Snow accumulation and melt characteristics were studied in Logan Canyon, Utah. Three replications of aspen, conifer, and open field types at 6300, 7100,and 8000 feet were measured for snow depth and water content during 1972. Elevation was found to have the greatest effect on snow water content. The gradient of increasing water content with rise ln elevation was found to be .51 inches/100 feet in the zone from 6300 to 7100 feet and 1.9 inches/100 feet from 7100 to 8000 feet. The cooler temperatures at higher elevations partially account for the 8000 foot zone beginning to melt 40 days after the 7100 foot zone, and the 7100 foot zone trailing the 6300 foot zone by 20 days. Although the snow at the 8000 foot elevation began melting later than the lower zones, it melted at twice the rate. Vegetation cover type has no significant effect on the amount of snow deposited. However, the conifer type protects the snowpack from solar radiation causing the snowpack to have a significantly lower density than the snowpack assocaited with either aspen or open field. The snowpack under the conifer canopy melts 30 percent slower and remains 17 days longer.

Exposure to halogenated phenols and pyridinols is of increasing concern because of their wide use and distribution. This research was initiated to determine the distribution, accumulation, and depletion of a group of halogenated phenols and a pyridinol in selected tissues of male weanling rats at different time intervals following a single oral dose of 0.33 or 1.66 m moles per kg body weight. The halogenated phenols and pyridinol were distributed differently in every tissue sampled following their administration, even though the amount administered was the same in each case. The concentrations in tissue were found in the order: 2,4,5-trichloro-phenol > 4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol > 4-iodo-2,5-dichlorophenol > 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridonol in kidney and fat, whereas the series 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol > 4-iodo-2,5-dichlorophenol > 4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol > 3,5,6-trichlorophenol occurred in liver. No structurally significant series was observed for their concentrations in blood. All halogenated phenols and pyridinol concentrations in tissues declined rapidly with time but not always in an apparently log linear fashion. Rates were greatest for clearance from blood. The highest concentration of halogenated phenols was in kidney among the tissues studied, whereas the highest concentration of halogenated pyridinol was in liver. Relationships were found between the relative lipophilicity, as indicated by the chromatographic Rm value, and the concentrations of these compounds in tissues. The RH (i.e., relative lipophilicity) was generally very well correlated with the log concentration of compounds in tissues observed 24 h after dosing. The correlation coefficients ranged between .517 and .995 among tissues. Correlations were positive between the Rm values and 24 h concentrations in adipose tissue, and kidney, but negative for the relationship between the Rm and 24 h concentrations in blood and liver.

This study evaluated the effect of several heavy metals that are present in flue gases on the algae, focusing on the growth and accumulation of lipids in the algae that can be converted to biodiesel. Concentrations for the heavy metals were calculated based on literature and assumptions. Metals were tested individually first at the highest concentrations that might be present (reference concentrations). The metals and their reference concentrations were: arsenic at 1.56 mg/L, cadmium at 0.3 mg/L, chromium at 2.6 mg/L, cobalt at 0.32 mg/L, copper at 2.62 mg/L, lead at 1.09 mg/L, nickel at 5.08 mg/L, mercury at 0.2 mg/L, selenium at 0.2 mg/L, and zinc at 8.8 mg/L. At these concentrations, most of the metals had a negative effect on the growth and lipid content of the algae. All of the metals were then tested at lower concentrations. At 1/20 the reference concentrations, the metals enhanced growth as well as lipid accumulation in the algae. At higher concentrations there was a negative effect.

abstract: Environmental regulations such as carbon taxation and air quality standards can lead to notable improvements in health outcomes and ambient air quality. However, these types of policies may have significant impacts on the labor market, in particular for workers in energy-intensive industries, especially if these workers have acquired specific human capital in those industries. This dissertation focuses on the general equilibrium consequences of environmental regulation on the labor market. Specifically, I examine costly reallocation of workers between sectors, the welfare effects of involuntary unemployment, and the heterogeneous effects of this policy on different types of workers. To this end, I develop a two-sector search model with sectoral human capital accumulation to explore the effects on the labor market of implementing a per unit of energy use carbon tax in the US. I separate the economy into a high-intensive sector (’dirty’) and a low-intensive sector (’clean’). I calibrate the model using 2014 U.S. data. I find that a carbon tax increases total unemployment by 0.06 percentage points, decreases the dirty employment rate by 2.1 percent, and increases the clean employment rate by 1.04 percent. Firms in the dirty sector adjust by decreasing the demand for high-skilled workers and increasing the number of vacancies in the low-skilled market / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Economics 2019

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No description available.

The diesel particulate filter captures particulate matter that is produced in the diesel engine. A small fraction of particulate matter is comprised by ash forming matter. When the combustible fraction of particulate matter is removed from the filter, the ash, which is incombustible, remains. The accumulation of ash in the diesel particulate filter increases fuel consumption and shortens the lifetime of the filter. The study of ash accumulation in filters is mostly dependent on field tests; an expensive and time-consuming process. To establish a more economical testing method, both in terms of time and cost, the accumulation of ash in the filter has to be accelerated. Hence, a literature study to determine the important parameters affecting ash formation and deposition pattern has been performed and the results are presented in this thesis. Moreover, a design proposition for an accelerating ash accumulation test rig is presented. The rig design allows for the control of exhaust gas temperature and velocity, soot production rate and morphology, intervals between regeneration as well as position and method of ash forming matter introduction. A burner is used for the production of soot and ash, and the exhaust gases are guided to the filter by a blower placed downstream the filter. The blower compensates for the pressure drop, allowing the gas flow to be constant. For a more precise temperature control, a heater is placed before the inlet of the filter. The different ash production methods that can be tested are the injection of oil in the burner’s flame, the injection of oil in the gas stream, and the use of fuel doped with oil. By replacing the burner with a particle feeder, the rig can also fill the filter with ash; artificial, or collected from actual filters. Additionally, a set of considerations is provided to enable the accurate component specifications/ characterisation. The design is following a modular concept, i.e. the components’ position can change to accommodate various research goals. / Ett dieselpartikelfilter fångar partiklar som genereras vid förbränningen i en dieselmotor. En bråkdel av partiklarna består av askbildande material. När den brännbara delen avlägsnas från filtret återstår enbart aska (som inte är brännbar). Ackumuleringen av aska i ett dieselpartikelfilter ökar bränslekonsumtionen och förkortar filtrets livslängd. Studier av askackumulering i dieselpartikelfilter är främst beroende av fälttester, vilket är både kostsamt och tidsintensivt. För att ta fram en mer ekonomisk testmetod, både avseende tid och kostnad, måste askackumuleringen i filtret kunna accelereras. Således genomfördes en litteraturstudie för att fastställa vilka testparametrar som främst påverkar askbildning och depositionsmönster i filter. I enlighet med den målsättningen har arbeten från ett flertal forskare utvärderats och sammanställts till ett designförslag för en testrigg för accelererande askackumulering. Den föreslagna testriggen medger kontroll av avgastemperatur och flöde, sotbildning, sotmorfologi, regenereringsintervall samt hur det askproducerande materialet introduceras. En brännare används för produktion av sot och aska, varefter avgaserna leds till filtret med hjälp av en fläkt. Fläkten motverkar tryckgradienten mellan in- och utloppet,vilket medger ett konstant gasflöde. För en mer precis temperaturkontroll kan en värmare placeras framför filtrets inlopp. Askproduktionsmetoder som kan testas är oljeinjektion ibrännarens flamma, oljeinjektion i gasflödet och slutligen oljeberikat bränsle. Genom att byta en brännare mot en partikelmatare kan riggen även fylla filtret med aska; artificiellt skapad eller alternativt samlad från faktiska filter. Utöver detta presenteras en serie frågeställningar som bör tas i beaktande för att möjliggöra bra specifikation av de ingående komponenterna och -karakterisering. Den föreslagna testriggen är designad utifrån ett modulkoncept, vilket innebär att komponenternas inbördes konfigurering kan varieras för att möjliggöra olika typerav tester och forskningsmål. / Aska

One of the major problems that characterizes the Colombian countryside is the extreme concentration of land. When addressing the question of how land has been concentrated in Colombia, often the emphasis is placed on phenomena such as armed violence and drug-trafficking. While they have contributed, often the point that these factors have been embedded in broader dynamics of exploitation is missed. Through a case study of the Meta region and drawing on the analysis of policy documents, news reports, interviews and the review of literature, this study explores the problematic of land concentration in Colombia, and how it has evolved over the last decades, and in the context of the peace process. This research shows that land accumulation in Colombia has been generated through a continuous process of dispossession in which peasants have been disassociated from their land and means of production. This process has taken two main pathways: a gunpoint dispossession, characterized by the use of force and coercion, and a homogeneity dispossession, also violent but with less visible expressions. Both forms of dispossession have been facilitated by what has been called as inequality regime – i.e. the articulation of political and economic mechanisms that, together with powerful narratives, have favoured the accumulation of private capital. This configuration has been adjusting to the new post-agreement context. Today, capitalist exploitation projects in Colombia are justified not only in the name of development and security, but now also in the name of peace. This study shows the need of paying greater attention to everyday processes of accumulation in order to strategically address sustainability and development issues. In particular, the understanding of land concentration dynamics is crucial for discussing strategies and policies to effectively promote a more sustainable and just agri-food system in Colombia.

Reconstructed snow accumulation rate observations from five new firn cores show a statistically significant negative trend in accumulation rates over the past four decades across the central West Antarctic ice sheet. A negative temporal trend in accumulation is unexpected in light of rising surface temperatures and simulations run by GCMs. Both the magnitude of the mean accumulation rates and the range of interannual variability observed in the new records compares favorably to older records, suggesting that the new accumulation rate records may serve as a regional proxy for recent temporal trends in West Antarctic accumulation rates. The observed negative trend is likely the result of Southern Hemisphere high-latitude internal atmospheric dynamics, dominated by changes in the austral fall season. The well-documented positive trend in the Southern Annular Mode causes a low pressure center to form over the Amundsen Sea, which in turn produces lower accumulation rates across the western portion of the West Antarctic ice sheet. The new accumulation rate records are compared to several models/reanalyses to test the skill of simulated accumulation rate predictions. While the models/reanalyses and the new observations agree well in both mean and variability, the simulated records do not capture the full negative trend observed in the reconstructed records.

Accumulation of Divine Service is a ceramic installation referencing the sublime attribute of service, and how it relates to our temporal existence. Many aspects of the sublime are implemented into the contemporary art world today. The sublime can refer to ideas from terror to joy, and all across the spectrum of human emotions. The unifying element that seems to tie them together is a quality of awe-inspiring greatness, or the metaphysically divine. These attributescan inspire the mind and often lead one to dwell on the existence of a Supreme Being or Deity,what His purposes are, and how we as mortals work with or for that purpose.This installation encompasses some of my thoughts on the divinity that I believe dwells within all mankind. I do this by incorporating into the installation two repeated elements, the finial and the mug. The finial is an architectural element that is implemented at the apex of most religious meetinghouses. It is used for this purpose because it points toward the heavens and lifts the mind upward toward God. The mug, on the other hand, is one of the most humble and universal ceramic service vessels. It is used around the world as a drinking container whose sole purpose is service, or to give life-sustaining nourishment to mankind. The combination of these two visual elements seeks to encompass my personal art practice, my research, and the element of the sublime that we all possess.