Despite the lack of robust empirical evidence, a growing number of media reports attempt to link climate change to the ongoing violent conflicts in Syria and other parts of the world, as well as to the migration crisis in Europe. Exploiting bilateral data on asylum seeking applications for 157 countries over the period 2006-2015, we assess the determinants of refugee flows using a gravity model which accounts for endogenous selection in order to examine the causal link between climate, conflict and forced migration. Our results indicate that climatic conditions, by affecting drought severity and the likelihood of armed conflict, played a significant role as an explanatory factor for asylum seeking in the period 2011-2015. The effect of climate on conflict occurrence is particularly relevant for countries in Western Asia in the period 2010-2012 during when many countries were undergoing political transformation. This finding suggests that the impact of climate on conflict and asylum seeking flows is limited to specific time period and contexts.

Este trabalho aborda o tema das políticas migratórias defensivas dos Estados e sua relação com a proteção elusiva dos refugiados e solicitantes da condição de refugiado (SCR). Com frequência, o tema é submetido a interpretações superficiais, limitadas e, inclusive, equivocadas, as quais não contribuem para um entendimento diligente à altura da complexidade da problemática. A pesquisa fundamenta-se nas contribuições de diversos estudiosos sobre o assunto e agrega dados empíricos atualizados. O estudo busca analisar, no âmbito internacional, desde a década de 1990, as três principais políticas migratórias defensivas aplicadas pelos Estados em relação ao fluxo e acolhimento de refugiados e SCR, bem como suas implicações. Para tanto, nesse escopo, faz-se necessário considerar o dinamismo do processo decisório político dos Estados em um contexto de afirmação de interesses e tensões internacionais. Igualmente, a partir da aplicação da tríade de políticas migratórias defensivas, são analisadas suas contradições no que tange à assunção do responsibility-sharing internacional e à vinculação com fatores que originam os fluxos de deslocamentos forçados. / This research deals with the subject of the State’s defensive migration policies regarding its relation to the elusive protection of refugees and asylum seekers. Quite often, this subject is under superficial, limited, and also erroneous, interpretation, which does not contribute to a better understanding of its complexity. The analysis is supported by the contributions of many experts in this field and includes new data. This paper seeks to analyze, in the international context, since the 90s, the three main defensive migration policies used by States in regard to the influx and protection of refugees and asylum seekers, as well as their implications. In this sense, it is appropriate to consider the dynamism involving the State’s political decision process in a context of diverging interests and international tensions. Also, from the application of the three defensive migration policies, the paper analyses their contradiction in relation to the assumption of the international responsibility-sharing, as well as their link to the factors that originate the influx of forced displacement. / Este trabajo trata del tema de las políticas migratorias defensivas de los Estados y su relación con la protección esquiva de refugiados y solicitantes de la condición de refugiado (SCR). A menudo, el tema es sometido a interpretaciones superficiales, limitadas e, incluso, equivocadas, las cuales no contribuyen para un entendimiento diligente a la altura de la complejidad de la problemática. El análisis está basado en las contribuciones de distintos expertos sobre el tema y agrega datos empíricos actualizados. El estudio busca analizar, en el ámbito internacional, desde la década de los años 1990, las tres principales políticas migratorias defensivas aplicadas por los Estados en relación al flujo y acogida de refugiados y SCR, además de sus implicaciones. Para eso, en ese ámbito, es necesario considerar el dinamismo del proceso decisorio político de los Estados en un contexto de afirmación de intereses y tensiones internacionales. Igualmente, a partir de la aplicación de la tríade de políticas migratorias defensivas, son analizadas las contradicciones de dichas políticas en lo que se refiere a la asunción del responsibility-sharing internacional y a la vinculación con factores que originan los flujos de desplazamientos forzados.

Oavsiktlig hypotermi är ett ämne som hamnat i skymundan i den hektiska intraoperativa fasen för anestesisjuksköterskan. Patientens nedkylning påbörjas redan vid de preoperativa förberedelserna. En salstemperatur under 22˚C är den vanligaste orsaken till hypotermi hos patienterna och deras kroppstemperatur bör inte understiga 36,5˚C. Förebyggande åtgärder som att använda värmefiltar, salstemperatur på 22˚C-23˚C, varma infusioner i blodvärmare, inte exponera mer hud än nödvändigt samt postoperativt använda sig av värmetak. Kroppstemperaturen bör övervakas vid operationer längre än 30 minuter. Genom ökat fokus på kroppstemperaturen i den intraoperativa fasen kan postoperativa komplikationer minskas samt förkorta vårdtiden. Kan påverkbara faktorer under den intraoperativa fasen påverka och minska risken för oavsiktlig hypotermi? Fokus ligger på utvärdering av metod och mätinstrument. Syftet med den randomiserade pilotstudien är att undersöka patienter som drabbas av oavsiktlig hypotermi som genomgår hysterektomi med generell anestesi. Metoden är en kvantitativ pilotstudie med randomiserat urval samt en litteraturgranskning för förbättring av instrumentutveckling. Antalet deltagare i studien var 15 stycken, inga generella slutsatser kan dras. Mild hypotermi har 60 % av deltagarna redan innan operationsstart. Tio av 15 patienter uppnår ej 37°C under de första 30 minuterna oavsett bair hugger eller ej. Temperaturtagning 30 minuter efter ankomst till postoperativaavdelningen är mellan 35,4°C-37,2˚C. För att få ett heltäckande formulär om den perioperativa vården utförs en instrumentutveckling inför kommande primärstudie. Anestesisjuksköterskan är ansvarig för att förebygga och åtgärda hypotermi i enlighet med vad som är bäst för patienten. Vårdtagaren ska alltid stå i centrum och hypotermi är något som lätt kan åtgärdas bara medvetandet inom kunskapsområdet ökar. / Program: Specialistsjuksköterskeutbildning med inriktning mot anestesisjukvård

Exposição a estressores incontroláveis leva a mudanças comportamentais e neuroquímicas, que têm sido associadas ao mau funcionamento da via Núcleo Mediano da Rafe (NMnR) Hipocampo Dorsal (HD). Estas mudanças comportamentais podem ser atenuadas por injeções intra hipocampais de NMDA ou de agonistas 5-HT1a. Ativação de receptores NMDA (NMDAr) aumentam os níveis de serotonina tanto no NMnR quanto no HD. Neste trabalho, nosso obejtivo foi analisar, em animais expostos ao Teste do nado forçado, se a ativação ou bloqueio dos receptores NMDA antes da exposição ao agente estressor ou 24 horas após essa exposição podem prevenir ou atenuar os efeitos do estresse. Ratos Wistar machos receberam duas injeções intra-NMnR de Salina (Sal), NMDA (1nmoles/0,2µL; agonista NMDAr) e/ou AP-7 (3nmoles/0,2µL; antagonista NMDAr) compondo os grupos experimentais: Sal+Sal, Sal+NMDA, AP-7+Sal, AP-7+NMDA. As drogas foram administradas em dois grupos experimentais, antes da pré-exposição ao nado forçado ou 24 horas após a pré-exposição e antes do teste. Foram analisados o tempo de latência para o primeiro episódio de imobilidade e o tempo total de imobilidade. A análise dos resultados mostrou que a administração de AP-7 antes da pré-exposição ou antes do teste e a administração de NMDA antes do teste, atenuaram os efeitos comportamentais causados pelo estresse, mostrando o envolvimento desses receptores nos mecanismos de adaptação a eventos aversivo e também que o momento no qual ocorre a intervenção farmacológica influencia essa adaptação. / Exposure to uncontrollable stressors leads to behavioral and neurochemical changes, which has been associated to mal functioning of the Median Raphe Nucleus (MnRN)-Dorsal Hippocampus (DH) serotoninergic pathway. These deficits can be attenuated by intra-hippocampal injections of NMDA antagonists or 5-HT1a agonists. Activation of MnRN glutamatergic NMDA receptors (NMDAr) increases serotonin release in both MnRN and DH. We previously showed that MnRN injections of NMDA (NMDAr agonist) and/or AP7 (NMDAr antagonist) after pre-test attenuated total time spent immobile in the forced swim test (FST). In this study we used the forced swim test to investigated whether activation and/or blockade of MnRN NMDAr before exposure to swim stress or 24 hours after the exposure, could prevent the effects of this stressor. Rats with cannulas aimed to the MnRN received two intracerebral injections (0.2µl each) of Saline (Sal), AP7 (3nmols) and/or NMDA (1nmol)(5 min interval), administered as follows: Sal+Sal, Sal+NMDA, AP7+Sal and AP7+NMDA. The animals were forced to swim for 15 min and 24 hrs later rats were re-exposed to FST One group received the treatment before exposure to stress and another group received it 24 hrs later, right before the test. Latency to display immobility and total time spent immobile were registered. After test, all animals were sacrificed under deep anesthesia, perfused and had their brains removed for histological analysis to confirm site of injection. Only animals who had their sites of injection confirmed were used in the analysis (ONEWAY ANOVA/Tukey test). Our data suggest that blockade of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the MnRN before exposure and 24 hrs later, and activation of this transmission 24 hrs later to stress prevents the behavioral consequences of forced swim stress.

Resettlement of humans from protected areas conserves habitats for wildlife. However, impacts of resettlement on the well-being of resettled communities and on broader conservation goals at the landscape level have been poorly quantified until now due to inadequate documentation and baseline information. Recent documentation and advances in measurements of human well-being enable studies that examine the impacts of resettlement for both people and conservation. In India, the current standardized resettlement policy by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is explicit in its goal to create inviolate habitats for tigers within protected areas. More than 70% of the global tiger population lives in protected areas in India. The central Indian national parks hold approximately 40% of Indian tiger populations. Implementation of the NTCA policy provides an opportunity to study resettlement with relatively accurate records of where resettled households moved, a standardized monetary compensation and the potential for replication with large representative groups to study impacts in various landscapes across the country. This dissertation focuses on resettlement in Kanha National Park in central India, one of the most well-known and oldest tiger reserves in the country. The Kanha National Park (KNP) landscape mirrors the realities of many people-park interactions in human-dominated areas with high percentages of indigenous human populations, historical forced displacements, and current resettlements that follow a standardized national policy. From a conservation point of view, connectivity between KNP and other protected areas across central India is crucial for genetically healthy tiger populations. This dissertation consists of three analyses that combine data from field surveys and existing data sources to examine the impacts of resettlement on food security, landscape connectivity for wildlife, and human-wildlife conflict in the KNP landscape. In Chapter 1, I use household surveys to compare the food security and livelihood associations of resettled households compared to their non-resettled neighbors at new settlement locations. I show that resettled households have similar availability and access to foods as their non-resettled neighbors. Increases in off-farm income sources are associated with higher food access for all households. In Chapter 2, I explore the pattern of low food access in the KNP landscape using the five capitals model for sustainable development to illustrate significant associations between livelihood factors and household food access. Salaried stable incomes and kitchen garden diversity are significantly associated with higher food access. Financial capital dwarfs the contributions of social and natural capitals which have supplementary roles in times of financial stress. In Chapter 3, I address resettlement impacts on habitat connectivity between protected areas and human-wildlife conflict that resettled households face after relocating outside the park. Resettled households are not disproportionately moving into corridors between protected areas, especially when compared to the manifold more non-resettled households already residing in these areas. Resettled households however are moving into areas of high human-wildlife conflict due to their continued proximity to KNP. Outcomes from Chapter 3 also confirm that steady incomes can alleviate forest use and lower human activities in forests reducing human-wildlife conflict. In human-dominated landscapes such as KNP, financial capital and the stability of household incomes can aid both food security, lower pressures on non-protected forests and potentially lower human-wildlife conflict. The results counter assumptions that resettled communities continue to follow traditional natural resource reliant livelihoods. Local populations are not likely to engage in livelihoods that are heavily reliant on natural resources as rural populations become integrated into urban economies. The results from this dissertation imply that managers in the KNP landscape can alleviate food security and aid landscape wide conservation goals by increasing off-farm salaried incomes. Finally, in India, there is a high potential for replication of this study around other protected areas, with nationally standardized resettlement in landscapes that vary geographically, ecologically and socially.

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a key destination and transit country for human trafficking. Human trafficking is a complex international criminal enterprise that supplies humans for many different forms of forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation. It has devastating effects on its victims. Theories suggest that human trafficking is strongly linked to migration, which would explain why it has become an urgent issue for the UAE, since its massive influx of migrants seeking a better life and economic circumstances, are habitually lured to the UAE and subjected to exploitation by traffickers. It is a situation that in recent years has tarnished the UAE's reputation to the international community and its wealthy investors. It is for all of these reasons that this thesis is concerned with human trafficking in the UAE, with a special focus on the trafficking of women, as well as the legal mechanisms and initiatives created to combat this scourge. At the heart of this investigation is Federal Law No. 51 which marked a pivotal moment for the UAE, as it was a law specifically designed to address trafficking on its territory. However, as with laws drafted by the international community, there exist difficulties with how trafficking should be construed, and with how traffickers and trafficked victims should be treated in order to effectively eliminate this crime. Ultimately, the research highlights the importance and benefits of a victim-centred human rights based approach, as opposed to the pervasive crime control one, which includes ensuring that victims are genuinely protected and fully rehabilitated to re-enter society. In addition, the research provides crucial insights from Islamic law and principles that raise significant implications for understanding how the trafficking in women should be conceptualised and dealt with in modern-day Muslim societies such as the UAE.

The concept of coopetition was introduced by Brandenburger and Nalebu in 1996 and is defined as a combination of cooperation and competition between multiple organisations. Since then, the number of articles on coopetition has constantly increased. As part of this process, the literature introduced the paradigm of forced coopetition. This recently developed paradigm describes a situation in which a client organisation forces multiple external suppliers to cooperate, even though the suppliers are competitors on an inter-organisational level. Hence, forced coopetition is an integral part of IT multi-sourcing projects with multiple IT supplier organisations. This research project focuses on an evaluation of factors that influence the success of forced coopetition relations in IT multi-sourcing projects. Due to the simultaneous coexistence of cooperation and competition, the client organisation experiencestensions, which may cause the multi-sourcing project to fail. As a result, the awareness of factors that are critical for the success of such relationships is crucial for a client organisation. This is particularly important because supplier organisationsplay an increasing role in the success of the client organisation. Despite the increased importance of coopetition management, only a limited body of research has examined which factors and control mechanisms have an impact on successful forced coopetition relations. This research project is first attempt to bridge this research gap. The study applied an explanatory sequential mixed method design, with priority placed on quantitative methods. First, the study conducts a quantitative survey to identify the critical success factors of a forced coopetition relation in IT a multi-sourcing project. Finally, explanatory semi-structured interviews are conducted within the study to discuss the quantitative findings in more detail while integrating the literature. Ultimately the study identified a set of factors which are considered as critical for forced coopetition relations. The study makes two main contributions. First, the study provides a framework of critical success factors in forced coopetition relations. Second, it offers guidance to managers of IT multi-sourcing projects as to which factors needs to be taken into account in order to successfully manage IT multi-sourcing projects with competingsuppliers.

O termo silicose refere-se ao processo de fibrose pulmonar causado pela inalação de poeira contendo sílica. É uma doença ocupacional, incurável, que se inicia nas vias aéreas distais e pode progredir independente do término da exposição. Os testes de função pulmonar, apesar de não serem utilizados como ferramenta diagnóstica para silicose, são amplamente empregados para acompanhar longitudinalmente esses indivíduos. Estudos recentes sugerem que a Técnicas de Oscilações Forçadas (FOT) pode ser aplicada para detecção de alterações pulmonares precoces em indivíduos com silicose. Contudo, existem poucos estudos descrevendo as alterações de mecância respiratória associada com a silicose através da FOT. Neste contexto, os objetivos deste estudo são: (1) analisar as alterações de mecânica respiratória de indivíduos portadores de silicose com diferentes graus de obstrução e (2) avaliar a capacidade da FOT em detectar alterações na função pulmonar decorrentes da silicose. Trata-se de um estudo transversal controlado com avaliação de casos prevalentes, tendo como unidade de avaliação o indivíduo. Os exames realizados incluíram medidas de espirometria e FOT. Foi selecionado um total de 67 indivíduos, 46 portadores de silicose e 21 sadios, caracterizando o grupo controle. Os indivíduos com diagnóstico de silicose foram divididos em três grupos classificados de acordo com o nível de obstrução sugerido pela espirometria. Essa classificação resultou em três categorias: Indivíduos normais ao exame espirométrico (NE), n= 12; com distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo leve (DVOL), n=22; com distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo moderado ou acentuado (DVOMA), n= 12. Todos os indivíduos realizaram exames da FOT para análise das propriedades resistivas e reativas do sistema respiratório. Posteriormente aos exames da FOT os indivíduos foram submetidos à espirometria. Considerando os grupos divididos a partir da espirometria, os parâmetros resistivos e reativos e a impedância do sistema respiratório em 4Hz (Z4Hz) se modificaram significativamente com a progressão da distúrbio obstrutivo. Na análise do poder diagnóstico da FOT os parâmetros R0, Rm, Rsr4 e |Z4Hz| mostraram-se precisos para identificar as modificações de mecânica respiratória em pacientes com silicose apresentando distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo leve. Para distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo moderado e acentuado todos os parâmetros analisados apresentaram habilidade para identificar essas alterações. Na análise entre o grupo controle e normal ao exame, nenhum parâmetro da FOT apresentou valor de acurácia adequado para uso clínico. Esses resultados são coerentes com as alterações fisiopatológicas relacionadas à silicose, confirmando o potencial da FOT na avaliação das modificações de mecânica respiratória em doentes com silicose. / The term silicosis is the name given to the pulmonary fibrosis caused by inhalation of dust containing crystalline silica. Is a typical occupational disease, chronic, incurable, starting in the peripheral airways and that can progress independently of the end of exposure. The pulmonary function tests, although not used as a diagnostic tool for silicosis, are widely employed to follow these individuals. Recent works suggests that the Forced Oscilation Technique (FOT) may be applied in the detection of early respiratory changes in silicosis. However, few studies have been analyzing the changes on respiratory mechanics associated with silicosis through the FOT. In this context, the aims of this study were (1) to analyze changes respiratory mechanics in subjects with silicosis with different degrees of obstruction by FOT, and (2) to evaluate the potential of the FOT to detect alterations in the lung function resulting from silicosis. This is a sectional study evaluation of prevalent cases, with the evaluation unit the individual. The examinations included measurement of FOT and spirometry. Sixty-seven volunteers were analyzed: 21 healthy subjects and 46 with silicosis. Spirometry was used to classify airway obstruction in the silicosis groups. This classification resulted in three categories: normal spirometric exam (n = 12); mild obstruction (n = 22); moderate or severe obstruction (n = 12.). All subjects performed FOT exam for the analysis of resistive and reactive properties of the respiratory system. The order of the examinations was FOT, followed by spirometry. Considering the groups classified according to the spirometry, the resistive and reactive the parameters and the impedance of the respiratory system at 4Hz (|Z4Hz|), have changed significantly with the progression of obstructive. The analysis of the diagnostic power of FOT parameters R0, Rm, and Rsr4 |Z4Hz| showed to be accurate to identify the changes of respiratory mechanics in silicosis patients with mild obstructive lung disease. To the moderate and severe obstructions, all the parameters analyzed showed adequate to identify these changes. In the analysis between the control and normal exam, no parameters of the FOT showed adequate measure to use to correctly identify these subjects. The FOT parameters adequately described the pathophysiological changes associated with silicosis and presented adequate accuracy for clinical use, indicating that this technique can be helpful in the evaluation respiratory mechanics in this disease.

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um estudo sistemático da teoria dos espaços topológicos resolúveis e irresolúveis. Enfocaremos diversas propriedades inerentes aos mesmos, incluindo uma exposição meticulosa de técnicas utilizadas na construção de espaços topológicos irresolúveis e sem pontos isolados. Dado um cardinal \\kappa > 1, exibiremos exemplos de espaços topológicos que são \\kappa-resolúveis, mas que não são \\kappa^{+}-resolúveis. Mostraremos, ainda, que se um espaço topológico for n-resolúvel, para todo número natural n, o mesmo será \\omega-resolúvel. Provaremos, contudo, que se \\lambda é um cardinal tal que \\omega < cf(\\lambda) = \\lambda, existe um espaço topológico que é \\mu-resolúvel, para todo cardinal \\mu < \\lambda, mas que não é \\lambda-resolúvel. O cerne desta dissertação refere-se à construção, em ZFC, de um subespaço enumerável, denso e submaximal de 2^c. / The main purpose of this work is to study the theory of resolvable and irresolvable topological spaces. We shall introduce many properties of these spaces and we shall give special attention to some techniques used in the construction of irresolvable topological spaces without isolated points. Given a cardinal \\kappa > 1, we will present some examples of topological spaces which are \\kappa-resolvable, but not \\kappa^{+}-resolvable. Besides, we will show that if a topological space is n-resolvable, for every natural number n > 1, then it is \\omega-resolvable too. Nevertheless, we shall prove that if \\lambda is a cardinal with \\omega < cf(\\lambda) = \\lambda, there is a topological space which is \\mu-resolvable, for each cardinal \\mu < \\lambda, but that is not \\lambda-resolvable. The backbone of this dissertation is the construction, in ZFC, of a countable, dense and submaximal subspaces of 2^c.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Nesta pesquisa, objetivou-se avaliar o processo de compostagem utilizando-se matÃria orgÃnica disponÃvel no banco de mudas da cidade de Sobral - CE, (esterco eqÃino e palhas de carnaÃba) em trÃs sistemas de aeraÃÃo: com injeÃÃo de ar, sucÃÃo de ar e injeÃÃo e sucÃÃo ar em ciclo (hÃbrido), observando-se os parÃmetros recomendados pela legislaÃÃo brasileira vigente, durante as fases de degradaÃÃo ativa e de maturaÃÃo. O experimento foi instalado com trÃs tratamentos, sendo um (01) sob o modo positivo; um (01) sob o modo negativo e um (01) sob o modo hÃbrido, obedecendo as proporÃÃes de 30% de esterco eqÃino e 70% de palhas, para todos os tratamentos. Cada tratamento foi repetido 3 (trÃs) vezes, perfazendo, assim, um total de 9 (nove) parcelas. Foi realizada a avaliaÃÃo destes processos, tendo sido observadas, principalmente, a influÃncia da aeraÃÃo e da umidade no desempenho destas tÃcnicas de tratamento, em leiras estÃticas aeradas. Durante a fase ativa, as leiras sob o modo positivo apresentaram reduÃÃo mÃdia de matÃria orgÃnica de 26,55%, as leiras sob o modo negativo de 21,78%, enquanto que as leiras, sob o modo hÃbrido de 31,21%. Durante a fase de maturaÃÃo, foram reviradas trÃs leiras de cada sistema de aeraÃÃo. A reduÃÃo mÃdia da matÃria orgÃnica das mesmas foi de 50,63%, em 50 dias; as demais apresentaram reduÃÃo mÃdia de 39,54%, em 60 dias. Durante a fase ativa, as leiras operadas sob o modo positivo apresentaram, em mÃdia, reduÃÃo de Carbono de 26,55%, no perÃodo de 40 dias; as leiras sob o modo negativo, de 21,78%, no perÃodo de 50 dias; e as leiras sob o modo hÃbrido de 31,21%, no perÃodo de 30 dias. Durante a fase de maturaÃÃo, para as leiras que sofreram reviramento, a reduÃÃo mÃdia de Carbono foi de 50,63%, no perÃodo de 50 dias, enquanto que as demais apresentaram uma reduÃÃo mÃdia de 39,54%, no perÃodo de 60 dias. O pH se mostrou Ãcido no material e no inÃcio do processo de compostagem, em todas as leiras. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os valores mÃdios do Ãndice pH foram aumentando de acordo com a degradaÃÃo da matÃria orgÃnica. Na fase de maturaÃÃo, o pH permaneceu na faixa alcalina em todas as leiras. Durante fase ativa, o teor de nitrogÃnio cresceu, em mÃdia, 41,12% nas leiras sob o modo positivo, 54,21% nas leiras sob o modo negativo e 32,05% nas leiras sob o modo hÃbrido. Durante fase ativa, as leiras operacionalizadas sob o modo positivo apresentaram uma reduÃÃo da relaÃÃo C/N de 47,89%, em 40 dias; as leiras sob o modo negativo, de 44,35%, em 50 dias; e as leiras sob o modo hÃbrido, de 48,33%, em 30 dias. PÃde-se observar que a relaÃÃo C/N final na fase de maturaÃÃo das leiras que foram reviradas, apresentou valores mÃdios na ordem de 10 a 15 no perÃodo de 50 dias. As leiras operacionalizadas sob o modo positivo tambÃm registraram valores dentro desta faixa, porÃm no perÃodo de 60 dias, enquanto que as leiras operacionalizadas sob o modo negativo registraram valores mÃdios superiores ao recomendado pela legislaÃÃo, tambÃm no perÃodo de 60 dias. Observou-se que em todos os sistemas os Coliformes Totais e Fecais ou Termotolerantes foram diminuindo durante a fase de aeraÃÃo (fase de degradaÃÃo ativa). As leiras operacionalizadas sob o modo positivo registraram valores de Coliformes Totais da ordem de 9,1x108 a 5,0x103 UFC. g-Âe de Coliformes Fecais da ordem de 6,2x108 a 3,1x103 UFCg-1; as leiras operacionalizadas sob o modo negativo registraram valores de Coliformes Totais da ordem de 8,4x108 a 4,8x103 UFC.g-1 e de Coliformes Fecais da ordem de 6,1x108 a 3,5x103 UFC.g-1 ; e as leiras operacionalizadas sob o modo hibrido registraram valores de Coliformes Totais da ordem de 9,2x107 a 4,1x103 UFC.g  e de Coliformes Fecais,da ordem de 5,2x108a 3,2x103 UFC.g-1 A temperatura foi o parÃmetro utilizado para avaliar a eficiÃncia do processo de compostagem, durante a fase ativa. O tÃrmino da fase de maturaÃÃo foi verificado por meio da relaÃÃo C/N. A anÃlise dos resultados obtidos para os parÃmetros fÃsicos, quÃmicos, e microbiolÃgicos nos trÃs sistemas avaliados neste trabalho permite inferir sobre o desempenho satisfatÃrio dos sistemas operacionalizados sob os modos positivo e hibrido. Com relaÃÃo à aeraÃÃo na primeira fase do processo, pode-se afirmar que seu efeito contribuiu satisfatoriamente, tanto na eliminaÃÃo de patÃgenos como na diminuiÃÃo do tempo de compostagem, acelerando a metabolizaÃÃo da matÃria orgÃnica. De posse dos resultados das anÃlises dos experimentos e interpretaÃÃo dos dados, observou-se que o sistema hÃbrido proposto neste trabalho apresentou ser mais eficiente que os demais. / In this research, it was aimed to evaluate the process of composting using the organic matter available at the bank of seedlings of the city of Sobral - CE, (horse manure and straw of carnauba) in three aeration systems: with injection of air, sucking of the air and injection and sucking in air cycle (hybrid), in compliance with the parameters recommended by Brazilian legislation in force, during the phases of active degradation and maturation. The experiment was installed with three treatments, one (01) under the positive way; one (01) under the negative way and one (01) under the hybrid way, following the proportions of 30% of horse manure and 70% of straw , for all treatments. Each treatment was repeated three (3) times, making, thus, a total of 9 (nine) parcels. It was conducted the evaluation of these processes, and it was observed mainly the influence of aeration and moisture in the performance of these techniques of treatment, on static. During the active phase, the under positive way they developed average reduction of organic matter of 26.55%, the under the negative way of 21.78%, while the, under the hybrid way of 31.21%. During the phase of maturation, it was turned three of each system of aeration. The reduction of organic matter of them was 50,63%, in 50 days; The other ones showed average reduction of 39,54%, in 60 days. During the active phase, the operated under the positive way had, on average, reduction of carbon of 26.55%, in the period of 40 days, the under the negative mode of 21.78%, in the period of 50 days, and the under the hybrid way of 31.21%, within 30 days. During the stage of maturity, for the that suffered of returning, the average reduction of carbon was 50.63%, in the period of 50 days, while the other ones showed an average decrease of 39.54%, in the period of 60 days. On all the, the pH developed in the material and in the beginning of the process of composting was acid. The results showed that the average pH was increasing according to the degradation of organic matter. At the stage of maturity, the pH remained in the alkaline range on all the. During the active phase, the content of nitrogen grown by an average of 41.12% on the under the positive way, 54.21% on the under the negative mode and 32.05% on the under the hybrid way. During the maturation, the content of nitrogen on all, regardless of the used method of aeration, presented quite different results. During active phase, the operated under the positive way showed a reduction of the C/N nitrogen of 47.89% in 40 days, the piles under the negative mode of 44.35% in 50 days; and piles under the hybrid way of 48.33%, in 30 days. It was observed that the C/N in the final stage of maturation of the that were returned, presented average values in the order of 10 to 15 in the period of 50 days. The under the operational way also recorded positive values within this range, but in the period of 60 days, while the piles under the operational mode registered negative average above the recommended by the law, in the period of 60 days. It was observed that in all the systems the Total Coliform and the Fecal Coliform were decreasing during the aeration (active phase of degradation). The under the operational mode recorded positive values of Total Coliform in the order of 9,1x108 to 5,0 x103 CFU.g-1 and of Fecal Coliform of the order of 6,2 x108 to 3,1 x103 UFCg-1, and the operational under the negative way registered values of Total Coliform in the order of 8,4 x108 to 4,8 x103 CFU.g-1 and of Fecal Coliform in the order of 6,1 x108 to 3,5 x103 CFU.g-1, and the piles under the hybrid way recorded values of Total Coliform in the order of 4,1 to 9,2 x107 and x103 CFU.g  and of Fecal Coliform, in the order of 5,2 x108 to 3,2 x103 CFU.g-1. The temperature was the factor used to evaluate the efficiency of the composting process, during the active phase. The end of the stage of maturity was verified by the C/N. The analysis of the results for the physical, chemical and microbiological systems in the three evaluated systems in this research were possible because of the satisfactory performance of the systems operated under the positive and hybrid ways. Regarding the aeration in the first phase of the trial, one can say that its effect contributed satisfactorily for the elimination of pathogens, such as decreasing the time of composting, accelerating the metabolism of organic matter. By the results of the analyses of the experiments and also the interpretation of the data, it was observed that the hybrid system of this research was more efficient than the others ones.