi structured interview was conducted with forty fishers to elicit further information on the challenges, barriers to progress and priority issues in relation to MRE those fishers face. The theme of discontent with the consultation process scored highly throughout. Fishers’ Knowledge (FK) another source of data also scored highly, although further work must be carried out to identify what aspects of this data are useful in assessment of fishing effort displacement.

A presente pesquisa busca compreender a elaboração de um discurso institucional sobre arte em Goiás no período de 1990 a 2012, a partir dos agentes envolvidos nos museus e galerias de arte do Estado, e os artistas em destaque e circulação neste circuito artístico. Para tanto, retomo alguns processos históricos e políticos vinculados à construção de Goiânia apresentando o projeto de modernidade com o qual Goiás envolveu-se na criação de suas primeiras instituições culturais e artísticas. Esse discurso foi contraposto, durante os anos 90, por uma nova produção que promoveu um intenso trânsito pelo país através de salões, prêmios e exposições. Diante deste panorama, a partir da década de 2000, observa-se a entrada de alguns agentes nas instituições artísticas pesquisadas e o processo de incorporação da produção contemporânea que desencadeiam. Ao operarem a legitimação de artistas e obras, eles, concomitantemente, realizam sua própria legitimação dentro do circuito e, por conseguinte, a institucionalização da arte contemporânea no Estado. Para proceder o exame das questões modernas e contemporâneas proponho como chave interpretativa a ideia de continuidade, mais que de ruptura. Como suporte metodológico foi usado o paradigma indiciário para análise dos dados coletados como exposições e/ou salões, agentes envolvidos e em trânsito por estas instituições e os artistas e obras que são incorporadas aos acervos museológicos da região, demonstrando um movimento direcionado mais no sentido do deslocamento. / This research attempted to understand how the people - from the agents involved in the museums and art galleries in the state to the artists who were prominent in this artistic circuit - elaborated an institutional discourse about art in Goiás in the period between 1990 and 2012. In order to do that, I retook historical and political processes related to the construction of Goiânia by introducing what was the project of modernity with which Goiás became involved on the creation of its first cultural and artistic institutions. These discourse was rejected by a new production that promoted an intense displacement through the country in awards and exhibitions during the nineties. Some agents entered the researched artistic institutions and unleashed the contemporary production incorporation process from the year 2000 because of this scenario. At the same time that they operated the legitimacy of artists and works, they held their own legitimization within the circuit; as a result, they legitimated the institutionalization of contemporary art in Goiás. I propose the idea of continuity rather than a rupture as a interpretation key to conduct the examination of these phenomenon related to modern and contemporary issues. The methodological support was based on the evidence paradigm for data collected analysis such as the exhibitions, the agents involved and in transit through the institutions, and the artists and works that are incorporated into museum collections in the region, affirming a movement that is more directed towards displacement.

O deslocamento de abomaso (DA) é uma doença multifatorial relacionada com o manejo alimentar que afeta vacas leiteiras de alta produção principalmente durante o início da lactação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar indicadores bioquímicos de diagnóstico e tratamento no deslocamento de abomaso à esquerda (DAE) em vacas leiteiras na Região do Planalto do Rio Grande do Sul. As amostras foram coletadas de um total de quarenta animais, sendo vinte vacas com DAE e vinte vacas clinicamente sadias utilizadas como grupo controle. Foram coletadas amostras de líquido ruminal, sangue e urina para avaliação do perfil bioquímico, hematológico e ruminal. Os animais com DAE apresentaram menor produção de leite diária (6,72 kg ± 3,85 e 26,86 kg ± 8,36), peso corporal (566,5 kg ± 51,12 e 602,9 kg ± 45,68) e escore condição corporal (2,32 ± 0,4 e 602,9 ± 45,68), quando comparados ao grupo controle.A utilização de fitas reagentes para medição do pH ruminal demonstrou-se eficaz a campo quando comparada com potenciômetro digital. A dinâmica ruminal apresenta-se prejudicada nos animais com DAE como foi evidenciado pelos valores aumentados do tempo de redução de azul de metileno (4,70 min. ± 1,89 e 1,66 min. ± 1,14). Além de apresentarem indicadores de desidratação, os valores de pH da urina, e os valores séricos de lactato, aspartato transaminase e colesterol apresentaram-se como ferramentas auxiliares no prognóstico e tratamento. O tratamento deve consistir em além da correção da afecção, restabelecer a condição hídrica do animal, assim como também, repor a flora ruminal. / The displacement of abomasum (DA) is a multifactorial disorder related to feed management affecting high yielding dairy cows mainly during early lactation. This work had the objective to evaluate biochemical profile for diagnose and treatment of left displaced abomasum (LDA) in dairy cows in the Planalto Region of Rio Grande do Sul. The samples were collected from ruminal fluid, blood and urine for the evaluation of biochemical, hematological and ruminal profile. The cows with LDA presented lower values of daily milk production (6,72 kg ± 3,85 and 26,86 kg ± 8,36), body weight (566,5 kg ± 51,12 and 602,9 kg ± 45,68) and corporal condition score (2,32 ± 0,4 and 602,9 ± 45,68). The utilization of reagent strips showed to be functional in the field when compared to a digital phmeter. The ruminal dynamics is much damaged in the cows affected by the LDA, as evidenced by the high values for the blue metilen reduction time (4,70 min. ± 1,89 and 1,66 min. ± 1,14). Besides the presentation of dehydration indicators, the urine pH, and serum lactate, aspartate transaminase and cholesterol presented to be auxiliary tools in the LDA prognoses and treatment. The treatment should consider fluid therapy and reestablish the ruminal dynamics of the cow.

Esta etnografia se propõe a levar o leitor num passeio de carona por Florianópolis – SC, discutindo, por um lado, como esta prática incomum de deslocamento para o cenário urbano se cria enquanto possibilidade no processo de desenvolvimento urbano, e, por outro, aonde estas experiências nos levam e o que mobilizam na negociação da situação da carona, com suas incertezas e instantes emergentes. O trabalho inicia com uma curta revisão de produções anteriores sobre caronas nas ciências humanas e algumas sobre a prática em Florianópolis que apresentam questões que vão sendo elaboradas e aprofundadas com o aumento do ritmo de caronas que vamos pegando na etnografia. Ao longo dos capítulos, as temáticas de política, imagens, imaginário, mobilidade, etnografia e tempo são recorrentes e vão trazendo diferentes camadas que ajudam a pensar o fenômeno em Florianópolis. / This ethnography proposes to take the reader on a ride hitchhiking through Florianópolis - SC, discussing, on the one hand, how this unusual practice of displacement to the urban scenario is created as a possibility in the process of development in the city; on the other hand, where these experiences lead us and what they mobilize in the negotiation of the hitchhiking situation, with its uncertainties and emerging moments. The work begins with a short review of previous productions about hitchhiking in the human sciences and some about the practice in Florianópolis that present questions that are being elaborated and deepened with the increase of the rhythm of hitchhiking that we are taking in the ethnography. Throughout the chapters, the themes of politics, images, imagery, mobility, ethnography and time are recurrent and will bring different layers that help to think the phenomenon in Florianópolis.

Biomechanical imaging (BMI) is the process of non-invasively measuring the spatial distribution of mechanical properties of biological tissues. The most common approach uses ultrasound to non-invasively measure soft tissue deformations. The measured deformations are then used in an inverse problem to infer local tissue mechanical properties. Thus quantifying local tissue mechanical properties can enable better medical diagnosis, treatment, and understanding of various diseases. A major difficulty with ultrasound biomechanical imaging is getting accurate measurements of all components of the tissue displacement vector field. One component of the displacement field, that parallel to the direction of sound propagation, is typically measured accurately and precisely; the others are available at such low precision that they may be disregarded in the first instance. If all components were available at high precision, the inverse problem for mechanical properties could be solved directly, and very efficiently. When only one component is available, the inverse problem solution is necessarily iterative, and relatively speaking, computationally inefficient. The goal of this thesis, therefore, is to develop a processing method that can be used to recover the missing displacement data with sufficient precision to allow the direct reconstruction of the linear elastic modulus distribution in tissue. This goal was achieved by using a novel spatial regularization to adaptively enforce and locally relax a special form of momentum conservation on the measured deformation field. The new processing method was implemented with the Finite Element Method (FEM). The processing method was tested with simulated data, measured data from a tissue mimicking phantom, and in-vivo clinical data of breast masses, and in all cases it was able to recover precise estimates the full 2D displacement and strain fields. The recovered strains were then used to calculate the material property distribution directly.

This thesis examines the work of two of the twentieth century’s foremost cultural figures, the Palestinian-American literary critic Edward Said (1935-2003) and the Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish (1941-2008), and focuses specifically on the formulation and representation in their respective work of the theme of identity. It explores the depictions of this concept in their writing; comparing and contrasting their personal viewpoints on the various facets of their own identity as Palestinian Arabs and cosmopolitan global citizens expressed through their chosen literary medium, prose for Said and poetry for Darwish. At the same time, this analysis of the creative writing of these two authors will serve to shed light on the complex and ongoing process which is involved in identity formation and maintenance, and conceptualization of the self. Said and Darwish’s multi-conceptualisations of self-identity take place in Chapter Three, which is divided into seven zones of self-identity. Their understanding of self-identity is observed through the spaces of their names, language, family relationships, friendships, ethnicities, nationalism, hybrid identities, and cosmopolitanism. The concept of post-Nakba and Naksa literature maps the critical developments in evaluations of Arabic literature and, more particularly, Palestinian literature. The understanding of Palestinian cultural context requires an adequate assimilation regarding the impact of Nakba and Naksa in Palestinian literature, linked strongly with the general impact of Nakba in all Arab literature. The thesis begins by establishing the major socio-political, cultural and historical contexts which shaped the lives and work of Said and Darwish. Then using an innovative theoretical framework which draws on elements of post-colonial theory Said’s own contrapuntal technique and close textual analysis, the thesis explores a number of key facets pertaining to identity construction which it can be argued are of particular relevance to the Palestinian case. These include trauma, collective cultural memories, displacement, the Diasporic experience and the dream of return. At the same time, the thesis reveals how whilst both Said and Darwish remained dedicated to the Palestinian cause they adopted a cosmopolitan identity which was reflected in their respective work and its identification with diverse groups of oppressed peoples.

A pesar de su aspiración por inscribirse dentro de una tradición poética de ascendencia moderna (romántica), la poesía de Luis Hernández revela una tensión interna producto de la fragmentación del sujeto posmoderno. El presente ensayo analiza el empleo de la parodia en la poesía de Luis Hernández como una estrategia discursiva que ejecuta un doble juego diseminador: por un lado, desmitifica las convenciones vigentes en su época acerca de la poesía (y la palabra) como un arte sublime y acerca del autor como reducto último del significado; y, por otro lado, abre el campo de sentido para incorporar referentes culturales e intertextuales que disuelven, en la praxis poética, la división entre alta cultura y cultura de masas. / Despite of his desire for inscribing himself into a Modern (Romantic) poetic tradition, Luis Hernandez’ poetry reveals an inner tension as a result of fragmentation of postmodern subject. This essay studies the use of parody in Luis Hernandez’ poetry as a discursive strategy that plays a double dissemination: on the one hand, parody demystifies the standard conventions of his time about poetry and poetic language as a belle art and about the notion of author as the ultimate redoubt of signification. On the other hand, in Hernandez’ poetry, parody opens the field of meaning ISSN 0254-9239256 Lexis  Vol. XXXIII (2) 2009just for including intertextual and cultural features that dissolve, in poetic praxis, the division between high and mass culture.

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a coluna de jornal denominada ...umas, assinada pela artista Lenora de Barros no Jornal da Tarde, de São Paulo, entre 1993 e 1996. Nesta coluna foram veiculadas imagens de suas obras e de outros artistas, bem como poemas visuais e experimentações gráficas, extrapolando o caráter informativo do jornalismo impresso. A pesquisa se deu através da análise de edições de ...umas, mantidas por Lenora de Barros como arquivo em seu ateliê, e de outras obras suas. A artista retomou diversas proposições publicadas em ...umas em seu processo de criação atual, desdobrando assim a coluna ...umas em novas obras. Desta forma, são abordados os deslocamentos entre a coluna de jornal e outros espaços legitimados do sistema das artes. A coluna ...umas é considerada neste estudo sob três principais aspectos: como coluna de jornal, como proposição artística e como arquivo. Evidencia-se, nesta análise, que a mesma traz uma concepção singular de apresentação da arte, pois inseriu-se em um veículo de comunicação e não em uma instituição museológica. / This study’s goal is to analyze the newspaper column titled …umas, by the artist Lenora de Barros, published in the Jornal da Tarde, from São Paulo, between 1993 and 1996. In this column were published images of works by Lenora de Barros’ and of other artists, as well as visual poems and graphic experiments, extrapolating the informative features of the newspaper media. This research occurred through the analysis of works by Lenora de Barros and of different editions of …umas, kept as an archive in the artist’s studio. Taking into account that de Barros has resumed several propositions originally published in …umas in her current creative process, unfolding this column into new works, the displacements between newspaper column and other legitimized spaces in the art system are discussed in this study. Therefore, …umas is considered under three main features: as a newspaper column, as an artistic proposition and as an archive. This analysis points to the fact that …umas has a particular conception of the artwork’s appearance, for it was inserted in a communication vehicle and not in a museum institution.