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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

L'expulsion des étrangers en droit international et européen

Ducroquetz, Anne-Lise 01 December 2007 (has links) (PDF)
La matière de l'expulsion évolue fréquemment tant dans les ordres juridiques nationaux qu'internationaux. L'internationalisation du droit, et plus particulièrement celle des droits de l'Homme, a modifié la nature de la problématique de l'expulsion et a permis le développement de règles de plus en plus protectrices des personnes expulsées. En effet, le droit international, et notamment le droit européen, tendent à encadrer progressivement cet acte éminemment politique qu'est l'expulsion. Ainsi, la motivation et la mise en oeuvre de mesures d'éloignement doivent être conciliées avec le respect des droits individuels et des libertés fondamentales. Cependant, cette conciliation apparaît instable : les changements d'ordre essentiellement sécuritaire, constatés dans les législations nationales et communautaire depuis les attentats du 11 septembre 2001, montrent que cette matière est particulièrement sensible aux évolutions des contextes socio-politiques.<br />Le phénomène de l'expulsion est, par définition, transnational et pousse à une coopération accrue des Etats. Dès lors, la mise en place d'un corpus minimal de droits, assorti des garanties procédurales permettant d'en assurer l'effectivité, est une nécessité d'autant plus pressante. Les organes internationaux de contrôle, à l'instar de la Cour européenne des droits de l'Homme, cherchent ainsi à interpréter favorablement les conventions applicables à cette matière afin de répondre à ce besoin.<br />Un dépassement de cette approche initiale, attachée au concept de nationalité, semble toutefois aujourd'hui nécessaire. A cet égard, l'Union européenne pourrait constituer un cadre juridique idéal pour la création d'un statut de “quasi-national” et l'autonomisation de la notion de citoyenneté européenne.
52

An assessment of South Africa’s obligations under the United Nations Convention Against Torture

Marilize Ackermann January 2010 (has links)
<p>I attempt to analyze South Africa&rsquo / s legal position pertaining to torture, in relation to the international legal framework. Since it has been established that torture and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment (CIDT) usually occur in situations where persons are deprived of personal liberty, I examine legislation, policies and practices applicable to specific places of detention, such as correctional centres, police custody, repatriation centers, mental health care facilities and child and youth care centers. I establish that although South Africa has ratified the UNCAT and is a signatory to the OPCAT, our legal system greatly lacks in structure and in mechanisms of enforcement, as far as the absolute prohibition and the prevention of torture and other forms of cruel and degrading treatment or punishment are concerned. I submit that South Africa has a special duty to eradicate torture, since many of its citizens and several of its political leaders are actually victims of torture, who suffered severe ill treatment under the apartheid regime. I argue that the South African legal system is sufficiently capable of adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward torture and to incorporate this with the general stance against crime. In many respects, South Africa is an example to other African countries and should strongly condemn all forms of human rights violations, especially torture, since acts of torture are often perpetrated by public officials who abuse their positions of authority. I conclude by making submissions and recommendations for law reform, in light of the obstacles encountered within a South African context.</p>
53

Protecting Eritrean refugees' access to basic human rights in Ethiopia: an analysis of Ethiopian refugee law

Mubanga, Christopher Kapangalwendo January 2017 (has links)
Eritrean refugees are compelled to flee their country mainly to avoid forced conscription into indefinite military service, arbitrary arrest and detention for prolonged periods without trial. The majority of Eritrean refugees are young people, who leave their country in search of a better life and sources of livelihoods. The mass migration of Eritrean refugees has started to have adverse effects on the country’s socio-economic landscape. The main destination and country of refuge for the majority of Eritrean refugees is Ethiopia. Although no serious violations of human rights have been reported among Eritrean refugees living in Ethiopia, it a well-known fact that the Ethiopian Government has not fully extended the internationally accepted rights of those who have been forced to flee their own states, to refugees. For example, freedom of movement for refugees is restricted, which is obviously compounded by the encampment policy, which requires that all refugees should be confined to designated refugee camps. This situation seriously undermines the UNHCR’s efforts to enhance refugees’ self-reliance, independence, and chances of local integration. There has not been much research undertaken regarding the Ethiopian Government’s legal framework on refugees and its impact on the protection of the rights of refugees. In 2014, Ethiopia hosted the largest number of refugees in Africa. This phenomenon was largely attributed to the Ethiopian Government’s ‘open door’ policy towards refugees. The present study is an attempt to critically examine Ethiopian refugee law and determine the extent to which the national laws protect the rights of refugees. Although the study is limited in scope to the situation of Eritrean refugees, the principles and standards of treatment discussed apply to all refugees living in Ethiopia. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. M.
54

An assessment of South Africa's obligations under the United Nations Convention against torture

Ackermann, Marilize January 2010 (has links)
Magister Legum - LLM / I attempt to analyze South Africa's legal position pertaining to torture, in relation to the international legal framework. Since it has been established that torture and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment (CIDT) usually occur in situations where persons are deprived of personal liberty, I examine legislation, policies and practices applicable to specific places of detention, such as correctional centres, police custody, repatriation centers, mental health care facilities and child and youth care centers. I establish that although South Africa has ratified the UNCAT and is a signatory to the OPCAT, our legal system greatly lacks in structure and in mechanisms of enforcement, as far as the absolute prohibition and the prevention of torture and other forms of cruel and degrading treatment or punishment are concerned. I submit that South Africa has a special duty to eradicate torture, since many of its citizens and several of its political leaders are actually victims of torture, who suffered severe ill treatment under the apartheid regime. I argue that the South African legal system is sufficiently capable of adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward torture and to incorporate this with the general stance against crime. In many respects, South Africa is an example to other African countries and should strongly condemn all forms of human rights violations, especially torture, since acts of torture are often perpetrated by public officials who abuse their positions of authority. I conclude by making submissions and recommendations for law reform, in light of the obstacles encountered within a South African context. / South Africa
55

Extradition, extraterritorialité et application de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés

Boussaffara, Mustapha 10 1900 (has links)
La thèse se propose de déterminer dans quelle mesure on peut appliquer la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés (la Charte) pour protéger la personne qui fait l’objet d’une procédure d’extradition au Canada contre les violations potentielles de ses droits constitutionnels dans l’État requérant. À cette question, la jurisprudence a toujours apporté une réponse négative. Elle a même établi un principe selon lequel la Charte ne peut recevoir d'application extraterritoriale en matière d'extradition. Trois arguments ont été avancés en faveur de ce principe : l'argument tiré de l'art. 32 de la Charte, l'argument de la courtoisie internationale, et enfin le principe de respect des différences dans d'autres ressorts. Pour protéger la personne réclamée face à l’État requérant, la jurisprudence a plutôt mis en place un test basé sur un processus de pondération, à savoir le test du « choc de la conscience ». Ce test a pour principale conséquence que les droits constitutionnels de l’extradable ne constituent pas un motif obligatoire de refus de l’extradition, mais constituent plutôt des facteurs parmi d’autres que le ministre de la Justice doit prendre en considération dans l’exercice de son pouvoir discrétionnaire d’extrader. La jurisprudence considère même que l’ensemble de ces facteurs a un « aspect juridique négligeable ». En réalité, la jurisprudence canadienne s’est largement inspirée en la matière du droit américain, parfois en le déformant, au détriment des dispositions pertinentes du droit canadien. Or, le droit américain, contrairement à la majorité des pays démocratiques, accorde une piètre protection à la personne qui fait l’objet d’une procédure d’extradition. Le résultat en est une insatisfaction générale à l’égard du droit canadien de l’extradition au point que le Comité permanent de la justice et des droits de la personne de la Chambre des communes a récemment présenté un rapport qui vise à moderniser le droit canadien de l’extradition afin qu’il respecte les droits de la personne réclamée. Après avoir montré que les arguments avancés par la jurisprudence à la faveur du principe de l’inapplication extraterritoriale de la Charte en matière d'extradition sont, avec égards, mal fondés, nous démontrerons que l’application extraterritoriale de la Charte dans ce domaine est, au contraire, requise par un principe cardinal en droit constitutionnel, à savoir la présomption de conformité de la Charte au droit international des droits de la personne. À la lumière de ce constat, nous soutenons que les textes actuels sont largement suffisants pour protéger la personne réclamée face à l’État requérant et que le problème réside plutôt dans l'application qui en a été faite par les tribunaux. Le principe de respect des différences dans les autres ressorts contient cependant une part de vérité. Si pour accorder l’extradition, chaque État exige le respect des droits de la personne garantis par sa propre Constitution ou par son propre ordre juridique, l'extradition en tant que mécanisme de coopération internationale en matière pénale sera certainement bloquée. Il est impossible dans ces conditions de soutenir que tous les droits garantis par la Charte peuvent constituer des obstacles à l'extradition. L'issue du problème se trouve à notre avis dans le recours à la doctrine de la « public policy », une notion bien connue en droit international privé canadien et dans le domaine de la coopération judiciaire internationale au Canada, où elle joue une fonction « corrective » qui vise à ajuster les règles normalement applicables afin de protéger les valeurs morales fondamentales de l'ordre juridique canadien. Nous soutenons que l’extradition doit être refusée si elle a pour conséquence de transgresser la politique publique du Canada, autrement dit, si elle contrevient aux valeurs morales fondamentales de l'ordre juridique canadien. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons un nouveau cadre d’analyse, une solution clé en main pour les tribunaux qui, sans modifier les textes existants, permet de respecter non seulement nos engagements internationaux en matière de protection des droits de la personne, mais aussi de préserver la cohérence interne de la méthode d’interprétation de la Charte, tout en respectant les spécificités du droit de l’extradition. / This thesis aims to ascertain the extent to which the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (the Charter) can be applied extraterritorially to safeguard individuals involved in extradition proceedings in Canada against potential violations of their constitutional rights in the requesting state. Courts have consistently responded negatively to this question, asserting that the Charter does not apply extraterritorially in the context of extradition. Three rationales have been put forward in favor of this principle: the argument drawn from art. 32 of the Charter, the argument of international comity, and finally the principle of respect for differences in other jurisdictions. To protect the rights of the person sought against the requesting state, courts have introduced a test based on a balancing process, namely the “shocks the conscience” test. Under this test, the constitutional rights of the requested person are not a mandatory ground for refusal but rather one of several factors considered by the Minister of Justice when deciding whether to grant extradition. According to case law, all these factors have a “negligible legal aspect”. In fact, Canadian courts have heavily relied on American law in this matter, sometimes distorting it to the detriment of relevant Canadian legal provisions. The issue lies in the fact that, unlike the majority of democratic nations, American law offers poor protections for individuals facing extradition proceedings. This has led to widespread dissatisfaction with Canadian extradition law, prompting the House of Commons Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights to present a recent report aimed at modernizing the law to ensure it respects the rights of requested individuals. After highlighting that the arguments put forward by case law in favor of the principle of extraterritorial inapplicability of the Charter in extradition matters are, with respect, unfounded, I will argue that, on the contrary, the extraterritorial application of the Charter in this area is required by a fundamental principle of constitutional law, namely the presumption of conformity of the Charter with international human rights law. Considering this observation, I maintain that current texts are largely sufficient to protect individuals sought against the requesting State, and that the problem lies rather in the way they have been applied by the courts. The principle of respect for differences in other jurisdictions, however, contains a grain of truth. If, in order to grant extradition, each State requires respect for the human rights guaranteed by its own Constitution or legal system, extradition as a mechanism for international cooperation in criminal matters will certainly be blocked. It is impossible in these conditions to argue that all the rights guaranteed by the Charter can constitute obstacles to extradition. In my view, the solution lies in the use of the doctrine of "public policy", a concept well known in Canadian private international law and in the Canadian law of international judicial cooperation, where it plays a "corrective" function aimed at adjusting the rules normally applicable in order to protect the fundamental moral values of the Canadian legal order. Extradition must be denied if it would transgress Canadian public policy. In this context, I propose a new analytical framework—a turnkey solution for courts—that respects our international obligations to protect human rights without modifying existing texts. This approach also preserves internal coherence in interpreting the Charter while taking into account specificities of extradition law.

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