Num contexto onde a produção do espaço urbano tem cada vez maior relevância, seja pela provisão de infraestrutura, seja pela produção imobiliária, ou por sua articulação; muitas famílias residentes em assentamentos autoconstruídos são ameaçadas de desapropriação e remoção forçada com baixas indenizações em função de projetos urbanos. Tal situação suscita diversos conflitos políticos entre as comunidades ameaçadas de desapropriação, os órgãos públicos e interesses privados envolvidos. No centro do conflito estão pautas como a permanência no local, os procedimentos (cadastramento, avaliações, indenizações), a alternativa habitacional, etc. O Objetivo Geral do trabalho é compreender o papel dos processos de remoção e reassentamentos forçados na atual produção do espaço urbano em suas dimensões política (hegemonia, dominação e luta de classes) e econômica (espoliação, exploração, acumulação e reprodução ampliada do capital) e o seu entrelaçamento na reprodução ampliada e acumulação de capital. A hipótese é de que, no contexto atual, onde a produção do espaço urbano é cada vez mais relevante à acumulação e à reprodução do capital, os processos de remoção e reassentamentos forçados urbanos - enquanto mecanismos geográficos de adequação do espaço às necessidades de reprodução do capital - ensejam não somente uma acumulação por \"espoliação\", mas também por \"exploração\" dos bens patrimoniais (terra e/ou edificações) de comunidades pela expropriação; complementada pelo \'novo\' espaço (infraestruturas, moradias, etc.); assim como ensejam e expressam, dialeticamente, a (crise de) hegemonia, a dominação e a luta de classes. O método adotado consiste na conjunção entre pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, entrevistas semiestruturadas e no estudo de caso da Comunidade Aldaci Barbosa, em Fortaleza, Ceará. Os processos de remoção e reassentamentos forçados urbanos tem crescente centralidade na produção do espaço urbano, enquanto mecanismos geográficos de operação do poder e de ampliação da hegemonia e da dominação das relações de propriedade privada e do modo de produção capitalista, entrelaçados por uma \"conexão orgânica\" entre a exploração e a espoliação que impulsionam a reprodução ampliada e a acumulação capitalista pela produção do espaço urbano. / In a context where the production of urban space is increasingly important, whether by the provision of infrastructure, by the production of real estate, or by its articulation; Many families living in self-built settlements are threatened with forced eviction and forced removal with low compensation for urban projects. This situation raises a number of political conflicts between communities threatened with expropriation, public agencies and private interests involved. At the center of the conflict are guidelines such as the permanence in the place, the procedures (registration, evaluations, indemnifications), the alternative housing, etc. The General Objective of the work is to understand the role of forced removal and resettlement processes in the current production of urban space in its political (hegemony, domination and class struggle) and economic dimensions (espoliation, exploitation, accumulation and amplified reproduction of capital) and their interweaving in expanded reproduction and capital accumulation. The hypothesis is that, in the current context, where the production of urban space is increasingly relevant to the accumulation and reproduction of capital, urban forced relocation and resettlement processes - as geographic mechanisms of space adequacy to the reproduction needs of the Capital provide not only an accumulation by \"dispossession\", but also by \"exploitation\" of the patrimonial assets (land and / or buildings) of communities by expropriation; Complemented by the \'new\' space (infrastructures, housing, etc.); Just as they dialect and express, dialectically, the (crisis of) hegemony, domination and class struggle. The method adopted consists of the combination of bibliographic and documentary research, semistructured interviews and the case study of the Aldaci Barbosa Community, in Fortaleza, Ceará. The processes of urban forced eviction and resettlement have a growing centrality in the production of urban space as geographic mechanisms for the operation of power and expansion of hegemony and domination of private property relations and capitalist mode of production intertwined by an \"organic connection\" between the exploitation and the dispossession that impel the amplified reproduction and the capitalist accumulation by the production of the urban space.

A hipertensão é uma doença crônica não transmissível e mais freqüente na população sendo o principal fator de risco para complicações cardiovasculares, tais como acidente vascular cerebral e infarto agudo do miocárdio. Na presente pesquisa estão sendo estudados os fármacos utilizados no tratamento da hipertensão mais especificamente, os bloqueadores do canal de cálcio do grupo diidropiridínicos: besilato de anlodipino, nifedipino e nimodipino. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar a estabilidade intrínseca dos fármacos besilato de anlodipino, nifedipino e nimodipino, para isto foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas: testes indicativos de estabilidade utilizando as técnicas de espectrofotometria na região do Ultravioleta/Visível (UV/VIS) e Cromatografia em fase Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). Termogravimetria/ Termogravimetria Derivada (TG/DTG), Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Difração de Raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia de absorção na região do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Para o fármaco besilato de anlodipino (AB) pelo método de degradação forçada, analisado por espectrofotometria no UV/VIS, as condições para a análise espectrofotométrica foram metanol e água a uma proporção de (5:45 v/v) e a segunda diluição com água. A leitura foi efetuada a 364,4nm. A linearidade foi estabelecida na faixa de 40,0-65,0 µg/mL e o coeficiente de correlação foi (r) 0,9992. O método cromatográfico, mostrou o diferente comportamento das substâncias nifedipino e nimodipino diante dos meios básicos, ácido, neutro e oxidativo. As condições para a substância nifedipino foram coluna LiChrospher®100 RP-18 (5µm) Merck® fase móvel constituída por metanol e água (45:55v/v), fluxo 1.0 mL/min, tempo de retenção 5,1min, detecção UV a 234nm e vazão de 1.0 mL/min. Foi obtida uma linearidade no intervalo de 5.0-55.0 µg/mL coeficiente de correlação (r) =0,9964. E para a substância nimodipino foram coluna LiChrospher®100 RP-18 (5µm) Merck® fase móvel constituída por acetonitrila e água (55:45v/v), fluxo 1.0mL/min, tempo de retenção 5,8 min, detecção UV a 235 nm e vazão de 1.0mL/min. Foi obtida uma linearidade no intervalo de 5.0-55.0 µg/mL coeficiente de correlação (r) =0,9964. Os resultados obtidos das curvas TG/DTG e DSC mostraram o perfil da decomposição térmica das substâncias estudadas pela Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial. A análise dos resultados de DRX e DSC mostraram que não há evidências de polimorfismo nessas substâncias. No entanto nas análises de Espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na matéria-prima e no padrão de referência. As análises de MEV permitiram observar a cristalinidade das substâncias estudadas. / Hypertension is the most frequent non-communicable chronic disease in the population being the main factor of risk for cardiovascular complications, such as stroke and acute myocardial infarction. In this work, active pharmaceutical ingredients used to treat hypertension were studied, more specifically the blockers calcium channel dihydropyridine group: amlodipine besylate, nifedipine and nimodipine. The aim of this study was to determine the intrinsic stability of amlodipine besylate, nifedipine and nimodipine. For this purpose the following stability test techniques were used: UV/VIS spectrophotometry and chromatography Net phase High Performance. Thermogravimetry/Derivative Thermogravimetry (TG/ DTG), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared absorption (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (MEV). For drug amlodipine besylate (AB) by forced degradation method analyzed by spectrophotometry UV/VIS spectrophotometric conditions for the analysis were methanol and water at a ratio (5:45v/v) and the second dilution with water. The reading was made at 364,4nm. The linearity was established in the range of 40.0 to 65.0 mg/mL and the correlation coefficient was (r) 0.9992. The chromatographic method showed different behavior of nifedipine and nimodipine substances on the basic means, acid, neutral and oxidative. The conditions for nifedipine were LiChrospher®100 RP-18 column (5µm) Merck® mobile phase consisting of methanol and water (45:55v/v), flow 1.0 mL/min, retention time 5,1min, UV detection at 234 nm and flow of 1.0 mL/min. Linearity was obtained within the range of 5.0-55.0 mg/mL correlation coefficient (r) = 0.9964. And for nimodipine the parameters were: LiChrospher®100 RP-18 column (5µm) Merck® mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile: water (55:45v/v), flow 1.0 mL/min, retention time 5,8min, UV detection at 235nm and flow of 1.0 mL/min. The linearity was obtained within the range of 5.0- 55.0 mg/mL correlation coefficient (r) = 0.9964. The results of TG/DTG and DSC curves presented the profile of the thermal decomposition of the substances studied by DSC. The results of XRD and DSC presented no evidence of polymorphism in these analyzes, however, according to analyzes of absorption spectroscopy in the infrared (FTIR) there were no significant differences in the raw materials and standard reference. SEM analyzes allowed to observe the crystallinity of the studied substances.

O aciclovir é um anti-viral usado mundialmente para o tratamento de herpes (do tipo HSV-1 e HSV-2). Acredita-se que o vírus da herpes está presente em cerca de 90% das pessoas em estado de latência. O tratamento principal em casos onde a doença se manifesta, lesões nos lábios e mucosas, é o aciclovir. No Brasil, para renovar ou fazer um novo registro de medicamento, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) exige testes que expõem o fármaco a ambientes extremos (ácido, base, luz, calor, umidade, oxidação) para gerar produtos de degradação que dependendo da concentração no produto acabado, devem ser submetidos a ensaios toxicológicos. O estudo de degradação forçada também permite elucidar a estabilidade intrínseca do fármaco, contribuindo para o entendimento do mecanismo de degradação da substância, o que, posteriormente, ajuda a compreender quais fatores físicos e químicos devem ser controlados para manutenção da estabilidade. Este trabalho tem objetivo de validar um método de análise para quantificação do aciclovir e seus produtos de degradação por cromatografia líquida de interação hidrofílica (Hydrophilic interaction chromatography - HILIC) com detecção por arranjo de diodos (DAD) como também degradar a amostra em diferentes ambientes. / Acyclovir is an anti-viral used worlwide for herpes treatment (HSV-1 and HSV-2 types). It is estimated that herpes virus is present in almost 90% of people in his latent state. Acylcovir is the main treatment in cases where virus expresses itself. In Brazil, to renew or to make a new registration of medicines, National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA) demands tests to expose the medicine to extreme conditions (acid, basic, light, heat, humidity, oxidation) in order to generate degradation products that, depending on the concentration of the row product, will undergoes toxicological assays. The forced degradation study also allow to elucidate the intrinsic stability of medicine, contributing to understand the degradation mechanism of the substance leading to help the understanding of which physical and chemical factors must be controlled to keep stability. The main objective of this work is to validate a method of analysis to quantify acyclovir and his degradation products using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC) based on Diode Array detection as well as to degraded the sample in different conditions.

Researchers have described human trafficking as a complex, multi-layered crime. South Africa, including the Eastern Cape Province, is a source, transit, and destination country for trafficked people. However, a dearth of research on human trafficking exists in the province. Furthermore, traditional, modernist research using reductionist methods to investigate complex phenomena has proven unable to capture the complex interrelationships between the myriad of interrelated elements inherent in complex phenomena. In this qualitative study, I explore and describe the human trafficking system in the Eastern Cape via participants’ perspectives through a complex systems approach that consists of two complementary theories, namely Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory of human development and complexity theory. The participants, who were knowledgeable about human trafficking in the province, were obtained through purposive and snowball sampling. Data collection took place through open-ended interviews with individual participants. I analysed the data according to Miles and Huberman’s data analysis process and Braun and Clarke’s thematic data analysis process. The findings demonstrate that the complex systems approach successfully facilitated the mapping and conceptualisation of an in-depth, multi-level picture of the complex interrelationships within and between multiple system components in the human trafficking system and its environment in relation to the Eastern Cape Province. Participants’ perspectives revealed two main themes, namely, the prominence of the nonlinear interactions between traffickers and trafficked persons in the holistic human trafficking system and the major obstacle regarding the lack of witness credibility for human trafficking prosecutions to be successful. Utilising complex systems theory to conduct further human trafficking research could assist counter-trafficking stakeholders with an alternative approach to generating effective planning and executing counter human trafficking strategies in a rapidly changing and increasing complex interconnected world.

Num contexto onde a produção do espaço urbano tem cada vez maior relevância, seja pela provisão de infraestrutura, seja pela produção imobiliária, ou por sua articulação; muitas famílias residentes em assentamentos autoconstruídos são ameaçadas de desapropriação e remoção forçada com baixas indenizações em função de projetos urbanos. Tal situação suscita diversos conflitos políticos entre as comunidades ameaçadas de desapropriação, os órgãos públicos e interesses privados envolvidos. No centro do conflito estão pautas como a permanência no local, os procedimentos (cadastramento, avaliações, indenizações), a alternativa habitacional, etc. O Objetivo Geral do trabalho é compreender o papel dos processos de remoção e reassentamentos forçados na atual produção do espaço urbano em suas dimensões política (hegemonia, dominação e luta de classes) e econômica (espoliação, exploração, acumulação e reprodução ampliada do capital) e o seu entrelaçamento na reprodução ampliada e acumulação de capital. A hipótese é de que, no contexto atual, onde a produção do espaço urbano é cada vez mais relevante à acumulação e à reprodução do capital, os processos de remoção e reassentamentos forçados urbanos - enquanto mecanismos geográficos de adequação do espaço às necessidades de reprodução do capital - ensejam não somente uma acumulação por \"espoliação\", mas também por \"exploração\" dos bens patrimoniais (terra e/ou edificações) de comunidades pela expropriação; complementada pelo \'novo\' espaço (infraestruturas, moradias, etc.); assim como ensejam e expressam, dialeticamente, a (crise de) hegemonia, a dominação e a luta de classes. O método adotado consiste na conjunção entre pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, entrevistas semiestruturadas e no estudo de caso da Comunidade Aldaci Barbosa, em Fortaleza, Ceará. Os processos de remoção e reassentamentos forçados urbanos tem crescente centralidade na produção do espaço urbano, enquanto mecanismos geográficos de operação do poder e de ampliação da hegemonia e da dominação das relações de propriedade privada e do modo de produção capitalista, entrelaçados por uma \"conexão orgânica\" entre a exploração e a espoliação que impulsionam a reprodução ampliada e a acumulação capitalista pela produção do espaço urbano. / In a context where the production of urban space is increasingly important, whether by the provision of infrastructure, by the production of real estate, or by its articulation; Many families living in self-built settlements are threatened with forced eviction and forced removal with low compensation for urban projects. This situation raises a number of political conflicts between communities threatened with expropriation, public agencies and private interests involved. At the center of the conflict are guidelines such as the permanence in the place, the procedures (registration, evaluations, indemnifications), the alternative housing, etc. The General Objective of the work is to understand the role of forced removal and resettlement processes in the current production of urban space in its political (hegemony, domination and class struggle) and economic dimensions (espoliation, exploitation, accumulation and amplified reproduction of capital) and their interweaving in expanded reproduction and capital accumulation. The hypothesis is that, in the current context, where the production of urban space is increasingly relevant to the accumulation and reproduction of capital, urban forced relocation and resettlement processes - as geographic mechanisms of space adequacy to the reproduction needs of the Capital provide not only an accumulation by \"dispossession\", but also by \"exploitation\" of the patrimonial assets (land and / or buildings) of communities by expropriation; Complemented by the \'new\' space (infrastructures, housing, etc.); Just as they dialect and express, dialectically, the (crisis of) hegemony, domination and class struggle. The method adopted consists of the combination of bibliographic and documentary research, semistructured interviews and the case study of the Aldaci Barbosa Community, in Fortaleza, Ceará. The processes of urban forced eviction and resettlement have a growing centrality in the production of urban space as geographic mechanisms for the operation of power and expansion of hegemony and domination of private property relations and capitalist mode of production intertwined by an \"organic connection\" between the exploitation and the dispossession that impel the amplified reproduction and the capitalist accumulation by the production of the urban space.

This report presents findings from a comparative qualitative study conducted in the Johannesburg inner city. The study sought to understand immigrant and South African heterosexual men’s perceptions, experiences, and responses to domestic violence. Drawing on social constructionist theory, the research investigates whether migration and nationality influenced how heterosexual men perceived, experienced, and responded to domestic violence. The study used qualitative methodology and relied on original empirical research. In total, participants (consisting of six immigrant and six South African men) were identified through purposive and snowballing sampling methods. Semi-structured interview guides were used to collect data, which was then analysed using thematic content analysis. Findings of the study revealed that migration influenced the way in which immigrant men experienced and responded to domestic violence in South Africa. However, migration did not have an impact on how immigrant men perceived domestic violence. This means that the ways in which immigrant men perceived domestic violence was the same as they perceived it in their home countries. However, the ways in which they were experiencing and responding to it in South Africa was different from the ways they used to experience and respond in their home countries (migrant sending countries). The South African participants did not attribute their perceptions, experiences and responses to migration. Instead, they attributed their experiences to the over insistence on rights by women, and the failure of law enforcement agencies to ensure that men who are victims of domestic violence are also heard. Findings also revealed that nationality differences between immigrant men and South African men did not influence the ways in which these two groups perceived and understood the term ‘domestic violence’. Thus, migrant men and South African men understood the term in the same way. The definitions of domestic violence that participants reported were different from the traditional definitions and categorizations of domestic violence. Participants defined domestic violence in accordance with their perceptions and experiences, as there was a thin line between perceptions and personal experiences. Further analysis showed that men understood domestic violence as being physical, emotional, and verbal. The findings of the study also revealed that immigrant men believed that their susceptibility to domestic violence was due to migration because of the perception that South African domestic violence legislation favours women. Furthermore, South African men attributed ‘favouritism on terms of the law’ towards women as an issue that made women take advantage of the policy framework to initiate violence towards their intimate partners. These men suggest that women do this in the knowledge that men are generally not believed when they (i.e. men) make reports of domestic violence.

A hipertensão é uma doença crônica não transmissível e mais freqüente na população sendo o principal fator de risco para complicações cardiovasculares, tais como acidente vascular cerebral e infarto agudo do miocárdio. Na presente pesquisa estão sendo estudados os fármacos utilizados no tratamento da hipertensão mais especificamente, os bloqueadores do canal de cálcio do grupo diidropiridínicos: besilato de anlodipino, nifedipino e nimodipino. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar a estabilidade intrínseca dos fármacos besilato de anlodipino, nifedipino e nimodipino, para isto foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas: testes indicativos de estabilidade utilizando as técnicas de espectrofotometria na região do Ultravioleta/Visível (UV/VIS) e Cromatografia em fase Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). Termogravimetria/ Termogravimetria Derivada (TG/DTG), Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Difração de Raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia de absorção na região do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Para o fármaco besilato de anlodipino (AB) pelo método de degradação forçada, analisado por espectrofotometria no UV/VIS, as condições para a análise espectrofotométrica foram metanol e água a uma proporção de (5:45 v/v) e a segunda diluição com água. A leitura foi efetuada a 364,4nm. A linearidade foi estabelecida na faixa de 40,0-65,0 µg/mL e o coeficiente de correlação foi (r) 0,9992. O método cromatográfico, mostrou o diferente comportamento das substâncias nifedipino e nimodipino diante dos meios básicos, ácido, neutro e oxidativo. As condições para a substância nifedipino foram coluna LiChrospher®100 RP-18 (5µm) Merck® fase móvel constituída por metanol e água (45:55v/v), fluxo 1.0 mL/min, tempo de retenção 5,1min, detecção UV a 234nm e vazão de 1.0 mL/min. Foi obtida uma linearidade no intervalo de 5.0-55.0 µg/mL coeficiente de correlação (r) =0,9964. E para a substância nimodipino foram coluna LiChrospher®100 RP-18 (5µm) Merck® fase móvel constituída por acetonitrila e água (55:45v/v), fluxo 1.0mL/min, tempo de retenção 5,8 min, detecção UV a 235 nm e vazão de 1.0mL/min. Foi obtida uma linearidade no intervalo de 5.0-55.0 µg/mL coeficiente de correlação (r) =0,9964. Os resultados obtidos das curvas TG/DTG e DSC mostraram o perfil da decomposição térmica das substâncias estudadas pela Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial. A análise dos resultados de DRX e DSC mostraram que não há evidências de polimorfismo nessas substâncias. No entanto nas análises de Espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na matéria-prima e no padrão de referência. As análises de MEV permitiram observar a cristalinidade das substâncias estudadas. / Hypertension is the most frequent non-communicable chronic disease in the population being the main factor of risk for cardiovascular complications, such as stroke and acute myocardial infarction. In this work, active pharmaceutical ingredients used to treat hypertension were studied, more specifically the blockers calcium channel dihydropyridine group: amlodipine besylate, nifedipine and nimodipine. The aim of this study was to determine the intrinsic stability of amlodipine besylate, nifedipine and nimodipine. For this purpose the following stability test techniques were used: UV/VIS spectrophotometry and chromatography Net phase High Performance. Thermogravimetry/Derivative Thermogravimetry (TG/ DTG), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared absorption (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (MEV). For drug amlodipine besylate (AB) by forced degradation method analyzed by spectrophotometry UV/VIS spectrophotometric conditions for the analysis were methanol and water at a ratio (5:45v/v) and the second dilution with water. The reading was made at 364,4nm. The linearity was established in the range of 40.0 to 65.0 mg/mL and the correlation coefficient was (r) 0.9992. The chromatographic method showed different behavior of nifedipine and nimodipine substances on the basic means, acid, neutral and oxidative. The conditions for nifedipine were LiChrospher®100 RP-18 column (5µm) Merck® mobile phase consisting of methanol and water (45:55v/v), flow 1.0 mL/min, retention time 5,1min, UV detection at 234 nm and flow of 1.0 mL/min. Linearity was obtained within the range of 5.0-55.0 mg/mL correlation coefficient (r) = 0.9964. And for nimodipine the parameters were: LiChrospher®100 RP-18 column (5µm) Merck® mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile: water (55:45v/v), flow 1.0 mL/min, retention time 5,8min, UV detection at 235nm and flow of 1.0 mL/min. The linearity was obtained within the range of 5.0- 55.0 mg/mL correlation coefficient (r) = 0.9964. The results of TG/DTG and DSC curves presented the profile of the thermal decomposition of the substances studied by DSC. The results of XRD and DSC presented no evidence of polymorphism in these analyzes, however, according to analyzes of absorption spectroscopy in the infrared (FTIR) there were no significant differences in the raw materials and standard reference. SEM analyzes allowed to observe the crystallinity of the studied substances.

Why do women protest? Why do women protest “as women”? Why do some women participate in protests but not others? In the wake of the Women’s March of 2017, perhaps the largest single day protest event in history, these questions are particularly timely and deserve scholarly attention. One important but understudied and undertheorized motivation for women’s protests is state sanctioned violence, particularly repression. This dissertation explicitly theorizes about how state perpetration of violence, particularly state use of repression, both motivates and shapes women’s protests on a global scale. In this dissertation, I argue that one key motivation for women’s protest is repression by the state, and I theorize that women will protest more frequently when the state uses repression. Repression negatively impacts members of the population, particularly relatives, friends, and communities of those targeted by the state, and this motivates those people to protest. However, I argue that the type of repression, and more specifically how gendered the state practices repression, matters. The more that gender plays a role in determining who states target with repression, the more gender matters in the societal response to repression. In particular, I examine the use of forced disappearances. Based on historical and contemporary accounts, I show that forced disappearance largely targets males, and thus motivates women’s protests but has no effect on protests by other groups. When the state makes use of forced disappearances, some women are motivated to protest due to their connections to victims of repression. Furthermore, opportunities to protest in these circumstances are more available to women than to men, due to their relatively lower likelihood of being targeted, as well as women’s distinctive positions in society and their ability to organize themselves as women. Not only do women have additional space relative to men to protest when the state is repressive, but individual women recognize that their gender can serve as a resource in such contexts. Thus, individual women are more likely to participate in protests themselves when the state uses repression, closing the gender gap in protest participation between men and women. I test my theory of women’s protest using two unique approaches. First, utilizing unique new data on women’s protests that is globally comprehensive for all countries from 1990-2009, I show that women’s protests are more frequent when the state is repressive, and that forced disappearances in particular motivate women’s protests, specifically, but do not have an observable effect on general protests. Second, I utilize regionally comprehensive data on citizens in Latin America from 2006 and 2008 to show that women are more likely to participate in protests when the state uses forced disappearances, but that men are not more likely to participate in protests in repressive contexts.

In 2013, the Dominican state ruled to uphold a 2010 constitutional amendment that stripped thousands of Dominicans of Haitian origin of their citizenship and forced them to leave the country during summer 2015. About 2,200 of these people became displaced in Anse-à-Pitres, where most took up residence in temporary camps. I use the term forced migrants or displaced persons interchangeably to refer to these people. Many endure challenges in meeting their daily survival needs in Haiti, a country with extreme poverty, considerable political instability, and still in the process of rebuilding itself from the devastating earthquake of 2010. Drawing on fourteen months of ethnographic field- work in Anse-à-Pitres, I examine how these displaced people, in the face of statelessness and amid their precarious social and economic conditions, create survival strategies by drawing upon everyday labor mobility and informal economic activities within and across their communities. Furthermore, I demonstrate that the involvement of these displaced people in community life through socio-economic practices attests to a sense of belonging and produces a form of substantive citizenship in their absence of legal citizenship. This kind of substantive citizenship is also shaped by the ability of the displaced people to re-define life goals, participate in local meetings with the local state and organizations on the ground, and challenge systems of power that seek to impose their choices upon them. In this dissertation, I argue against construing the displaced people as hopeless by focusing on the forms of power and agency that they exercise in and over their lives, which make them agents of their self-development.

This doctoral dissertation examines the lived experiences of refuge in Denmark from the perspectives of Syrian refugees. Situated within feminist political geography, it moves beyond examining geopolitics merely from the perspective of the law, the state, and policy makers. Instead, it seeks to grasp the ways in which geopolitics are encountered, experienced, and negotiated on the ground – by the people who are most affected by state policies and practices. It draws on more than ten months of ethnographic fieldwork in Denmark with Syrian refugees, including semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and participant observations, as well as interviews with state and non-state actors providing assistance to Syrian refugees in Jordan. This dissertation brings insights from feminist political geography into conversation with those from critical refugee studies, border studies, geographies of law, and postcolonial studies in order to unsettle core ideas and terms of reference surrounding what refuge is and how it is practiced. This dissertation makes three distinct but closely related arguments. First, focusing on family reunification of refugees and how this form of protection became a target in the Danish state’s efforts to prevent refugee immigration, I argue that the geopolitics of refuge needs to be examined in a way that includes but also moves beyond the actual territorial border line as well as the legal border (i.e. the moment a person obtains protection and legal status). Second, through an examination of Syrian refugees’ everyday encounters with the Danish state, I draw attention to the disjunctures between idealized notions of refuge with its ostensible ‘humanitarian’ ethos and the practical articulations of refuge as manifested in the everyday lived experiences of refugees. This is what I term lived refuge. I argue, however, that the dissonances between idealized and actually existing refuge point to the persistent presence of governance within refuge, rather than a lack or an absence of ‘true’ humanitarianism - i.e. a promise of freedom, betterment, and prospect that did not fully materialize. Instead, the state practices, which refugees are subject to within refuge, are enabled and normalized through the asymmetrical relationships between the state and the refugee. Third, calling attention to how Syrian refugees experience, articulate and locate war, I trouble prevailing geographical imaginations of “Europe” and Denmark as spaces of peace, safety, and prosperity. Drawing on Syrians’ experiences of war, I argue that attending to everyday experiences of war in refuge prompts a re-articulation of where war is, what counts as war, and who decides.