Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseLCS.pdf: 2067913 bytes, checksum: fe03f2f8092b1ff62a76fa171f4216c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-11 / Studies comparing two technological institutes in Mercosul -The Industrial Technologic Institute, in Argentina, and the Technological Research Institute, in Brazil - focus on management projects in research and Development, in institutional level. Through the literature, it is identify, areas and subjects that allow the analyses of institutional management R&D projects (IMRDP). The history of the two institutes was study to identify the similarity and the differences of them. The field research is composed by an interview which was framed through literature subjects and documents in the following topics: general vision and IMRDP operations in the institutes; institutional management; process effectives results; people´s communication involved with projects and the institution; experiences acquired in the institutions. Of all interviews, one quarter was directed to high management, one quarter to functional gerency and two quarter to project managers. The discussion results, thanks to the methodology and schedule, determined that institutions did not have IMRDP, although both institutions considered the importance of its implementation. It was clear that the IMRDP structure, in any institution, have to consider the institutional culture, history, staff, structure and market, even though there are similar subjects and areas between the two institutions. / Estudo de casos comparativo de dois institutos tecnológicos em países do Mercosul o Instituto de Tecnologia Industrial (INTI), na Argentina e o Instituto de Pesquisa Tecnológica (IPT), no Brasil com foco na gestão de projetos de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D), no nível institucional. Identifica na literatura áreas e temas pelos quais é possível analisar a Gestão Institucional de Projetos de P&D (GIPPD), para então voltar-se ao estudo da história das duas instituições, contextualizando-as e identificando pontos de identidade e diferenciação. Elabora uma pesquisa de campo utilizando-se de entrevista estruturada, a partir do mapeamento que resultou na solução gráfica representativa dos temas identificados no estudo da literatura e dos documentos: visão geral da GIPPD e seu funcionamento em cada instituição; estrutura organizacional; projetos de P&D e o planejamento institucional; Gestão Institucional; resultados efetivos dos processos; comunicação entre os atores dos projetos e a instituição e experiências adquiridas na instituição. As entrevistas foram dirigidas numa proporção de um quarto à Alta Direção (AD), um quarto aos Gerentes Funcionais (GF) e dois quartos aos Gerentes de Projeto (GP). A discussão dos resultados, facilitada pela metodologia e a tabela dinâmica empregadas, permitiu que se concluísse pela nãoexistência de uma GIPPD estruturada nas instituições estudadas, embora os entrevistados considerem válida a sua implantação nas suas organizações. Observa-se que a estruturação de GIPPD em qualquer instituição deverá levar em conta sua cultura institucional, sua história, seu quadro funcional, sua estrutura e seu mercado, no sentido amplo, embora elas venham a ter sempre um conjunto básico de áreas e temas comuns.

This study analyzes the impact of transfer pricing on multinational enterprises' R&D investment decisions. Specifically, I examine the effects of two commonly used contract designs to exchange and develop intangible assets across group affiliates: licensing and cost sharing agreements. Whilst serving as a tool to allocate taxable income between group affiliates, the economic implications of licensing and cost sharing agreements differ. Whereas licensing agreements provide for a sharing rule on the intangible's profits, cost sharing agreements on the other hand provide a sharing rule on R&D development costs. This difference matters when firms simultaneously use internal transfer prices to allocate taxable income and provide local management with sufficient investment incentives. Using a multiple-agent, moral hazard investment framework I model a multinational firm with comparable group affiliates in two countries that delegates the R&D investment decision to a local risk and effort averse affiliate manager. The results suggest that the optimal contract not only depends on available tax benefits, but also on R&D investment and manager specific characteristics. A licensing agreement provides management with larger incentives to invest in R&D mitigating agency concerns associated with R&D. On the other hand, using a cost sharing agreement the firm can cater different risk preferences among managers potentially increasing investment. The arm's length principle however may distort an efficient allocation of R&D costs when using a cost sharing agreement. / Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series

Dans un contexte de mise en place des pôles de compétitivité et des dernières lois sur la décentralisation (2004 et 2013), les Régions ont vu leurs compétences renforcées en matière de développement économique et d’innovation, et se sont impliquées plus massivement dans la conduite de politiques scientifiques et technologiques (S&T). Ainsi, ce travail a pour but d’interroger l’efficacité des politiques S&T régionales. En effet, la légitimé de l’échelon régional dans la politique de S&T peut être remise en question dès lors que la production et l’exploitation de la technologie tendent à être de plus en plus globalisées. Cette légitimité régionale peut être abordée sous l’angle des Systèmes Régionaux d’Innovation (SRI). En considérant l’échelon régional comme prégnant, notamment au niveau des politiques économiques et technologiques, les SRI permettent d’analyser les liens entre science, industrie et gouvernance au niveau local. Face à ces enjeux, la Région Aquitaine, qui a augmenté son budget consacré à sa politique de S&T de manière considérable depuis ces dix dernières années, se pose des questions. Elle est aujourd’hui la Région française dont le budget S&T par habitant est le plus élevé. C’est pourquoi celle-ci veut savoir si sa politique de S&T est efficace. Cet effort conséquent en termes de S&T, est-il nécessaire/justifié ? Quelle est la cohérence de la politique régionale au cours du temps ? Ces questions sont appréhendées en utilisant les outils de l’évaluation. Un travail de formalisation des objectifs poursuivis et des moyens mis en oeuvre par la Région est mené, tout en développant une approche comparative par rapport à d’autres expériences régionales en France. / In the context of setting up clusters and the latest laws on decentralization (2004 and 2013), the regions saw their skills for economic development and innovation increased. That’s why they are more involved in the conduct of science and technology policies. Thus, this study aims to examine the effectiveness of science and technology policies (S&T) at the regional level. Indeed, the legitimacy of this level in the S&T policy could be challenged since the production of technology tend to be more and more globalized. Moreover, this regional legitimacy can be approached from the perspective of regional innovation systems (RIS), which constitute a theoretical framework suitable for the treatment of this issue. Considering the importance of regional level, especially in economic and technological policies, SRI is a framework which aims to analyze the links between science, industry and local governance. Faced to these challenges, the Aquitaine Region asks itself questions. Indeed, it has increased its S&T budget since the last ten years and today is the French region with the highest S&T budget per capita. Now the Aquitaine Region wants to know how effective its S&T policy is. Is this effort in terms of S&T necessary or justified? What is the consistency of regional policy over time? What is the result of such a policy a socio-economic point of view? These issues will be studied using of evaluation’s tools. Furthermore, we offer to synthetize the objectives of S&T and the means used by the Region and we develop a comparative approach to other regional experiences on differents dimensions of innovation.

This thesis describes how Innovation Management Consultants (IMCs) can promote changes in R&D/marketing relationships. The research was motivated by the scarce number of studies about the impact of IMCs on organisational relationships in general, and particularly on R&D and marketing relationships. This thesis contributes to knowledge in four strands of literature: technology management, organisational change, management consulting and conflict studies. Firstly, its main contribution is to technology management literature. Empirical evidence indicates that IMCs can modify the relationship between R&D and marketing functions, even though they are not hired explicitly for that purpose. Nonetheless, the main impact on the relationship is perceived at the personal level and it is dependent on the format of the intervention process. Additionally, the changes in the R&D/marketing relationship and its continuity seem to be conditional upon contextual factors such as specific company and consultant characteristics, as well as the nature of the consultant-client relationship. Secondly, this study has added to scholarly knowledge in organisational change by providing empirical evidence that IMCs advocate for the same dynamics used by Organisational Development (OD) consultants. The results highlight the importance of a facilitative-participative approach and organisational learning to generate change. The results suggest that certain OD theories such as sociotechnical systems theories and Lewin’s model can be used to explain the effect of IMCs on intra-organisational relationships. Thirdly, this research also augments knowledge about IMCs in management consulting literature because it provides evidence about the activities conducted by IMCs and their unexpected effects within client organisations. This addresses a gap identified in the literature, since the contributions of this type of Management Consultant (MC) have not been significantly investigated and the focus of previous studies has been on expected results. Finally, this research contributes to the area of conflict studies, particularly to the intersection between R&D/marketing integration and conflict, since it provides certain evidence about some IMCs’ mediation techniques that can be used to diminish conflict between different areas within an organisation. The research followed an inductive approach to understanding the changes that IMCs can promote in R&D/marketing relationships in large firms. The research is based on empirical evidence gathered through twelve case studies, feedback interviews and a small-scale survey. A framework describing the possible changes that IMCs can promote in the R&D/Marketing relationship was then built from grounded, within-case, and cross-case analysis. Lastly, in order to verify the observations obtained during the case studies, as well as the pertinence of the proposed framework, a set of eight feedback interviews with company participants and IMCs were carried out, as well as a small-scale survey. The results of these verification activities indicate that the proposed framework is reasonably complete and its elements are coherent.

The first essay titled “Fundamental Sources of Long-run Labour Productivity Improvements in Canada” examines the importance of Research and Development activities, as well as the stock of public infrastructure, and economic openness as sources of growth in labour productivity in the Canadian economy within the last four decades. The second paper titled “R&D Spillovers, Innovation, and Entry” extends a theoretical framework to analyze the impact of R&D spillovers on entry and the resulting equilibrium market structure. It is shown that the degree of spillovers plays a fundamental role on the number of firms entering the market, their R&D activities, and social welfare. The third paper titled “The Search for New Drugs: A Theory of R&D in the Pharmaceutical Industry” uses a dynamic model of optimal patent design and in the presence of information externalities studies the evolution of technological progress in the context of a pharmaceutical industry.

Práce vymezuje problematiku strukturálních fondů, přičemž důraz je kladen na rozvoj vědy a výzkumu. Součástí práce je přehled a komparace unijních politik upravujících tuto oblast a analýza dopadů operačních programů na rozvoj vědy a výzkumu v Rakousku a v České republice za finanční rámec 2000 - 2006.

In 2003 national heads of African states, including Zambia, met in Maputo and pledged to increase financial resources to the agriculture sector, up to 10 % of their national budgets, in order to meet growth targets. Given the need to increase investments in agriculture, it follows that impact assessment studies have become handy as funding agencies demand better accountability and empirical justification for further investment. However, experts have reasoned that the quantity of resources is as important as the quality of spending in that, if resources are allocated efficiently, more could be achieved with the same level of resources. The lack of an effective strategy and basis upon which investments in agriculture crop research ought to be prioritised in order to improve agricultural productivity is the main concern in Zambia. This study sought to illustrate the use of the Dynamic Research Evaluation for Management (DREAM) model to assess the economic returns of investing in agriculture technologies and to set priorities for crop-based research activities in Zambia. The study hypothesised that the financial outlay allocated to agricultural crop research is not efficiently allocated so as to achieve the nation’s agricultural production potential, and that agricultural crop research investment influences the distribution of welfare effects on producers and consumers. The DREAM model is conceptually based on the economic surplus theory and is designed for research priority setting and ex ante evaluations. It computes the net present value (NPV) of benefits for both producers and consumers as a result of investing in agriculture technology. The findings from this study reveal that investment in agriculture crop research in Zambia is worthwhile as positive net present values were obtained for all crops under consideration in this study. Maize research gives the highest return to both large-scale and smallholder producers. Maize also yielded the highest returns for consumers in Zambia. In order of priority, maize is followed by soya bean, groundnuts, cotton, millet, sunflower and sorghum. In spite of this, the order of priority in terms of financial expenditure on crop research is maize, cotton, sorghum, soya bean, groundnuts, sunflower and millet. Therefore, the allocation of financial resources towards crop research is not efficient for all crops except maize since some crops such as sorghum receiving high financial expenditure in research did not necessarily generate high returns. This is because the Government still conducts the bulk of research in Zambia, and as such, other social objectives such as equity and food security considerations play a major role in determining investment patterns. The study further establishes that the choice of crop research expenditure influences the distribution of welfare benefits on different producer groups; and that smallholder farmers in Central, Eastern and Southern province are among the group that received the highest proportion of benefits even for crops such as maize for which financial resources were efficiently allocated. Therefore, the efficiency objective may not necessarily leave smallholder farmers worse off as long as they have access to complementary infrastructure and institutions for agriculture production and marketing. As such the study recommends that the Government, private sector and other development partners must focus on raising agriculture productivity by expanding investments in crop science-based technologies; and also recommends re-allocation of financial resources between crops in favour of crops with high returns because this benefits both large scale and smallholder farmers. This must be accompanied by further investment in complementary infrastructure and good governance. Copyright / Dissertation (MScAgric)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

Purpose Various studies suggested that family ownership plays a significant role in R&D investment considering family-owned businesses. This thesis specifically explores sibling ownership and how it influences R&D Investment in their company. Moreover, various factors have been highlighted and explored extensively to understand what makes the difference between sibling owners and sole owners when it comes to their behaviors whether to pursue and invest in R&D for the betterment of the company. Method This paper adopted qualitative research as a method. Data was collected from 5 cases which consisted of sibling owners and sole owners to understand the differences between 2 types. In this multiple case study, two respondent took part in each case. Semi-structured interviews were carried out to have an in-depth understanding of the cases. Furthermore, the analysis of these data was done using the SEWi scale which provided us the three dimensions to scrutinize the impact on R&D investment by sibling owners and compare it with sole owners. Conclusion Using the theoretical lenses, the sibling ownership presents a unique attitude as of any other family ownership. To have a more broader approach, the comparison between a sole owner and sibling owner derived many different factors to take up R&D Investments. It shows that sibling owner does not always initiate investment for the company to prosper but they consider other family members involvement for investing. R&D investments are taking part in the sibling ownership by keeping the family wealth in mind. This tends to provide evidence that sibling owner is careful in investment for R&D. Family values and family unity in sibling owned business create an immense impact on the decision making for the investment. Considering the decision making regarding R&D investment, sibling owner believe that they have ease to make a decision when the family is involved whereas sole owner finds difficulty in taking such decisions, especially under uncertainty. The following observations from our research provided the idea that sibling owner initiative to invest in R&D is not only restricted to the company growth perspective but also the involvement of various family dimensions.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第20784号 / 経博第556号 / 新制||経||282(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 矢野 誠, 教授 島本 哲朗, 教授 新後閑 禎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

Institutions are considered a fundamental determinant of economic growth. And agriculture is the key sector for poverty reduction and sustainable economic growth in low and middle-income countries. The vital role of agriculture would not materialize without sustained agricultural productivity growth driven by public investments in agricultural Research and Development (R&D). The objective of the thesis is threefold: (i) to measure the effect of institutions on agricultural productivity and on public agricultural R&D investments in low and middle incomes countries, (ii) to estimate the impact of public R&D investment on agricultural productivity, and (iii) to test the hypothesis that agricultural R&D spending would differ across countries at different stages of economic development (i.e., examine the role of per capita GDP in determining agricultural R&D spending).Agricultural productivity is measured by yield (cereal yield); institutions are measured by four indicators: protection of property rights, impartial public administration, judicial independence, and legal enforcement of contracts; agricultural R&D is represented by public investments in R&D. Data were collected from the World Bank, the FRASER Institute, and the Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) over the period of 2000 to 2011 and in 49 low-and middle-income countries (25 from sub-Saharan Africa, 11 from LAC, and 13 from Asia). Panel data with fixed effects models were estimated to address the three objectives. The multiple linear regression analysis reveals the protection of property rights and legal enforcement of contracts have a substantial but opposite impact on agricultural productivity (cereal yield) across low-and middle-income countries. The same result suggests that impartial public administration affect positively public agricultural R&D investment while property rights, judicial independence, and legal enforcement of contracts have no significant implications on public agricultural R&D investment. The analysis also indicates that agricultural R&D investment positively impacts cereal yield across low-and middle-income countries. The same analysis carried out in the three regions has shown that the four institution indicators have different effects on agricultural productivity (cereal yield) and public agricultural R&D investment. In addition, the analysis suggests that public agricultural R&D investment significantly impacts agricultural productivity in Asia and the LAC regions but not in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, the result confirms that agricultural R&D spending differs across countries at different stages of economic development.