The general aim was, within psychiatric inpatient care, to explore patient and staff perceptions with regard to medication administration and locked entrance doors. In Study I, medication administration was illuminated according to a mini-ethnographic approach. Nurses and voluntarily admitted patients were observed and interviewed. Two central categories of patient and nurse experiences were identified, get control and leave control. In Study II, patients and nurses were interviewed about patient experiences of forced medication. Identified experiences were related to the disease, being forcibly medicated, and the drug. In Study III, the frequency of and reasons for locked entrance doors on Swedish psychiatric inpatient wards were investigated. Seventy three per cent of the doors were locked on a specific day. According to ward managers, doors were most often locked in order to prevent patients from escaping, provide security and safety, and because legalisation. In Study IV/V, voluntarily admitted patients/mental nurse assistants and nurses were interviewed about advantages and disadvantages about being cared for/working on a psychiatric inpatient ward with a locked entrance door. Most advantages mentioned by patients and staff were categorised as protection against “the outside”, secure and efficient care, and control over patients. Most disadvantages mentioned by patients were categorised as confinement, dependence on the staff, and emotional problems for patients. Most disadvantages mentioned by staff were categorised as extra work, confinement, dependence on the staff, and a non-caring environment. In conclusion, medication administration and locked entrance doors are perceived as connected with staff’s control and restricted freedom for patients. Increased reflection among staff about how medication administration and locked entrance doors are perceived by patients would increase staff’s possibilities to prevent potential experiences of coercion due to these situations among patients in psychiatric inpatient care.

<p>This research presents the detailed investigation of coupled-mode flutter and non-synchronous vibration in turbomachinery. Coupled-mode flutter and non-synchronous vibration are two aeromechanical challenges in designing turbomachinery that, when present, can cause engine blade failure. Regarding flutter, current industry design practices calculate the aerodynamic loads on a blade due to a single mode. In response to these design standards, a quasi three-dimensional, reduced-order modeling tool was developed for identifying the aeroelastic conditions that cause multi-mode flutter. This tool predicts the onset of coupled-mode flutter reasonable well for four different configurations, though certain parameters were tuned to agree with experimentation. Additionally, the results of this research indicate that mass ratio, frequency separation, and solidity have an effect on critical rotor speed for flutter. Higher mass-ratio blades require larger rotational velocities before they experience coupled-mode flutter. Similarly, increasing the frequency separation between modes and raising the solidity increases the critical rotor speed. Finally, and most importantly, design guidelines were generated for defining when a multi-mode flutter analysis is required in practical turbomachinery design. </p><p>Previous work has shown that industry computational fluid dynamics can approximately predict non-synchronous vibration (NSV), but no real understanding of frequency lock-in and blade limit-cycle amplitude exists. Therefore, to understand the causes of NSV, two different reduced-order modeling approaches were used. The first approach uses a van der Pol oscillator to model a non-linear fluid instability. The van der Pol model is then coupled to a structural degree of freedom. This coupled system exhibits the two chief properties seen in experimental and computational non-synchronous vibration. Under various conditions, the fluid instability and the natural structural frequency will lock-in, causing structural limit-cycle oscillations. This research shows that with proper model-coefficient choices, the frequency range of lock-in can be predicted and the conditions for the worst-case, limit-cycle-oscillation amplitude can be determined. This high-amplitude limit-cycle oscillation is found at an off-resonant condition, i.e., the ratio of the fluid-shedding frequency and the natural-structural frequency is not unity. In practice, low amplitude limit-cycle oscillations are acceptable; this research gives insight into when high-amplitude oscillations may occur and suggests that altering a blade's natural frequency to avoid this resonance can potentially make the response worse.</p><p>The second reduced-order model uses proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) methods to first reconstruct, and ultimately predict, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of non-synchronous vibration. Overall, this method was successfully developed and implemented, requiring between two and six POD modes to accurately predict CFD solutions that are experiencing non-synchronous vibration. This POD method was first developed and demonstrated for a transversely-moving, two-dimensional cylinder in cross-flow. Later, the method was used for the prediction of CFD solutions for a two-dimensional compressor blade, and the reconstruction of solutions for a three-dimensional first-stage compressor blade. </p><p>This research is the first to offer a van der Pol or proper orthogonal decomposition approach to the reduced-order modeling of non-synchronous vibration in turbomachinery. Modeling non-synchronous vibration is especially challenging because NSV is caused by complicated, unsteady flow dynamics; this initial study helps researchers understand the causes of NSV, and aids in the future development of predictive tools for aeromechanical design engineers.</p> / Dissertation

Voluntary wheel running is rewarding and believed to activate the same brain reward system as in alcohol and drug addiction. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a well-known growth factor widely expressed in the brain, is modulated by both voluntary exercise and alcohol consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate how voluntary exercise affects the expression levels of BDNF and its receptor TrkB in brain regions involved in positive and negative reinforcement. Additionally we wanted to evaluate the effect it may have on alcohol drinking behaviors in C57BL/6 mice, a mouse model which are naturally prone for engaging in voluntary exercise and voluntary alcohol consumption. We found a small upregulation in DG and CA1 after three weeks of exercise, confirming findings by others, and a significant 3-fold downregulation of BDNF in NAc after both three weeks of exercise and exercise followed by a five week period of either ethanol intake or not. Interestingly, we here show a significant 100-fold increase in BDNF after exercise and a 120-fold increase after both exercise and alcohol consumption in amygdala, a region involved in regulation of anxiety-related behavior and negative reinforcement. Additionally a slightly lower 10-fold increase in BDNF was seen after exercise and a 15-fold increase after exercise followed by ethanol in prefrontal cortex, a structure contributing to reward-related behavior. Behaviorally, we could not either directly following exercise or at five weeks post-exercise detect any significant effect of wheel-running on depression-related behavior. However, we did find that exercise significantly increased the alcohol intake.

<p>Much has been researched in South Africa about the trauma of losing one&rsquo / s home, one&rsquo / s community and rebuilding one&rsquo / s life in a new environment. Several books have been published tracking the lives of the forcibly removed and their responses to leaving District Six. My research focuses on a different group namely those who had been forcibly removed from the centre of Stellenbosch, called &ldquo / Die Vlakte&rdquo / during that time. Living and working with and among people who have experienced this removal, I was keen to research whether the impact of the trauma is currently&nbsp / manifesting in this specific community and if so, what the symptoms would be. This qualitative inquiry focuses on one particular individual, Mr. Hilton Biscombe. I selected him because he, who experienced the removal as a teenager, spent most of his later life determinedly collecting stories and documents relating to this incident. Mr. Biscombe is also the only person of whom I am aware who responded personally through compiling a book, making a DVD, writing poetry as well as an autobiography relating to this event. My inquiry into the ways trauma manifests in a narrative, will be based on two interviews: one conducted by a white man from the University of Stellenbosch thirty years after the event / and another interview, six years later, conducted by myself.Our understanding of trauma is usually associated with a death or injury or the possibility thereof, but it could also include the victim&rsquo / s response to extreme fear, serious harm or threat to&nbsp / family members. According to van der Merwe and Vienings, people also become traumatized when witnessing harm, physical violence or death or the sudden loss or destruction of a victim&rsquo / s home (van der Merwe &amp / Vienings, 2001). So the issue of trauma is not in question, nor the fact that forced removals cause trauma. I am exploring testimony in the form of interviews for possible current manifestations of this trauma thirty-six years down the line.</p>

Avsikten med denna uppsats var att granska hur bedömningen av psykiatrisk tvångsvård av barn och ungdomar i Sverige, motiverades under året 2002-07-01 - 2003-06-30. Genom en kvalitativ ansats har en textinnehållsanalys av journaler genomförts, i syftet att bidra till att ge en överblickbar beskrivning av materialet. Uppsatsen grundar sig på journaler som tidigare insamlats från chefsöverläkare vid samtliga barn- och ungdomspsykiatrikliniker i Sverige, vilket resulterade i 142 patienter och 159 vårdtillfällen som journalfördes. Patienterna utgjordes av barn och ungdomar i åldrarna 10-18 år. Motiveringarna till tvångsvården analyserades därefter utifrån sex stycken, redan befintliga etiska kategorier. Resultaten av uppsatsen visar att motiveringen av psykiatrisk tvångsvården oftast förekommer i form av multimotiveringar och att det är sällan som det förekommer motargumentationer i bedömningen till beslut. Vanligt förekommande är istället att så kallade övertalningsargument används, i syftet att klargöra att det inte finns någon alternativ vård till den psykiatriska tvångsvården. / The purpose of this paper was to review how the assessment of compulsory psychiatric treatment of children and adolescents in Sweden, was motivated by the year 2002-07-01 - 2003-06-30. Through a qualitative approach, a content analysis of records was made with the purpose to help provide a transparent description of the material. The essay is based on records that were previously collected from all child- and adolescent psychiatry clinics in Sweden, which resulted in 142 patients aged 10-18 years and 159 records. The results from this paper, was then analyzed based on six ethical categories that justified the compulsory psychiatric treatment. The results shows that the justification of compulsory psychiatric care is usually evidenced by multi-justifications and that it’s seldom that there is arguments against the compulsory psychiatric treatment in the assessment decision. Persuasive arguments are used to clarify that there is no alternative care then compulsory psychiatric treatment.

This dissertation provides numerical studies to improve bladed disk assembly design for preventing blade high cycle fatigue failures. The analyses are divided into two major subjects. For the first subject presented in Chapter 2, the mechanisms of transonic fan flutter for tuned systems are studied to improve the shortcoming of traditional method for modern fans using a 3D time-linearized Navier-Stokes solver. Steady and unsteady flow parameters including local work on the blade surfaces are investigated. It was found that global local work monotonically became more unstable on the pressure side due to the flow rollback effect. The local work on the suction side significantly varied due to nodal diameter and flow rollback effect. Thus, the total local work for the least stable mode is dominant by the suction side. Local work on the pressure side appears to be affected by the shock on the suction side. For the second subject presented in Chapter 3, sensitivity studies are conducted on flutter and forced response due to frequency mistuning and aerodynamic asymmetry using the single family of modes approach by assuming manufacturing tolerance. The unsteady aerodynamic forces are computed using CFD methods assuming aerodynamic symmetry. The aerodynamic asymmetry is applied by perturbing the influence coefficient matrix. These aerodynamic perturbations influence both stiffness and damping while traditional frequency mistuning analysis only perturbs the stiffness. Flutter results from random aerodynamic perturbations of all blades showed that manufacturing variations that effect blade unsteady aerodynamics may cause a stable, perfectly symmetric engine to flutter. For forced response, maximum blade amplitudes are significantly influenced by the aerodynamic perturbation of the imaginary part (damping) of unsteady aerodynamic modal forces. This is contrary to blade frequency mistuning where the stiffness perturbation dominates. / Dissertation

A study of two-phase flow in annular channels with annular gaps of less than 1 mm is useful for the design and safety analysis of high power density systems such as accelerator targets and nuclear reactor cores. Though much work has been done on pressure drop in two-phase flow, designers rely mostly on empirical models and correlations; hence, it is valuable to study their applicability for different channel sizes, geometries, and gas qualities. The pressure drop along a concentric annular test section was measured for cases of either constant quality or variable quality along its length (such as in sub-cooled and flow boiling). A porous tube was used to inject gas along the inner surface of the annular channel, thereby simulating the case of flow boiling along the inner surface. The data were compared to predictions of various models and correlations. Additionally, the effect of wall vibrations on the pressure drop was examined. Experiments were conducted by imposing vibrations of known amplitudes and frequencies on the outer tube of the annulus. Wall vibrations were thought to be important for flow in microchannels where the vibration amplitudes may be significant compared to the channel hydraulic diameter. The results obtained in this investigation indicate that the pressure drop correlation given by Beattie and Whalley provides the best agreement with the data for both porous tube gas injection (i.e. variable quality) and constant quality two-phase flow within the narrow annulus. Furthermore, the results show that there is a minimal effect of vibrations on two-phase pressure drop over the range of frequencies and amplitudes studied.

The present work has been an experimental investigation to evaluate the applicability of gas turbine cooling technology. With the temperature of the mainstream gas entering the turbine elevated above the melting temperature of the metal components, these components must be cooled, so they can withstand prolonged exposure to the mainstream gas. Both external and internal cooling techniques have been studied as a means to increase the life of turbine components. Detailed film cooling effectiveness distributions have been obtained on the turbine blade platform with a variety of cooling configurations. Because the newly developed pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique has proven to be the most suitable technique for measuring the film effectiveness, it was applied to a variety of platform seal configurations and discrete film flows. From the measurements it was shown advanced seals provide more uniform protection through the passage with less potential for ingestion of the hot mainstream gases into the engine cavity. In addition to protecting the outer surface of the turbine components, via film cooling, heat can also be removed from the components internally. Because the turbine blades are rotating within the engine, it is important to consider the effect of rotation on the heat transfer enhancement within the airfoil cooling channels. Through this experimental investigation, the heat transfer enhancement has been measured in narrow, rectangular channels with various turbulators. The present experimental investigation has shown the turbulators, coupled with the rotation induced Coriolis and buoyancy forces, result in non-uniform levels of heat transfer enhancement in the cooling channels. Advanced turbulator configurations can be used to provide increased heat transfer enhancement. Although these designs result in increased frictional losses, the benefit of the heat transfer enhancement outweighs the frictional losses.

The problem of the forced film condensation heat transfer of pure steam and steam-air mixture flowing downward a tier of horizontal cylinders is investigated numerically and experimentally. Liquid and vapor-air mixture boundary layers were solved by an implicit finite difference scheme. The effects of the free stream non-condensable gas (air) concentration, free stream velocity (Reynolds number), cylinder diameter, temperature difference and angle of inclination on the condensation heat transfer are analyzed. Inline and staggered tubes arrangements are considered. The mathematical model takes into account the effect of staggering of the cylinders and how condensation is affected at the lower cylinders when condensate does not fall on to the center line of the cylinders. An experimental setup was also manufactured and mounted at METU workshop. A set of experiments were conducted to observe the condensation heat transfer phenomenon and to verify the theoretical results. Condensation heat transfer results are available in ranges from (U&amp / #61605 / = 1 - 30 m/s) for free stream velocity, (m1,&amp / #61605 / = 0.01 -0.8) for free stream air mass fraction, (d = 12.7 -50.8 mm) for cylinder diameter and (T&amp / #61605 / -Tw =10-40 K) for temperature difference. Results show that / a remarked reduction in the vapor side heat transfer coefficient is noticed when very small amounts of air mass fractions present in the vapor. In addition, it decreases by increasing in the cylinder diameter and the temperature difference. On the other hand, it increases by increasing the free stream velocity (Reynolds number). Average heat transfer coefficient at the middle and the bottom cylinders increases by increasing the angle of inclination, whereas, no significant change is observed for that of the upper cylinder. Although some discrepancies are noticed, the present study results are inline and in a reasonable agreement with the theory and experiment in the literature. Down the bank, a rapid decrease in the vapor side heat transfer coefficient is noticed. It may be resulted from the combined effects of inundation, decrease in the vapor velocity and increase in the non-condensable gas (air) at the bottom cylinders in the bank. Differences between the present study results and the theoretical and the experimental data may be resulted from the errors in the numerical schemes used. These errors include truncation and round off errors, approximations in the numerical differentiation for interfacial fluxes at the vapor-liquid interface, constant properties assumption and approximations in the initial profiles. Mixing and re-circulation in the steam-air mixture at the lower tubes may be the other reasons for these deviations.

The objective of this study is to determine the mean heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer rate and to analyse the effect of inclination angles,the effect of subcooling temperatures and the effect of vapour velocity for laminar filmwise condensation of water vapour on a vertical tier of spheres experimentaly and analyticaly. For this purpose, the experimental aparatus were designed and manufactured. In the free condensation experimental study &Oslash / 50mm and &Oslash / 60 mm O.D. spheres were used to analyse the diameter effect . In the experimental studies of free and forced condensation &Oslash / 60mm O.D. spheres on which vapour flows at 2,75 bars were used to analyse the effect of vapour velocity. For the experimental study of the annular condensation in the concentric spheres the effect of vapour velocity was studied by forcing the vapour to flow in the area between two concentric spheres. In the free condensation experiments it is observed that at smaller diameters the heat flux and mean heat transfer coefficients for sphere is higher. In the free and forced condensation experiments increasing the velocity of vapour increases the mean heat transfer coefficient. At the experiments with annular condensation between the concentric spheres high mean heat transfer coefficient values have been obtained compared to the free and forced condansation over the surface of spheres experimental studies.